Fig 3 - available via license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
Content may be subject to copyright.
Source publication
The battery is a key component of electric vehicles. To reach the needed voltage and capacity, single Lithium-Ion cells are assembled into modules, then assembled into the pack. Their disassembly, which unlocks both remanufacturing or recycling and which nowadays is made mainly manually, has high electric hazards. Decision tools have not yet been d...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... and car model. Nevertheless, both relying on previous studies available in literature ( Wegener et al., 2015Wegener et al., , 2014Schwarz et al., 2018 ) and on authors' practical experience, it is possible to find architectural similarities between different battery models which enable a generalization of the battery disassembly process (see Fig. 3 ...
Similar publications
Electrifying bus transit has been deemed as an effective way to reduce the emissions of transit vehicles. However, some concerns about on-board battery hinder its further development. Recently, dynamic wireless power transfer (DWPT) technologies have been developed, which enable buses to charge in-motion and overcome the drawback (short service ran...
Citations
... Using this method, the disassembly time and revenue were improved by 12.04% and 2.54% compared to conventional methods, respectively. Gentilini et al. [46] presented a mathematical model for disassembly planning determination, aiming at lowering the human workers' exposure to hazardous voltages. As a case study, they used a battery pack from Toyota. ...
... Thus, appropriate safety measures should be implemented to ensure the health and well-being of workers involved in the disassembly process. Wegener et al. [41] x x x x Ke et al. [45] x x Gentilini et al. [46] x x x Choux et al. [47] x x x Cerdas et al. [50] x x x x Zhan et al. [51] x x x x Schwarz et al. [52] x x Baazouzi et al. [53] x x x Kong et al. [54] x x x x Gumanová et al. [55] x x x x Cong et al. [56] x x x x x Alfaro-Algaba et al. [57] x x x x ...
... Gentilini et. al. [46] Mathematical model to determine the disassembly sequence with the minimal hazardous voltages. ...
Recycling plays a crucial role in achieving a sustainable production chain for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), as it reduces the demand for primary mineral resources and mitigates environmental pollution caused by improper disposal. Disassembly of the LIBs is typically the preliminary step preceding chemical recovery operations, facilitating early separation of components consisting of different materials. Despite that extensive research has been conducted on the chemical processes involved in the recycling of LIBs, systematic studies on disassembly processes in the recycling process are relatively scarce. In this research, a systematic review was conducted on the publications from major databases, such as Scopus, SpringerLink, and others, to explore the current state of disassembly processes in LIBs’ recycling. The results emphasize disassembly as a crucial process for achieving a high material separation rate and ensuring a high degree of purity of the recycled active material. Moreover, automated disassembly can significantly raise productivity and reduce disassembly costs. Thus, it improves disassembly efficiency and increases economic as well as environmental benefits. Most researchers have focused on disassembly at the pack or module level. Investigation into extending the disassembly depth from cell to individual components is limited, particularly in automated approaches. Therefore, further research is highly recommended to explore the feasibility and potential of novel automated disassembly procedures at the cell level. This can contribute to improving the efficiency and sustainability of the recycling process for LIBs.
... Even though a large volume of lithium-ion batteries is fabricated and marketed presently, only 29.5 % of the populace properly collects them, associated with 59.6 % who keep them at home and 15.9 % who disposed of them in dustbins [52]. To solve these bottlenecks, new restrictions were recently legalized. ...
Innovative lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) recycling is crucial as the market share of LIBs in the secondary battery market has expanded. This increase is due to the surge in demand for a power source for electronic gadgets and electric vehicles. The daily increment of the number of spent LIBs provides a commercial opportunity to recover and recycle various components of the batteries. Recycled components, including their cathode and anode, are utilized for battery production. This paper provides a review of the treatments of spent LIBs' cathode materials, some of which are wet and fire recovery processes, mechanochemical, hydrometallurgy, and electrochemical treatments. This review paper summarises several studies on the recycling of spent cathode LIBs treatments and explores the economic and environmental challenges, future perspectives, and recycling applications of several companies, including Akkuser and Deusenfeld.
... According to the case study performed on an Audi A3 Sportback e-tron Hybrid Li-ion Battery Pack, when all modules are ready for reuse, complete disassembly of the pack will return the highest profit and environmental benefit; otherwise, partial disassembly is recommended with the optimal disassembly level identified based on the number of reusable modules. Gentilini et al. [35] proposed a mathematical model that determines the optimal disassembly sequence for minimizing the exposure time of an operator to hazardous voltages. Their safety-oriented disassembly strategy reduced the hazard risk by more than 50% compared with the time-oriented disassembly model that minimized disassembly time. ...
The demand for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has surged in recent years, owing to their excellent electrochemical performance and increasing adoption in electric vehicles and renewable energy storage. As a result, the expectation is that the primary supply of LIB materials (e.g., lithium, cobalt, and nickel) will be insufficient to satisfy the demand in the next five years, creating a significant supply risk. Value recovery from spent LIBs could effectively increase the critical materials supply, which will become increasingly important as the number of spent LIBs grows. This paper reviews recent studies on developing novel technologies for value recovery from spent LIBs. The existing literature focused on hydrometallurgical-, pyrometallurgical-, and direct recycling, and their advantages and disadvantages are evaluated in this paper. Techno-economic analysis and life cycle assessment have quantified the economic and environmental benefits of LIB reuse over recycling, highlighting the research gap in LIB reuse technologies. The study also revealed challenges associated with changing battery chemistry toward less valuable metals in LIB manufacturing (e.g., replacing cobalt with nickel). More specifically, direct recycling may be impractical due to rapid technology change, and the economic and environmental incentives for recycling spent LIBs will decrease. As LIB collection constitutes a major cost, optimizing the reverse logistics supply chain is essential for maximizing the economic and environmental benefits of LIB recovery. Policies that promote LIB recovery are reviewed with a focus on Europe and the United States. Policy gaps are identified and a plan for sustainable LIB life cycle management is proposed.
... Planning aspects related to battery production are mainly directed towards sustainability [11,12], factory planning [13,14], ramp-up [15], and/or process planning [16]. The only work which analyzes the industrialization efforts of pre-mature technologies in battery production refers to the assembly of all-solid state batteries [17], but this study must, because of the infancy of these technologies, remain on a coarse qualitative level. ...
The need to overcome productivity bottlenecks in battery-production has initiated a rich diversity of assembly-processes that have reached different maturities today. These circumstances make it particularly challenging to envision future production chains, because any direct comparison of competing candidates is vulnerable to incompleteness, unfairness, and uncertainty. However imperfect the situation may be, organizations cannot skip the decision about which assembly technologies to prioritize in technology roadmaps. This motivates the proposed method, which is able to rank and prioritize candidates in the very volatile field of battery-assembly according to current maturity, cost estimated to reach the desired readiness and aspired performance.
The global decarbonization will have to be driven by the e-mobility sector to achieve the climate goals. End-of-life battery packs therefore need to be recycled efficiently and sustainably so that a cost-competitive circular economy can be adopted. In current process approaches, once the battery is discharged, disassembly is typically performed manually in a process that is not automated and dangerous to workers. To disassemble, first the battery cover must be removed, whereby current technological approaches focus on screw connections, which are difficult to loosen due to their condition after many years in the vehicle and cause poor automation capability. Another alternative is to mechanically mill the battery cover, which creates chips inside the battery pack that can cause short circuits. Waterjet cutting, which is also a process approach, faces the challenge of water getting into the battery pack, which can also lead to short circuits. Therefore, there is a need for new technological approaches which can dismantle an automotive battery pack productively with enhanced safety standards for workers and batteries. For this purpose, this paper performs a compact benchmark analysis of different separation technologies to identify initial potentials and challenges for laser-based disassembly of automotive battery packs.
The recycling of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is currently an important topic in the fields of research and industry. New developments for the recovery of valuable metals from spent LIBs show a clear trend towards hydrometallurgical concepts. In this context, pre-treatment in particular plays an essential role. If organic compounds remain in the material or if the cathode and anode materials are insufficiently separated from the conductor foils, this can lead to massive process complications in the subsequent hydrometallurgical processes. The chair of Non-ferrous Metallurgy is developing and testing the adaptation and improvement of the recycling possibilities of used lithium-ion batteries for subsequent hydrometallurgical processing. Particular attention is paid to the use of synergy effects and the interaction of treatment and metallurgical processes as this combination is the only way to find an efficient and economical way to recover valuable metals. For this purpose, the comparison of different aggregates for the optimal preparation of the active material from spent lithium-ion batteries for subsequent further processing is carried out. By improving the overall processes, the recovery rates for the valuable metals contained, such as cobalt, nickel, and lithium, can be significantly increased, the metallurgical processes be optimised and the raw material cycle be closed. This is a significant contribution to environmental and climate protection, especially in view of the criticality of the elements mentioned. Due to the demand for a holistic solution for the long-term supply of the European Union with critical raw materials through recycling, a significant optimisation in the field of recovering valuable metals from used lithium-ion batteries can be realised.
Received Signal Strength is the measure of attenuation of electromagnetic signals emitted by the access point, reaching the receiver after traveling some distance. This work used the attenuation of Wireless Local Area Network signals propagated through the air for the purpose of indoor positioning. Previous research had shown some problems such as indoor mapping requires human effort and are time-consuming. Furthermore, received signal strength for different indoor conditions may vary such that constant calibration and new acquisition for unknown indoor locations is required. An approach to reduce manual acquisition is by employing prediction algorithms. In this work, an analysis on prediction techniques used predict the RSS is analyzed in the context on indoor positioning. First, to determine the optimum training size for the models, the models are given different training size. Then the models are evaluated based on the similarity of signal pattern predicted and the error between the predicted signal and real signal. In conclusion, the random function model showed best estimation for signal for most of the tested signal received at certain distances from the transmitter. The optimum training size found for all the prediction models are 1100 out of 1200 data. It is also found that for a very noisy data set, the minimum training size for best result are at 900 out of 1200. Bayesian Support Vector Regression outperforms other models in terms of root mean square error.KeywordsIndoor positioningFingerprintReceived Signal StrengthWLAN
Electric vehicle being one of the leading green technologies nowadays,
is leaving a humongous amount of spent lithium-ion batteries untreated. Current research on lithium-ion battery waste management is at its minimal because the huge power range of the battery is much attractive than the battery waste dismantling process. Treating these battery wastes are crucial for rare metal recovery due to its
limited resources on land. Thus, this study aims to propose an eco-design battery pack to ease the recycling process in a more economical and sustainable manner. SolidWorks is used to generate the 3D modelling and ANSYS is utilized to carry out the simulation of the product’s mechanical performance in a drop and impact tests.
Results shows that the proposed design of EV battery pack has a design efficiency of one with Easy Fixings indicator of 28%. In the drop test of 0.3 m height, it yields a maximum deformation of 1.015e−3m and a generated Von-Mises stress of 4.827e 8N/m2. Other than that, 2.5227e6 N/m2 of Von-Mises stress is obtained in the impact
frontal test. With a great impact of cruising at a speed of 15.6464 m/s, 5.6053e−8 m deformation is obtained in the same test. As a result, the proposed EV battery pack design has showed the potential to improve the sustainability, performance, and ease of disassembly.
Many industrial and engineering problems are transformed into optimization problems and solved using various numerical based methods. One of the frequently used method is the Steepest descent algorithm which converge to the solution in only one iteration, given the current point and provided the quadratic function is positive definite. However, this method is not suitable for large scale functions because of lack of gradient information and high computational cost. This study aims to suggest a new conjugate gradient algorithm for motion control of robotic manipulators and unconstrained optimization models. The convergence result of the new algorithm would be discussed under some suitable conditions. Computational simulations are carried out on the discrete-time kinematics equation of a two-joint planar robot manipulator to illustrates the efficiency of the algorithm. The algorithm was further extended to unconstrained optimization problems in addition to motion control of robotic manipulators. Preliminary results prove that the new algorithm is efficient compared to the existing CG algorithm. The comparisons are made using the set of 50 standard benchmark functions including number of iterations and CPU time.
