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The present compilation describes the Proton Exchange Membranes or Polymer Electrolyte Membranes (PEMs) that are both under development and commercialized for Direct Methanol Fuel Cells (DMFCs). It also outlines the classification of various fuel cells and the proton exchange membranes through perfluorinated membranes, perfluorinated composite memb...
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... styrene/ethylene-butadiene/styrene triblock polymer is a commercially available product (Kraton® developed by Shell Chemical Co.) containing a saturated carbon center block ( Figure 5) which should be inert to direct sulfonation (Ehrenberg et al., 1995 and1997;. This membrane is under development by DAIS Company (USA). ...
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Work presented at the Fourth International Symposium on Proton Conducting Membrane Fuel Cells is reviewed here. For these fuel cells to become commercially successful there are a number of challenges to be met. For instance, the polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell needs more active catalysts and cheaper, more durable, membranes. In addition, an...
Electrospun polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibers decorated with ZrO 2 then blended with graphene oxide nanofibers were used to enhance the fuel cell performance and the conductivity of Nafion ® membrane. The modified membranes and the commercial membrane were synthesized by recast method. Nanocomposite's membranes had higher proton conductivity and o...
A three dimensional non-isothermal model is developed for anode side of Direct Methanol Fuel Cell (DMFC) to study the heat and mass transfer characteristics on cell performance. Electrochemical reaction is coupled with cell current density by Tafel kinetic expression. Commercial software “Fluent 6.3”is used for computation. Methanol and temperature...
Gas evolution, principally consisting of carbon dioxide and hydrogen, was observed in the anode flow field of a direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) running under open-circuit conditions and at low oxygen flow rates. This finding is contrary to conventional wisdom that electrochemical reactions cease as an external load is removed. The mechanism leadin...
Proton exchange membranes (PEMs) with superior characteristics are needed to advance fuel cell technology. Nafion, the most used PEM in direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs), has excellent proton conductivity but suffers from high methanol permeability and long-term performance degradation. Thus, this study aimed to create a healable PEM with improved...
Citations
... The hydrophilic Nafion film has a negatively charged sulfonate group that provides selective preconcentration of positively charged particles via electrostatic interaction. In contrast, the hydrophobic fluorocarbon chain gives a selectivity for the hydrophobic part of the molecule [27]. Moreover, Nafion pro- Considering glucose as an example substrate [24,25], typical anodic and the cathodic half-reactions are given below [26]: ...
... Open circuit voltage generated can be calculated from the Gibbs free energy of water formation and charge of the electrons [27]. ...
... The hydrophilic Nafion film has a negatively charged sulfonate group that provides selective preconcentration of positively charged particles via electrostatic interaction. In contrast, the hydrophobic fluorocarbon chain gives a selectivity for the hydrophobic part of the molecule [27]. Moreover, Nafion provides good chemical and mechanical stability due to the Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) backbone and strong C-F bonds. ...
Microbial fuel cells (MFC) are an emerging technology for wastewater treatment that
utilizes the metabolism of microorganisms to generate electricity from the organic matter present in
water directly. The principle of MFC is the same as hydrogen fuel cell and has three main components
(i.e., anode, cathode, and proton exchange membrane). The membrane separates the anode and
cathode chambers and keeps the anaerobic and aerobic conditions in the two chambers, respectively.
This review paper describes the state-of-the-art membrane materials particularly suited for MFC and
discusses the recent development to obtain robust, sustainable, and cost-effective membranes. Nafion
117, Flemion, and Hyflon are the typical commercially available membranes used in MFC. Use of nonfluorinated
polymeric membrane materials such as sulfonated silicon dioxide (S-SiO2) in sulfonated
polystyrene ethylene butylene polystyrene (SSEBS), sulfonated polyether ether ketone (SPEEK) and
graphene oxide sulfonated polyether ether ketone (GO/SPEEK) membranes showed promising
output and proved to be an alternative material to Nafion 117. There are many challenges to selecting
a suitable membrane for a scaled-up MFC system so that the technology become technically and
economically viable.
... There are several types of fuel cell depending on the electrolyte base and operating temperature. Figure 6 shows the classification of fuel cells, and the different types of fuel cells are explained by Gautam and Ikram (2010) and Singla et al. (2019aSingla et al. ( , 2019b. ...
One of the main problems facing our planetary bodies is unexpected and sudden climate change due to continuously increasing global energy demand, which currently is being met by fossil fuels. Hydrogen is considered as one of the major energy solutions of the twenty-first century, capable of meeting future energy needs. Being 61a zero-emission fuel, it could reduce environmental impacts and craft novel energy opportunities. Hydrogen through fuel cells can be used in transport and distributed heating, as well as in energy storage systems. The transition from fossil-based fuels to hydrogen requires intensive research to overcome scientific and socio-economic barriers. The purpose of this paper is to reflect the current state, related issues, and projection of hydrogen and fuel elements within the conceptual framework of 61a future sustainable energy vision. An attempt has been made to compile in this paper the past hydrogen-related technologies, present challenges, and role of hydrogen in the future.
Inherently variable nature of renewable sources of energy such as solar and wind, are incapable of meeting continuous supply demand. Combining solar photovoltaic (PV) and fuel cell could offer a feasible solution to the challenge of continuous power supply, particularly in those geographical locations where renewable resources are available in abundance. The present paper investigates a solar PV and fuel cell-based hybrid system in-context to a selected site in Indian sub-continent. The feasibility of harnessing renewable energy per sq. meter of land (i.e. energy density) from a combined solar PV-fuel cell based hybrid system employed in Jodhpur location in Rajasthan is reported. The solar irradiance data for the last three decades corresponding to the longitudinal and latitudinal coordinates of Jodhpur is collected using PVsyst software. A novel design of PV-fuel cell hybrid system is proposed to gauge the enhanced utilization of the existing space, productivity enhancement, and energy/m2 harnessed from the utilized land. The obtained results of solar irradiance are analyzed for implementation in combination with a modified unitized regenerative fuel cell (URFC). The proposed system would outlay a path for the development of a more sustainable, effective and rugged hybrid renewable energy systems that could furnish the energy demands of the Indian sub-continent and similar geographical locations.
Energy demands are increasing in the world, as is the destruction of nature by the use of fossil fuels, from which the most energy is obtained. Developments in nanotechnology in recent years have begun to yield innovative energy sources. Special systems for fuel cells, referred to as metal organic frameworks (MOFs), are gaining in importance. This analysis looks at fuel processing, electrolyte membranes, catalysts, and H2 storage. It also summarizes the progress in research and design of MOFs, encompassing the challenges and applications developed.
In the structure of the polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), there is a need for porous electrodes in order for the gas to move to the active regions of the electrocatalysts. The electrode should provide a loud surface catalyst field to maximize the reaction ratio (current density) and minimize electrode polarization. In this chapter, the PEM provides information on porous metal materials for fuel cells.
Because of its simple handling and low temperature sensitivity, the direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) system is very important to the development of energy converters. Also, the factors that inhibit the commercialization of DMFCs have a number of negative effects, such as the sensitivity of the polymer to the osmotic swelling of the electrolyte membrane, the passing of methanol through the membrane, the high cost, and the limited working temperature. The prepared product is based on the production and properties of polymer electrolyte membranes (PEMs) used in DMFC applications.
In recent years, high-temperature, methanol-based fuel cells have aroused interest due to the finite sources of fossil fuels and adverse environmental conditions. The proton exchange membrane (PEM), the protonic conductive polymer, is the most important part of the fuel cell. Due to the disadvantages of currently used membranes, such as high cost and low conductivity at high temperatures (> 80°C), new polymer-supported materials are required. PEM studies are based on the development of a new generation of polymer electrolytes on hydrocarbon polymers. In this chapter, information is given about the synthesis and characterization of nanocomposite membranes for high-temperature, PEM methanol fuel cells.
Energy currently is one of the most important issues in the world. This has led to a focus on obtaining it in a very different way due to the difficulty of producing oil and the damage that obtaining and using oil causes to the environment. In terms of environmental health, one of the ideal sources that can be converted into electrical, mechanical, and heat energy is hydrogen. By using pure hydrogen in fuel cell models, efficient, reliable, and clean energy can be obtained. The leading fuel sources are alcohols (methanol-ethanol) and their derivatives, and this chapter deals with direct alcohol fuel cells (DAFCs), which use alcohol as the fuel and air as the oxidant. One of the basic factors affecting the performance of DAFCs is the selection and development of suitable catalysts. In this chapter, the importance of material development and characterization methods for DAFCs and the use of nanomaterials in this sense are discussed.
The present work deals with the study of proton exchange membrane prepared by employing cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) as a novel, green, cost-effective and sustainable nano-material as reinforcer into poly (ether ether ketone) based polymer matrix. The membranes were fabricated through the solvent casting process and further evaluated by different techniques for their efficiency as suitable polymer electrolyte membranes for fuel cells. The presence of cellulose nanocrystals has a profound effect on the membrane properties especially on proton conduction, a crucial feature determining the performance of fuel cells. A maximum value of 0.14 S/cm at 90 °C under humid conditions was obtained for proton conductivity in the composite membranes with 4% CNC loading which is comparable to the conductivity achieved in similar conditions for Nafion.
