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A major triterpenoid saponin was isolated from the leaves extract of Acer velutinum. This compound was characterized as 21β ,22α-O-diangeloylprotoaescigenin 3-O-[β -D-glucopyranosyl- (1→2)][β -D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)]-β -D-glucuronopyranosyl acid.
Its structure was elucidated by
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... There are almost 128 species in the world and 17 species are native to Korea [52]. It is reported that flavonoids, tannins, phenylpropanoids and terpenoids, etc., were isolated from Acer species [53][54][55][56]. About 20 Acer species have been used in Chinese ethnomedical medicine; the expelling of wind, clearing heat, detoxifying the body, relieving rheumatism and lubricating joints, improving eyesight, treating sore eyes, reducing blood pressure, eliminating blood stasis, etc. [57]. ...
Several studies have shown that compounds from Acer pseudosieboldianum (Pax) Komarov leaves (APL) display potent anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-proliferative activities. Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common cancer among older men, and DNA methylation is associated with PCa progression. This study aimed to investigate the chemopreventive activities of the compounds which were isolated from APL on prostate cancer cells and elucidate the mechanisms of these compounds in relation to DNA methylation. One novel ellagitannin [komaniin (14)] and thirteen other known compounds, including glucose derivatives [ethyl-β-D-glucopyranose (3) and (4R)-p-menth-1-ene-7,8-diol 7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (4)], one phenylpropanoid [junipetrioloside A (5)], three phenolic acid derivatives [ellagic acid-4-β-D-xylopyranoside (1), 4-O-galloyl-quinic acid (2), and gallic acid (8)], two flavonoids [quercetin (11) and kaempferol (12)], and five hydrolysable tannins [geraniin (6), punicafolin (7), granatin B (9), 1,2,3,4,6-penta-galloyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (10), and mallotusinic acid (13)] were isolated from APL. The hydrolyzable tannins (6, 7, 9, 10, 13, and 14) showed potent anti-PCa proliferative and apoptosis-promoting activities. Among the compounds, the ellagitannins in the dehydrohexahydroxydiphenoyl (DHHDP) group (6, 9, 13, and 14), the novel compound 14 showed the most potent inhibitory activity on DNA methyltransferase (DNMT1, 3a and 3b) and glutathione S-transferase P1 methyl removing and re-expression activities. Thus, our results suggested that the ellagitannins (6, 9, 13, and 14) isolated from APL could be a promising treatment option for PCa.
... The genus Acer belongs to the family Aceraceae and the order Sapindaleae, comprising 180 species (Li et al., 2010). Maples (Acer spp.) are important in the northern hemisphere, in regions of East Asia, North America and Europe (Glensk et al., 2009). Acer negundo is used in reforestation programs. ...
... The most characteristic compounds existing in Acer species are flavonoids and tannins (Liu et al., 2013). The Acer genus also contains important phytochemical compounds such as triterpene saponins (Glensk et al., 2009). Some 331 chemical compounds have been identified from 34 species of the Acer genus (Bi et al., 2016). ...
... In our study we identified isorhamnetin in leaf extracts (4.68 g/mL) and stem extracts (3.31 g/ mL) of A. negundo. Glensk et al. (2009) Authors such as Geoffroy et al. (2019) studied hot water extracts of A. saccharum bark and shoots, proving that they contain large amounts of phenolic structures that can be used as antioxidant food additives. By performing a replication based on high Performance Liquid Chromatography-High Performance Liquid Chromatography-High Performance Mass Spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-HRMS), it has been showed that hot water extracts of A. saccharum bark are rich in simple phenolic compounds and phenylpropanoid derivatives, while the extract of shoots predominantly contains flavonoids, benzoic acids and their complex derivatives, such as condensed and hydrolyzable tannins (Geoffroy et al., 2019). ...
Objective: The identify and quantify, by high performance liquid chromatography, flavonoids from leaf and stem extracts of Acer negundo. Design/methodology/approach: Ethanolic extracts of Acer negundo were analysed with high performance liquid chromatography to quantify and identify their major antioxidant flavonoids. Results: Leaf extracts had high concentrations of rutin (34.19 µg/mL) and catechin (33.97 µg/mL), intermediate concentrations of apigenin (19.05 µg/mL), gallic acid (19.04 µg/mL), ferulic acid (17.2 µg/mL) and 2.5 dihydroxybenzoic acid (12.72 µg/mL), and low concentrations of caffeic acid (6.15 µg/mL), quercetin-3-β-glucoside (4.97 µg/mL) and isorhamnetin (4.68 µg/mL). In the stemʼs extracts, the highest concentrations were of ferulic acid (7.96 µg/mL), rutin (5.61 µg/mL) and catechin (4.37 µg/mL); medium concentration were identified for isorhamnetin (3.31 µg/mL) and quercetin-3-β-glucoside (2.01 µg/mL) and apigenin (0.79 µg/ mL) was identified at the low concentrations. Gallic acid, caffeic acid or 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid were not detected. Limitations/implications: Some flavonoids have been identified in other Acer species but have not been identified and quantified in Acer negundo, a Mexican species. Findings/conclusions: For the first time we report gentisic acid in Acer negundo leaf extracts. This analytical method can be standardized to serve as a quality analysis of maple tree products.
... The soapy properties of these plants are attributed to the presence of saponins and their scientific nomenclature arose as a result of this; for example, the genus Saponaria is made up of saponin-rich plants commonly called soapworts [4]. However, there are other genera such as Sapindaceae [5,6], Aceraceae [7,8], and Hippocastanaceae [9,10], whose saponin concentrations are also high. Saponins are identified by their ability to rupture erythrocytes or form colloidal solutions that can produce a stable lather when they are shaken in the presence of water [11]. ...
Plants that exhibit foaming properties when agitated in aqueous solutions are commonly referred to as soapy plants, and they are used in different communities for washing, bathing, and hair shampooing. The frothing ability of these plants is attributed to saponins which are also well-documented to possess antimicrobial attributes. In the light of COVID-19, soap and hand hygiene have taken center stage. The pandemic has also revealed the low access to running water and commercial soaps in many marginalized and poor communities to the detriment of global health. Thus, soapy plants, either in their natural form or through incorporation in commercial products, may be a relevant additional weapon to assist communities to improve hand hygiene and contribute to curbing COVID-19 and other communicable infections. This review paper was compiled from a review of literature that was published between 1980 and 2020. We found 68 plant species, including those which are already used as traditional soaps. Our findings support the potential use of extracts from soapy plants because of their putative viricidal, bactericidal, and fungicidal activities for use in crude home-based formulations and possibly for developing natural commercial soap products.
... [21], A. velutinum Boiss. [22], and A. negundo L. [23], this is the first report of saponins from A. platanoides. In addition to the 4 new triterpenoid saponins (1-4; ▶ Fig. 1) reported here, 22 known phenolics were identified as epicatechin aldehyde (5), protocatechuic acid (6), methyl gallate (7), methyl-4-O-methylgallate (8), 4-methoxyl-5-hydroxymethyl benzoic-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (9), gallic acid-4-methyl ether (10), gallic acid (11), vanillic acid (12), protocatechoic acid (13), benzoic acid-3,5-dihydroxy-4-methoxy-methyl ester (14), leonuriside A (15), hydroxyhydroquinone (16), fraxidin (17), fraxetin (18), scopoletin (19), isofraxidin (20), 6,7,8-trihydroxycoumarin (21), fraxoside (22), catechin (23), epi-catechin (24), cleomiscosin C (25), and benzyl alcohol (26). ...
... [22], and A. negundo L. [23], this is the first report of saponins from A. platanoides. In addition to the 4 new triterpenoid saponins (1-4; ▶ Fig. 1) reported here, 22 known phenolics were identified as epicatechin aldehyde (5), protocatechuic acid (6), methyl gallate (7), methyl-4-O-methylgallate (8), 4-methoxyl-5-hydroxymethyl benzoic-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (9), gallic acid-4-methyl ether (10), gallic acid (11), vanillic acid (12), protocatechoic acid (13), benzoic acid-3,5-dihydroxy-4-methoxy-methyl ester (14), leonuriside A (15), hydroxyhydroquinone (16), fraxidin (17), fraxetin (18), scopoletin (19), isofraxidin (20), 6,7,8-trihydroxycoumarin (21), fraxoside (22), catechin (23), epi-catechin (24), cleomiscosin C (25), and benzyl alcohol (26). These compounds were identified on the basis of 1D and 2D NMR and compared to literature (Supporting Information). ...
Four new barringtogenol C-type triterpenoid saponins, namely acerplatanosides A – D (1–4), along with 22 known compounds (5–26), were isolated from the stem bark of Norway maple (Acer platanoides). Their structures were elucidated on the basis of comprehensive spectroscopic analyses and chemical hydrolysis. This is the first report of triterpenoid saponins isolated from Norway maple. Compounds 1, 3, and 4 showed cytotoxicity against 4 human cancer cell lines with IC50 values ranging from 9.4 to 39.5 µM.
Seeds of Strophanthus species are known as a source of rapid-acting cardenolides. These water-soluble glycosides are listed as the sole critical constituents of this raw herbal drug. A non-standard cardioprotective medication with ouabain-containing oral remedies has become popular in Europe as a result of the withdrawal of corresponding registered drugs from the market. However, the bioequivalence of pure ouabain solutions, tinctures, and home-made extracts from Strophanthus seeds is unknown. Thus, this study aimed to update the information on the composition of Strophanthus seeds used for this purpose. The distribution of two main saponins and about 90 previously unreported compounds, tentatively identified as saponins in eleven Strophanthus species, was systematically evaluated by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS) and -MS/MS. Seeds of S. gratus were selected to isolate the dominant unreported triterpenoids, bidesmosides of echinocystic and oleanolic acid. Their structures were established by HRMS, MS/MS, as well as by NMR techniques. The total saponin content, estimated by UHPLC-MS, was up to 1%. The detected saponins could influence the peroral bioavailability of hardly absorbable Strophanthus cardenolides and exhibit their own activity. This finding may be relevant when Strophanthus preparations (containing both saponins and cardiac glycosides) are used, particularly when homemade preparations are administered.
Ethnopharmacological relevance:
The genus Acer (Aceraceae), commonly known as maple, comprises approximately 129 species that primarily grow in the northern hemisphere, especially in the temperate regions of East Asia, eastern North America, and Europe. These plants have been traditionally used to treat a wide range of diseases in East Asia and North America. Moreover, clinical studies have shown that medicinal plants belonging to Acer are highly effective in the treatment of rheumatism, bruises, hepatic disorders, eye disease, and pain, and in detoxification. This review provides a systematic and constructive overview of the traditional uses, chemical constituents, and pharmacological activities of plants of the genus Acer.
Material and methods:
This review is based on a literature study of scientific journals and books from libraries and electronic sources such as SciFinder, ScienceDirect, Springer, PubMed, CNKI, Google Scholar, Baidu Scholar, and Web of Science. The literature in this review related to chemical constituents and pharmacological activities dates from 1922 to the end of October 2015. Furthermore, ethnopharmacological information on this genus was obtained from libraries and herbaria in China and USA.
Results:
In traditional medicine, 40 species, 11 subspecies, and one varieta of the genus Acer are known to exhibit a broad spectrum of biological activities. To date, 331 compounds have been identified from 34 species of the genus Acer, including flavonoids, tannins, phenylpropanoids, diarylheptanoids, terpenoids, benzoic acid derivatives, and several other types of compounds, such as phenylethanoid glycosides and alkaloids. Preliminary pharmacological studies have shown that the extracts and compounds isolated from this genus exhibit a broad spectrum of biological activities such as antioxidant, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, and antiobesity activities, as well as promoting osteoblast differentiation. To date, reports on the toxicity of Acer species to humans are very limited, and the major safety concern of these plants is in the veterinary field.
Conclusions:
Based on our systematic review, Acer species can be used to treat rheumatism, hepatic disorders, eye disease, pain, etc. effectively. Some indications from ethnomedicine have been validated by pharmacological activities, such as the anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective activities of the species. The available literature showed that most of the activities of these species can be attributed to flavonoids and tannins. To ensure the safety and efficacy in clinical practice in the future, studies identifying active molecules and clarifying their pharmacological mechanisms as well as toxicity are needed.
