Figure 9 - uploaded by Fatemeh Farjadian
Content may be subject to copyright.
Source publication
There has been a revolution in nanotechnology and nanomedicine. Since 1980, there has been a remarkable increase in approved nano-based pharmaceutical products. These novel nano-based systems can either be therapeutic agents themselves, or else act as vehicles to carry different active pharmaceutical agents into specific parts of the body. Currentl...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... IV administration, Abraxane dissolves resulting in soluble albumin-bound paclitaxel complexes which have similar size to endogenous albumin [274]. These complexes accumulate in the tumor; partly due to the passive EPR effect in tumors; and partly due to trans endothelial transport via the albumin-binding protein (gp60) [275] (Figure 9). Studies on breast cancer have demonstrated that Abraxane has higher response rates (33 vs 19%), longer time to tumor progression (23.0 vs 16.9 weeks), less grade 4 neutropenia incidence (9 vs 22%) and more grade 3 sensory neuropathy (10 vs 2%) compared with Taxol, respectively. ...
Citations
... Summary of nanocarriers for AS drug delivery drawbacks of several nanotherapeutic formulations for AS from the formulation approach. It will contribute to making an informed judgment on formulating the perfect option and the clinical mechanics of AS treatment indicated by nanotechnology.41 ...
Ankylosing spondylitis is a chronic inflammatory disorder primarily affecting the spine and the sacroiliac joints, although it is now considered for new drug target possibilities. It is an area in which nanotechnology has shown significant potential. This report offers an extensive review of the formulation design, clinical utility, and current development in the use of nanotechnology for treating AS. The rational design principles of nanotherapeutics, created to modify the myriad processes implicated in AS pathophysiology, were examined. It comprises drug delivery systems, targeting approaches, and release processes. Clinical and preclinical evidence of nanomedicines’ tolerability and effectiveness in AS therapy is reported. In conclusion, this document reflects the recent state of these nanotechnology-based treatments for AS and discusses the author’s future goals in developing novel, powerful treatment strategies that generate strong patient outcomes.
... Studies have shown that nanodrug delivery systems exhibit high drug loading, passive targeting (EPR effect), and suitable pharmacokinetic parameters in vivo, and they can integrate diagnosis and treatment. 36,37 In this study, we exploited biocompatible telomerase-targeting hairpin DNA enriched with Fe 2+ in their A base pairs to design a DOX carrier to assemble BDDF NPs through a clever tailor-made process. Meanwhile, BDDF NPs acted as the molecular core. ...
Background
While nanoplatform-based cancer theranostics have been researched and investigated for many years, enhancing antitumor efficacy and reducing toxic side effects is still an essential problem.
Methods
We exploited nanoparticle coordination between ferric (Fe²⁺) ions and telomerase-targeting hairpin DNA structures to encapsulate doxorubicin (DOX) and fabricated Fe²⁺-DNA@DOX nanoparticles (BDDF NPs). This work studied the NIR fluorescence imaging and pharmacokinetic studies targeting the ability and biodistribution of BDDF NPs. In vitro and vivo studies investigated the nano formula’s toxicity, imaging, and synergistic therapeutic effects.
Results
The enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect and tumor targeting resulted in prolonged blood circulation times and high tumor accumulation. Significantly, BDDF NPs could reduce DOX-mediated cardiac toxicity by improving the antioxidation ability of cardiomyocytes based on the different telomerase activities and iron dependency in normal and tumor cells. The synergistic treatment efficacy is enhanced through Fe²⁺-mediated ferroptosis and the β-catenin/p53 pathway and improved the tumor inhibition rate.
Conclusion
Harpin DNA-based nanoplatforms demonstrated prolonged blood circulation, tumor drug accumulation via telomerase-targeting, and synergistic therapy to improve antitumor drug efficacy. Our work sheds new light on nanomaterials for future synergistic chemotherapy.
... By mimicking biological entities' structures, functions, and behaviors, biomimetic nanomedicines offer novel strategies to overcome biological barriers, enhance targeting efficiency, and improve therapeutic outcomes [273]. One area of biomimetics in nanomedicines focuses on developing nanocarriers that replicate the properties of biological membranes, such as lipids or proteins [274]. These biomimetic nanocarriers can mimic cell membranes' dynamic nature and selective permeability, allowing for the efficient encapsulation and delivery of therapeutic agents [275]. ...
This study provides a brief discussion of the major nanopharmaceuticals formulations as well as the impact of nanotechnology on the future of pharmaceuticals. Effective and eco-friendly strategies of biofabrication are also highlighted. Modern approaches to designing pharmaceutical nanoformulations (e.g., 3D printing, Phyto-Nanotechnology, Biomimetics/Bioinspiration, etc.) are outlined. This paper discusses the need to use natural resources for the “green” design of new nanoformulations with therapeutic efficiency. Nanopharmaceuticals research is still in its early stages, and the preparation of nanomaterials must be carefully considered. Therefore, safety and long-term effects of pharmaceutical nanoformulations must not be overlooked. The testing of nanopharmaceuticals represents an essential point in their further applications. Vegetal scaffolds obtained by decellularizing plant leaves represent a valuable, bioinspired model for nanopharmaceutical testing that avoids using animals. Nanoformulations are critical in various fields, especially in pharmacy, medicine, agriculture, and material science, due to their unique properties and advantages over conventional formulations that allows improved solubility, bioavailability, targeted drug delivery, controlled release, and reduced toxicity. Nanopharmaceuticals have transitioned from experimental stages to being a vital component of clinical practice, significantly improving outcomes in medical fields for cancer treatment, infectious diseases, neurological disorders, personalized medicine, and advanced diagnostics. Here are the key points highlighting their importance. The significant challenges, opportunities, and future directions are mentioned in the final section.
... This suggests that ZnO-NPs are an excellent instance of NPs with low toxicity to mammalian cells and enhanced antibacterial activity at low concentrations [205]. Currently, dendrimers have attracted much interest from studies because of their distinctive properties, and they have achieved significant progress toward clinical endorsement from the FDA [206,207]. In addition, dendrimer-based platforms have demonstrated a wide range of applications, such as targeted drug delivery, gene therapy, radio-therapeutic metals, and antibacterial activities [208]. ...
Infectious diseases caused by bacterial pathogens are currently a significant problem for global public health. Rapid diagnosis and effective treatment of clinically significant bacterial pathogens can prevent, control, and inhibit infectious diseases. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop selective and accurate diagnostic methods for bacterial pathogens and clinically effective treatment strategies for infectious diseases. In recent years, developing novel nanoparticles has dramatically facilitated the rapid and accurate diagnosis of bacterial pathogens and the precise treatment of contagious diseases. In this review, we systematically investigated a variety of nanoparticles currently applied in the diagnosis and treatment of bacterial pathogens, from synthesis procedures to structural characterization and then to biological functions. In particular, we first discussed the current progress in applying representative nanoparticles for bacterial pathogen diagnostics. The potential nanoparticle-based treatment for the control of bacterial infections was then carefully explored. We also discussed nanoparticles as a drug delivery method for reducing antibiotic global adverse effects and eradicating bacterial biofilm formation. Furthermore, we studied the highly effective nanoparticles for therapeutic applications in terms of safety issues. Finally, a concise and insightful discussion of nanoparticles’ limitations, challenges, and perspectives for diagnosing and eradicating bacterial pathogens in clinical settings was conducted to provide a direction for future development.
... Consequently, the concentration of the free, active form of the drug in the system is comparatively low. The hydrophilic properties of pravastatin limit its extensive distribution in tissues, even though the levels of unbound pravastatin in circulation are higher than the other statins (Farjadian et al. 2019). Statins vary in lipophilicity; rosuvastatin and pravastatin are hydrophilic, while the others are lipophilic, as seen in Table 1. ...
Dyslipidaemia describes the condition of abnormal lipid levels in a person’s bloodstream. Since the 1980s, statin medications have been used to treat dyslipidaemia and other comorbidities, such as stroke risk and atherosclerosis. Statin medications were initially synthesised from fungal metabolites, but many synthetic statin drugs have been manufactured since then. Statin medication is quite effective in reducing total cholesterol levels in the bloodstream, but it has limitations. Due to their poor water solubility, statin drugs possess poor oral bioavailability, which hinders their therapeutic efficacy. Nanoparticle drug delivery technology has been shown to improve the pharmacokinetic profiles of many drug classes, and statins have great potential to benefit from this. This paper reviewed the currently available literature on nanoparticle statin medication and evaluated the possible improvements that can be made to the pharmacokinetic profile and efficacy of conventional statin medication. It was found that the oral bioavailability of nanoparticle medication consistently outperformed conventional medication by up to 400% in some cases. Substantial improvements in time to peak plasma concentration and plasma concentration peaks were also found, and increased periods in circulation before excretion were shown. It was concluded that nanoparticle technology has the potential to completely replace conventional statin medication as it offers more significant benefits with minimal drawbacks. Upon further study and development, the manufacture of nanoparticle statin medication should become feasible enough for large-scale application, which will significantly benefit patients and unburden healthcare systems.
... 142 Active targeting strategies involve binding to specific biomarkers, facilitating high levels of cellular internalization, whereas passive targeting strategies are directly related to the intrinsic physicochemical properties of the nanocarriers, such as size and charge. 143 The identification of peptides with specific affinity for cataract-associated target molecules offers the possibility of developing cataract-targeted therapeutic approaches. Notably, the free cyclic peptide (CKQFKDTTC) was found to selectively bind to βB2-crystallin, thereby establishing a crucial foundation for the development of targeted therapies aimed at lens proteins. ...
Cataract is a leading cause of blindness globally, and its surgical treatment poses a significant burden on global healthcare. Pharmacologic therapies, including antioxidants and protein aggregation reversal agents, have attracted great attention in the treatment of cataracts in recent years. Due to the anatomical and physiological barriers of the eye, the effectiveness of traditional eye drops for delivering drugs topically to the lens is hindered. The advancements in nanomedicine present novel and promising strategies for addressing challenges in drug delivery to the lens, including the development of nanoparticle formulations that can improve drug penetration into the anterior segment and enable sustained release of medications. This review introduces various cutting-edge drug delivery systems for cataract treatment, highlighting their physicochemical properties and surface engineering for optimal design, thus providing impetus for further innovative research and potential clinical applications of anti-cataract drugs.
... Exemplary approved and globally marketed nanotechnology-based drug formulations16,154,217,288,[310][311][312][313][314][315] ...
Since their inception in the early 1960s, the use of nanoscale materials has progressed in leaps and bounds, and their role in diverse fields ranging from human health to energy is undeniable. In this report, we utilize the CAS Content Collection, a vast repository of scientific information extracted from journal and patent publications, to identify emerging topics in this field. This involves understanding trends, such as the growth of certain topics over time, as well as establishing relationships between emerging topics. We achieved this by using a host of strategies including a quantitative natural language processing (NLP) approach to identify 279 emerging topics and sub-topics across three major categories – materials, applications, and properties – by surveying roughly 3 million publications in the nanoscience landscape. This wealth of information has been condensed into several conceptual mind maps and other graphs that provide metrics related to the growth of identified emerging concepts, group them into hierarchical classes, and explore the connections between them. We delved deeper into four major emerging applications of nanoscale materials – drug delivery, sensors, energy, and catalysis – to provide a more comprehensive and detailed picture of the use of nanotechnology in these fields. In addition, we leveraged the CAS registry, consisting of over 250 million substances, to determine and discover substances across varied classes (such as polymers, elements, organic/inorganic molecules) and how they are utilized in the 4 major applications. Our extensive analysis taking advantage of an NLP-based approach along with robust CAS indexing provides valuable insights in the field that we hope can help to inform and drive future research efforts.
... This ambiguity presents a significant challenge to establishing a robust framework for estimation, particularly concerning nano-carrier-based products, where comprehensive pre-clinical and clinical guidance is imperative. 10 While nanomedicine holds promise in drug delivery advancements, thorough research is essential to grasp its pharmacological, toxicological, and immunological implications. The ability of nano-products to cross bloodbrain barrier, cell membranes, placenta, and more, increases the probability of non-specific interaction, that may ultimately cause their unwanted accumulation at tumor site with potential issues like cellular toxicities. ...
The field of nanomedicine demonstrates immense advantages and noteworthy expansion compared to conventional drug delivery systems like tablet, capsules, etc. Despite the innumerable advantages, it holds certain shortcomings in the form of blind spots that need to be assessed before the successful clinical translation. This perspective highlights the foremost blind spots in nanomedicine and emphasizes the challenges faced before the entry into the market, including the need for provision of safety and efficacy data by the regulatory agencies like FDA. The significant revolution of nanomedicine in the human life, particularly in patient well-being, necessitates to identify the blind spots and overcome them for effective management and treatment of ailments.
... Metallic nanoparticles have drawn the attention of scientists for more than a century, and they are now widely used in biological sciences for diagnostic and imaging [40]. Due to their somewhat restricted size and shape distribution, prolonged active period, dense surface functionalization, and capacity for optical or heat-based treatment techniques, metal-based NPs are particularly intriguing in the field of nanomedicines [41]. ...
Nanotechnology is a scientific field focused on studying and manipulating matter at very small scales, ranging from one to one hundred nanometers. This technology allows scientists to develop systems that can be used in biological research. By working with materials at the nano level and exploring their interactions, nanotechnology has led to advancements in creating useful materials, structures, and devices. It has also contributed to the development of concepts such as nanoparticles, nanomaterials, and nanoscale technologies. This technology has the potential to bridge the gap between physics, chemistry, and biology by reshaping our current understanding. In the medical field, nanotechnology-based imaging equipment and methods show great promise in transforming medical diagnosis. These innovative technologies offer new insights into the human body at the cellular and molecular levels by utilizing nanoscale materials and electronics. Nanodiagnostics is an emerging application of nanotechnology that aims to meet the needs of clinical diagnostics. It can significantly enhance testing sensitivity, accuracy, and speed, providing valuable information about the underlying cause and state of diseases.In contemporary medicine, diagnostic imaging is essential for the early identification and accurate diagnosis of a wide range of disorders. Although conventional imaging methods like X-rays, MRIs, CTs, and ultrasounds have been widely used, they have drawbacks in terms of sensitivity, specificity, and the capacity to target certain biomarkers. In order to overcome these difficulties and transform diagnostic imaging, nanotechnology has emerged as a possible answer. This research article examines the tremendous improvements in diagnostic and imaging capabilities provided by nanotechnology over conventional approaches.
... Engineered nanoparticles (NPs) are finding their way into many products and applications in various fields, including cosmetics, catalysts [1], sensors [2,3], medicine [4,5], as well as in agriculture and food areas [6,7], leading to inevitable human exposure [8,9]. Moreover, various environmental NP pollutants undergo undesired release to the environment during the manufacturing of nano-enabled products [10][11][12][13] or as a by-product of fossil fuel combustion in diesel [14,15], marine [16,17], and aircraft engines [18,19], or wildfires [20][21][22]. ...
Methodologies across the dispersion preparation, characterization, and cellular dosimetry of hydrophilic nanoparticles (NPs) have been developed and used extensively in the field of nanotoxicology. However, hydrophobic NPs pose a challenge for dispersion in aqueous culture media using conventional methods that include sonication followed by mixing in the culture medium of interest and cellular dosimetry. In this study, a robust methodology for the preparation of stable dispersions of hydrophobic NPs for cellular studies is developed by introducing continuous energy over time via stirring in the culture medium followed by dispersion characterization and cellular dosimetry. The stirring energy and the presence of proteins in the culture medium result in the formation of a protein corona around the NPs, stabilizing their dispersion, which can be used for in vitro cellular studies. The identification of the optimal stirring time is crucial for achieving dispersion and stability. This is assessed through a comprehensive stability testing protocol employing dynamic light scattering to evaluate the particle size distribution stability and polydispersity. Additionally, the effective density of the NPs is obtained for the stable NP dispersions using the volumetric centrifugation method, while cellular dosimetry calculations are done using available cellular computational modeling, mirroring approaches used for hydrophilic NPs. The robustness of the proposed dispersion approach is showcased using a highly hydrophobic NP model (black carbon NPs) and two culture media, RPMI medium and SABM, that are widely used in cellular studies. The proposed approach for the dispersion of hydrophobic NPs results in stable dispersions in both culture media used here. The NP effective density of 1.03–1.07 g/cm³ measured here for black carbon NPs is close to the culture media density, resulting in slow deposition on the cells over time. So, the present methodology for dispersion and dosimetry of hydrophobic NPs is essential for the design of dose–response studies and overcoming the challenges imposed by slow particle deposition.
