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The presence of favorable light environment is pivotal for optimal plant growth and development. Spatiotemporal deficits of natural light limit the plant productivity which results in poor quantitative and qualitative yield. In order to mitigate the situation, electrical lamps have been chosen as a reliable source of light for indoor cultivation. O...
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Citations
... Smart greenhouse systems utilize IoT sensors to monitor environmental conditions such as temperature, humidity, light intensity, and CO2 levels. These sensors are connected to a central control system, which automatically adjusts greenhouse parameters to optimize plant growth [198]. For example, if the temperature rises beyond a certain threshold, the system may automatically open doors or activate cooling systems to maintain optimal conditions. ...
The article provides a comprehensive review of the use of the Internet of Things (IoT) in agriculture, along with its advantages and disadvantages. However, it's important to recognize that IoT holds immense potential for generating new ideas that could drive innovations in modern agriculture and address several challenges faced by farmers today. Applications such as smart irrigation, precision farming, crop and soil tracking, smart greenhouses , supply chain management, livestock monitoring, agricultural drones, pest and disease prevention, and farm machinery are among the areas considered for IoT implementation in agriculture by this paper. These innovative solutions have the potential to revolutionize farming practices, improve efficiency, reduce resource wastage, and ultimately enhance agricultural productivity and sustainability. The analysis examines each application in terms of its utility and outlines measures necessary to enhance its effectiveness. Key considerations include addressing connectivity issues, managing costs, ensuring data security and privacy, scaling solutions appropriately , effectively managing data, and promoting awareness and adoption of IoT tools. Despite these challenges , IoT offers numerous benefits to the agricultural sector. The paper underscores the importance of collaboration among farmers, IoT technology companies, academia, and policymakers to address these issues and fully harness the potential of IoT. To achieve this goal, ongoing research, development, and acceptance of IoT-driven solutions are essential to sustain agriculture as a viable option amidst emerging challenges such as climate change and resource scarcity.
... LEDs emit a more specific light spectrum than standard, fluorescent lamps [10,18]. Their advantage is durability, as well as the ability to precisely match the range of light emitted by the diodes to the plant photoreceptors that may control plant morphogenesis, cellular redox adjustment, or the metabolic pathway of specialized metabolites [10,19,20]. They may enhance plant growth, development, and biomass [10]. ...
Plant in vitro cultures can be an effective tool in obtaining desired specialized metabolites. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) on phenolic compounds in Rhaponticum carthamoides shoots cultured in vitro. R. carthamoides is an endemic and medicinal plant at risk of extinction due to the massive harvesting of its roots and rhizomes from the natural environment. The shoots were cultured on an agar-solidified and liquid-agitated Murashige and Skoog’s medium supplemented with 0.1 mg/L of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and 0.5 mg/L of 6-benzyladenine (BA). The effect of the medium and different treatments of LED lights (blue (BL), red (RL), white (WL), and a combination of red and blue (R:BL; 7:3)) on R. carthamoides shoot growth and its biosynthetic potential was observed. Medium type and the duration of LED light exposure did not affect the proliferation rate of shoots, but they altered the shoot morphology and specialized metabolite accumulation. The liquid medium and BL light were the most beneficial for the caffeoylquinic acid derivatives (CQAs) production, shoot growth, and biomass increment. The liquid medium and BL light enhanced the content of the sum of all identified CQAs (6 mg/g DW) about three-fold compared to WL light and control, fluorescent lamps. HPLC-UV analysis confirmed that chlorogenic acid (5-CQA) was the primary compound in shoot extracts regardless of the type of culture and the light conditions (1.19–3.25 mg/g DW), with the highest level under R:BL light. BL and RL lights were equally effective. The abundant component was also 3,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid, accompanied by 4,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid, a tentatively identified dicaffeoylquinic acid derivative, and a tricaffeoylquinic acid derivative 2, the contents of which depended on the LED light conditions.
... Currently, this type of researches uses light-emitting diodes (LED) to modify the light environment in which plants develop. LEDs have multiple advantages compared with the light sources used in the past, including: long life, low heat emission, light intensity adjustment, high energy conversion efficiency, and a specific wavelength (Gupta and Agarwal, 2017). As a result of the requirements of the plants, most of the experiments are carried out using at least 80 mol m 2 s 1 light intensity. ...
Objective: To identify the changes in the concentration of the main components of thyme (Thymus vulgaris) essential oil in response to five different LED colors. Design/Methodology/Approach: A completely randomized experimental design was used. The design included five treatments (white light; blue light; red light; 75% blue light and 25% red light; and 75% red light and 75% blue light) and 10 repetitions, at a 25 μmol m−2 s−1 luminous intensity, during a 16 h photoperiod. The thyme plants were sown in a pot with a substrate made up of 50% peat, 48% perlite, and 2% vermicompost. Each plant was an experimental unit. The plants were placed in light isolation chambers and subjected to the treatment for 35 days. Results: The concentration of the main molecules in the essential oil recorded considerable changes between treatments: the concentration of thymol (its main component) increased in the white light treatments, as well as in the red light (75%) and blue light (75%) treatments. In addition, the composition of the essential oil resulting from these treatments is different to the composition reported in the references. Study Limitations/Implications: The light intensity used in this experiment was lower than the light intensity required for plant growth; however, it was enough to produce changes in the secondary metabolism. Findings/Conclusions: The changes in the quality of the light modify the composition of the thyme essential oil. Even at a low light intensity (25 µmol m-2 s-1), the changes in the spectrum composition under which the plants grow influence the composition of the essential oil.
... Therefore, examining the impact of supplementary light quality on plant growth can be a practical approach to enhance plant productivity [22]. LED lamps, being low-power-consuming, compact, easy to transport, and long-lasting, are ideal for horticultural lighting in both small-and large-scale operations [23]. ...
Background
This study explores the impact of various light spectra on the photosynthetic performance of strawberry plants subjected to salinity, alkalinity, and combined salinity/alkalinity stress. We employed supplemental lighting through Light-emitting Diodes (LEDs) with specific wavelengths: monochromatic blue (460 nm), monochromatic red (660 nm), dichromatic blue/red (1:3 ratio), and white/yellow (400–700 nm), all at an intensity of 200 µmol m⁻² S⁻¹. Additionally, a control group (ambient light) without LED treatment was included in the study. The tested experimental variants were: optimal growth conditions (control), alkalinity (40 mM NaHCO3), salinity (80 mM NaCl), and a combination of salinity/alkalinity.
Results
The results revealed a notable decrease in photosynthetic efficiency under both salinity and alkalinity stresses, especially when these stresses were combined, in comparison to the no-stress condition. However, the application of supplemental lighting, particularly with the red and blue/red spectra, mitigated the adverse effects of stress. The imposed stress conditions had a detrimental impact on both gas exchange parameters and photosynthetic efficiency of the plants. In contrast, treatments involving blue, red, and blue/red light exhibited a beneficial effect on photosynthetic efficiency compared to other lighting conditions. Further analysis of JIP-test parameters confirmed that these specific light treatments significantly ameliorated the stress impacts.
Conclusions
In summary, the utilization of blue, red, and blue/red light spectra has the potential to enhance plant resilience in the face of salinity and alkalinity stresses. This discovery presents a promising strategy for cultivating plants in anticipation of future challenging environmental conditions.
... The lighting environment is one of the most carefully handled aspects of these production systems, since photosynthesis and photomorphogenesis depend mostly on the wavelength, intensity and duration of light exposure (Casierra-Posada and Peña-Olmos, 2015;Alrifai et al., 2019). LED lighting technology, due to its high electrical energy efficiency, low heat emission and high manipulation of the intensity and quality of the light emitted (Dutta-Gupta and Agarwal, 2017), has become the most widely used light source in these production systems, replacing or complementing sunlight (in some cases). IPPSs are mainly used in the production of vegetables with a high economic value or of plants whose high market value is attributed to their useful phytochemical properties, such as medications or food. ...
The new plant production methods that use artificial light to replace or complement sunlight have proven that changes in the wavelength of incidental light result in variations in growth, development and secondary metabolism of plants, depending on the genotype and other environmental conditions. However, these methods have been scarcely studied in medicinal and edible plants. The aim of this study was to determine the response of thyme plants (Thymus vulgaris) under different wavelengths. The plants were exposed to red light (660 nm), blue light (440 nm), white light and two proportions of red-blue for 16 hours a day at an intensity of 25 µmol m−2 s−1. The treatments were isolated from sunlight and from each other. Red light was found to promote the formation of etiolated plants, with a low accumulation of chlorophyll, dry matter and phenolic compounds compared to the white light treatment. Blue light generated compact plants with a higher accumulation of chlorophyll and dry matter than red light, but similar to the white light treatment. In terms of phenolic compounds, accumulation was higher under the two latter treatments. The planting of thyme under a combination of blue-red light at a 3:1 ratio was found to result in a compact growth and to improve the accumulation of phenolic compounds.
... Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are semiconductor devices that emit light through electroluminescence. The first LED was discovered by James Biard et al. in 1961, but it was not until 1944 that Shuji Nakamura developed an LED with a high-brightness blue colour suitable for plant growth (Gupta & Agarwal, 2017). LED lights are more efficient than other types of artificial lighting because they use less power but have a longer lifespan. ...
... If the LED is placed too close to the plants, it can burn them, but if placed too far, the plants will grow weak due to insufficient light. Previous studies have shown that the absorption peaks of chlorophylls are in the red and blue regions (625-675 nm and 425-475 nm) (Gupta & Agarwal, 2017). On the contrary, the blue region produced a higher peak than the red region. ...
... On the contrary, the blue region produced a higher peak than the red region. Additionally, the peaks of phytochrome are in the red and far-red regions (660 and 730 nm, respectively) (Gupta & Agarwal, 2017). Another study found that wavelengths between 400-520 nm reported the highest absorption rate of chlorophyll and carotenoids, pigments found in plants (Xu et al., 2016). ...
Vertical farming, including hydroponics, is a growing trend in the agricultural sector due to the increasing demand for food and urbanisation. Thus, hydroponics can save space and achieve faster plant growth compared to traditional farming methods. The concept of smart farming has been applied in this study to improve the ease of control and monitoring of hydroponic systems. The effects of light-emitting diodes (LEDs), light distance, and colour (purple and white) on water spinach growth in a hydroponic system were investigated. Additionally, an Internet of Things (IoT) controller was developed and implemented to facilitate the use of the system in an indoor hydroponic-based environment system. Based on the results, the distance between the LED light of 15 cm and the plants and the colour of the LED light (white) can positively impact plant growth in a hydroponic system. Using an IoT controller also allows for continuous monitoring and control of factors that influence plant growth. Hence, this research would catalyse the local smart hydroponic farming system for improved deliverables.
... LED lighting is increasingly recognized as a possible source of light for cultivating crops in enclosed and controlled environments due to its ability to generate pure monochromatic light. This unique characteristic of LEDs offers advantages in terms of precision and customization, allowing for tailored lighting conditions that can optimize development and growth Abbreviations: APX, Ascorbic acid peroxidase; CAT, Catalase; CCT, Correlated color temperature; GPX, Glutathione peroxidase; HID, High-intensity discharge lamps; HPS, High-Pressure Sodi um lamps; KSC, Kennedy Space Center; LED, Light emitting diode; MH, Metal halides; NASA, National Aeronautics and Space Administration; PAF, photosynthesis action factor; PAL, Phenylalanine ammonia lyase; PAR, Photosynthetic active radiation; PIL, Photosynthesis illuminance; PLE, Photosynthetic luminous efficacy; PLER, Photosynthetic luminous efficacy of radiation; PPFD, Photosynthetic photon flux density; ROS, Reactive oxygen species; SCW, Secondary cell wall; SOD, Superoxide dismutase enzyme. of plants (Gupta and Agarwal, 2017). In both indoor and outdoor lighting applications, traditional bulbs are gradually being replaced with LEDs, and the rapid advancements in LED technology offer immense opportunities for the advancement of horticultural lighting (Olle and Viršile, 2013). ...
... The primary objective of postharvest practices is to prevent the deterioration of fruits and vegetables and minimize spoilage caused by microorganisms, thereby maximizing their commercial value (Table 2) (Gupta and Agarwal, 2017). There is growing interest in utilizing LED illumination to enhance the storage life of vegetables and herbs. ...
Light quality (spectral arrangement) and quantity (photoperiod and intensity) influence plant growth and metabolism and also interact with several factors including environmental parameters in defining the plant behavior. The Light Emitting Diode (LED) lights are extensively utilized in the cultivation of several plant species , especially horticultural plants due to their lower power consumption and higher luminous efficiency compared to the conventional fluorescent lights. The aim of this review paper is to examine the potential of LED technology as it relates to plant lighting in greenhouses and other horticultural environments. It also desires to give an in-depth study of the advantages of LED lighting on plant development, yield, the production of secondary metabolites, and defense mechanisms. Horticultural lighting might undergo a revolution because LEDs are used in solid-state lighting, which would be a tremendous advancement after decades of research. LEDs may be used in a variety of horticulture lighting applications, such as tissue culture lighting, controlled environment research lighting, supplementary lighting, and photoperiod lighting for greenhouses. The primary impacts of light colors on plant performance are shown by the spectrum effects of LEDs as an independent source of light, together with the diverse sensitivity of many plant species and alternatives. LED light influences performance of enzyme, gene expression, cell wall formation, plant defense and postharvest quality. The spectrum reactions are mediated by the ambient lighting in a greenhouse, which also indicates a strong relationship between the additional supplementary lighting and changing environmental factors. LEDs are growing further to become cost-effective for even large-scale horticulture lighting applications as light output increases and device expenditures decrease.
... High-Pressure Sodium (HPS) and Metal Halide (MH) lamps have the highest luminous efficacies of all the artificial light sources. However, because the red and blue zones are only taken into account during the application, the value is greatly diminished in terms of lumens used by the plants ( Gupta and Agarwal, 2017). It is also possible to use LEDs with luminous efficacy of 80-150 lm/W to create specific spectra that are fully absorbed by plants, giving them a useful light output equal to the entire luminous output. ...
... This pigment has an absorption peak at 625-675 nm (red) and 425-475 nm (blue). By using phytochromes, cryptochromes, and phototropins, the axillary receptor of the chlorophyll pigment, carotenoids, controls germination, phototropism, leaf expansion, flowering, stomatal development, chloroplast movement, and shade avoidance (Smith, 1995;Sancar, 2003;Briggs and Christie, 2002;Gupta and Agarwal, 2017). ...
Ganesh et al.: Investigating the physiological effects of LEDs with cimbined spectral emittances in floriculture-17-APPLIED ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 22(1):17-40. Abstract. The management of plant architecture is important for the promotion of year-round production of quality flowers under controlled environment. Besides temperature, the manipulation of light and its intensity are very essential in greenhouses. Light has a significant impact on how plants grow and develop. The energy from light is used by plants for photosynthesis as well as signalling in several assimilation processes. Natural light levels frequently restrict crop output during specific times under intensive horticulture production systems. Numerous blooming species get artificial lighting to promote photosynthesis, induce an inductive photoperiod, or both. Light intensity, spectrum, and photoperiodic adaptability are urgently needed to boost plant growth and product quality. Plant physiology and biochemistry are affected by changes in light intensity, duration, and quality, which has an impact on their morphology and functionality. The use of LEDs in floriculture enables increased light use efficiency in greenhouse production among the use of various artificial light sources in the horticultural industry. It is understood that monochromatic wavelengths or their mixtures can be used with LED technology to enhance plant development. The replacement of High-Pressure Sodium Lamps (HPS) by a LED lighting system is currently under investigation in greenhouses. Integrating the current growing system with advanced techniques paves full attention. To attain a sustainable and economical production system, a different spectrum of light has to be tested, integrated, and optimized within the horticultural production system.
... From an educational perspective, the determination of Planck's constant is appropriate to perform using LEDs due to its straightforward circuit arrangement (Checchetti & Fantini, 2015), the appealing and fascinating color illumination (Prayogi, 2023b), the easy and simple steps to be carried out (Turnbull, Chugh, & Luck, 2021), the absence of sophisticated equipment (Checa & Bustillo, 2020), and most significantly, the ability to perform using inexpensive devices (dos Santos Sandnes, 2021). The incandescent source has a low intensity by nature, especially at shorter wavelengths (Waymouth, 2017), in contrast to the mercury source (Balaram, 2019), which is more expensive and potentially hazardous due to its high temperature , the output of ultraviolet light (Janda et al., 2015), and course, the presence of mercury vapor (Dutta Gupta & Agarwal, 2017). The understanding of the photoelectric effect has important implications for modern physics and technology. ...
In this study, a tool that can explain laboratory-scale photoelectric effect events was designed. So that having a tool that can explain the photoelectric effect will make it easier for users to study the nature of light as a particle. This tool is designed according to its function which will know that the photoelectric effect event is not affected by light intensity but is influenced by the frequency of a light source and the wavelength that shines on a metal so that electrons will move from a negative source towards a positive voltage source. A gadget for this experiment was built uses phototubes and cheap LEDs as light sources instead of traditional mercury lamps. Multiple LEDs operating in the wavelength range 470-631 nm can be used to measure the Planck constant to an accuracy better than 10%. By varying the intensity of the LEDs, it is possible to monitor the energy of the electrons and photocurrent with respect to the amount of light. The results show that the voltage applied to the photodiode leg (cathode) has a different value for each color spectrum and the output voltage obtained for each different wavelength, the less light intensity received by the photodiode, the smaller the output voltage value.
... One way to measure optical rotation is with a polarimeter [1]. Polarimeters were introduced in 1840 [2]. Polarimeters work on the principle of the polarization of light [3]. ...
Malus' law asserts that the square of the cosine of the angle formed between two polarizers is directly proportional to the light intensity after passing through them. In this study, we demonstrate this law using a straightforward configuration. Our method of measuring the polarizer's rotational angle while keeping the other polarizer stationary is innovative. It involves manually attaching a multi-turn potentiometer to one of the polarizers. The Arduino board is connected to the potentiometer and light sensor used to detect the intensity of transmitted light, allowing for the measurement of light intensity as a function of rotational angle. Additionally, we think that the configuration as it is now can be helpful in physics laboratory classes. It can also be demonstrated by using it during lectures.
