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Context: Mangifera indica (Anacardiaceae) stem bark contains a rich content of mangiferin and is used traditionally in Indian Ayurvedic system to treat diabetes. Purpose of the study: To investigate anti-diabetic and hypolipidemic effects of mangiferin in type 1 and type 2 diabetic rats models. Streptozotocin was used to induce type 1 and type 2 di...
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... by addition of 50μl of 1M sodium carbonate and the final volume was made up to 150μl. Alpha glucosidase activity was determined spectrophotometrically at 405nm on a Biorad Microplate reader by measuring the quantity of para nitrophenol released from pNPG. The assay was performed in triplicate. The concentration of the mangiferin compound required to inhibit 50% of alpha glucosidase activity under the conditions was defined as the IC value. All values were expressed mean ± standard deviation. All the data were analyzed by one way analysis of variance followed by multiple comparison test (Tukey’s test) at the 5% level of significance. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. In vitro inhibitory assay statistical difference and linear regression analysis were performed using Graphpad prism 5 statistical software. Mangiferin (Figure 1) a natural glucosyl xanthone was isolated from ethanolic extract of Mangifera indica stem bark (MISB). The HPTLC analysis showed that retention factor (R f ) of standard and isolated mangiferin compound were found to be ≈ 0.50 and ≈ 0.51 respectively (Figure 2). Mangiferin: yellow powder, C 19 H 18 O 11 , m.p: (271oC-274oC). FTIR spectrum (Figure 3) results of isolated mangiferin compound showed that peaks at 3316 cm-1 indicated presence of secondary OH- bond, peak at 2942 cm-1 showed presence of C-H anti-symmetric stretching, peak at 2830 cm-1, 1655 cm-1, 1450 cm-1 and 1115 cm-1 indicated presence of C-H symmetric stretching, C-O stretching, CH-CH bending and C-O bond. Peak at 1023 cm-1 showed presence of C-C stretching in the mangiferin structure. 1 H NMR and 13 C NMR (DMSO- d 6 solvent). 1 H NMR (DMSO-d 6 ): δ 13.78 (1H, 1-OH), 10.57 (2H, 6,7-OH), 9.85 (1H, 3-OH), 4.90 (2H, 3’,4’- OH), 4.58 (1H, 6’-OH), 3.73 (1H, 2’-OH), 7.39 (1H, 8-H), 6.88 (1H, 5-H), 6.39 (1H, 4-H). 13 C NMR (DMSO-d 6 ): (Ring A): δ 162.26 (1-C), 108.56 (2-C), 164.31 (3-C), 93.74 (4-C), 156.70 (4a-C), 101.79 (8b- C). (Ring B): 151.25 (4b-C), 103.10 (5-C), 154.50 (6- C), 144.21 (7-C), 108.11 (8-C), 112.21 (8a-C), ...
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Objectives:
The objective of this study was to evaluate antidiabetic activity of Chaturmukha rasa based on streptozotocin induced diabetes model, alpha amylase inhibitory activity, alpha Glucosidase inhibitory activity and inhibition of sucrase.
Methods:
Chaturmukha rasa was prepared as per Ayurvedic formulary. Antidiabetic activity was measured...
Objective: The early stage of diabetes mellitus type 2 is associated with postprandial hyperglycemia. The therapeutic approach involved in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus is the use of agents that can decrease postprandial hyperglycemia by inhibiting carbohydrate digesting enzymes. In an effort of identifying herbal drugs which may become...
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Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic syndrome considered one of the life-threatening diseases in the last two decades. This research aimed to investigate the anti-diabetic potential of bitter honey collected from Nilgiris using both in vitro and in vivo methods. The mineral content of bitter honey was also estimated using atomic absorption spectrophoto...
Citations
... The findings of Dineshkumar et al., who observed that mangiferin had anti-diabetic and hypolipidemic potentials in type 2 diabetes model rats, are supported scientifically by our investigation. Consequently, mangiferin has beneficial effects in treating hyperlipidemia and type 2 diabetes (25). The plant's leaf extract may have an anti-diabetic effect due to mangiferin and other phytochemicals such as phenolic and flavonoid components. ...
Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder that has a number of allopathic treatments in practice which are having adverse side effects. Mangiferin and giloy are the important Ayurvedic medications. Both have effective control over diabetes glycemic status. It is possible that the treatment of certain herbal remedies led to an increase in intracellular Ca2+ levels or that glucose-stimulated insulin secretion was enhanced through activating glucose transporter-2 (GLUT-2) receptors. In our work, we rigorously examined the chemical and biological properties of giloy and mangiferin. Clinical study on the effect of mangiferin and giloy combined extract solution in type 2 diabetic subjects and determine the level of Fasting Blood sugar, insulin and HbA1c in type 2 diabetic subjects before and after therapy. Materials and Methods: A randomized cross-sectional study was conducted on type 2 diabetic subjects. Study design with group 1 diabetic subjects (n=45) of FBS less than or equal to 160 mg/dl) and diabetic subjects group 2 (n=49) of FBS more than 160 mg/dl were included with regular antidiabetic drugs; in addition, for the period 30 days, twice a day, 500 mg mangiferin and 500 mg giloy extract was given to group 1 and group 2. The difference between the groups was calculated using the t-test and Mann-Whitney U test. Results: It is evident from the statistical data a significant change seen in HbA1c levels , FBS levels and insulin values while comparing group 1 and group 2 diabetic subjects. However, in group 1 and group 2 creatinine levels did not show much change. Conclusion: Our study findings indicate that mangiferin and giloy extract is a better regime for the effective glycaemic control by an increase in insulin levels. Further, herbal leaf extract is a good natural source and cost-effective with no adverse side effects.
... The dried leaves were then blended and sieved with a B40 sieve to obtain Coffea arabica L. leaves powder with a uniform size. For sample extraction, 225 mg Coffea arabica L. leaves powder was extracted with petroleum ether (2 x 2 L, 6 h each time) to remove fatty matter, with cold acetone (4 x 2 L, 24 h each time) to remove tannins and finally with 70% ethanolic solvent (4 x 1 L, 6 h each time) (18). For sample preparation, 72 mg extract was diluted with 10 mL methanol and filtered with Whatman filter paper no.40. ...
Mangiferin is one of the antioxidants in Coffea arabica L. leaves that has many pharmacological effects. The content of secondary metabolites in the leaves including mangiferin can be affected by age. A Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) method for the quantitative analysis of mangiferin in Coffea arabica L. leaves extract was developed and validated. The method was developed using a mobile phase prepared with analytical grade solvents: ethyl acetate, methanol, formic acid, and deionized water (8:2:1:1 v/v/v/v). Regression functions were established over the 199.98-600.00 ng/spot range with r=0.999. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were 13.87 and 41.61 ng, respectively. The method was selective with a resolution value of more than 1.5 and specific with the spectra correlation value for purity and identity check of more than 0.99. The percentage RSD was found to be 2.43% for repeatability precision and 2.05% for intermediate precision. The method's accuracy was determined through the standard addition method by adding known quantities of standard mangiferin to the pre-analyzed test solution and the mean recovery was 101.69± 1,21%. This TLC Densitometry method was linear, sensitive, selective and specific, precise, accurate, and can be used for routine analysis of mangiferin. On the young Coffea arabica L. leaves, the concentration of mangiferin ± RSD was 0.830 ± 1.71% w/w, and on the old Coffea arabica L. leaves was 1.128± 1.59% w/w.
... The literature on xanthones reports that they represent an important class of compounds with a large number of biological activities documented like antimicrobial, antiviral, antiparasitic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-HIV, antiulcer, antidiabetic, diuretic or analgesic activities and many others (Negi et al., 2011;Luo et al., 2013;Perrucci et al., 2006;Groweiss et al., 2000;Pinto et al., 2005;Dineshkumar et al., 2010). Additionally, among the plants identified as sources of xanthones (Table 1), some ethnopharmacological investigations of their extracts led to the conclusion that the bitterness of the Gentiananceae plant extracts, for instance, is due to the presence of xanthones while most of the Swertia extracts demonstrated mutagenic potency associated with the presence of xanthones (Morimoto et al., 1982). ...
The xanthones represent an important and widely spread class of specialized metabolites in the plant kingdom, fungi, and lichens. Their aromatic and highly oxygenated structures owe them the ability to undergo a series of chemical reactions to form an important number of derivatives as well as to exert a large scale of excellent activities that particularly increased their interest for several researchers. Amongst the reactions observed on their basic nucleus, C-glycosylation leads to the formation of C-glycosylxanthones, a rare subclass of xanthones encountered in nature. Until July 2023, the literature survey on chemical and pharmacological investigations of medicinal plants indicated that a total of 41 distinct natural C-glycosylxanthones have been isolated from 31 plant species belonging to 10 families. Mangiferin (1) was the most reported one and the most biologically screened. Antioxidant activity was the most performed test on isolated compounds, while some strong and good anti-inflammatory, antiplasmodial, and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities have been also reported in the literature for some C-glycosylxanthones. This paper is a mini-review summarizing the occurrence, chemistry, and biological activities of C-glycosylxanthones. The writing of this paper has been done using the literature collected from online libraries including SciFinder, PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar using keywords xanthone, glycosyl, C-glycosylxanthone, without language restriction. This review represents therefore the easiest access to the information on C-glycosylxanthones for researchers intending to also continue the research investigations on this topic.
... To determine the in vitro α-amylase activity of the extracts, the method DineshKumar et al. [16], based on α-amylase (EC 3.2.1.1) inhibition was employed. ...
Four extracts of Chrysophyllum cainito L. were made, namely, ethanolic extract of pulp (EEPC), ethanolic extract of peel (EECC), aqueous extract of pulp (EAPC) and aqueous extract of peel (EACC). The content of phenols and flavonoids, as well as antioxidant activity and in vitro antidiabetic activity, were determined for these extracts. EECC showed a higher content of phenolic compounds and total flavonoids compared to the pulp extracts, specifically 5.16 ± 0.13 g.kg-1 (expressed as gallic acid equivalents) and 4.71 ± 0.18 g.kg-1 (expressed as catechin equivalents), respectively. Regarding the antioxidant activity, EECC free radical scavenging of 78.8 ± 0.1 % was determined by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrilhidrazyl (DPPH) assay and 80.3 ± 0.1 % by the 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assay. EECC had the highest inhibition index on the digestive enzyme alpha-amylase (87.7 ± 8.3 %). The Chrysophyllum cainito fruit was found to possess a free radical donor capacity and inhibitory activity of amylolytic enzyme, important in control of diabetes mellitus and its complications.
... Tannins were also reported as potent inhibitors of α-amylase' [52], while IC 50 of 23.05 mg/mL was obtained for phenolic compounds [53]. Also, a lower IC 50 of 83.72 mg/ mL was obtained for the inhibition of α-amylase by alkaloids [54]. Likewise, terpenoids have been reported to have α-amylase inhibitory properties [55]. ...
... In detail, α-Amylase and α-Glucosidase are enzymes that foster carbohydrate digestion, thereby increasing the postprandial glucose level in diabetic patients; hence, inhibiting these enzymes can be a management option against diabetes [53,54]. In the same vein, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) are key enzymes in several neurological disorders. ...
Background
Medicinal plant contains multiple bioactive compounds with therapeutic potentials. Due to their availability, affordability, and minimal known side effects, they are widely practiced. Identification, quantification, and establishment of their interaction with physiological enzymes help in the standardization of plant-based medicinal extracts. In this study, gas chromatography/flame ionization detector (GC–FID) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis were used to determine the bioactive components in the ethanol extract of Newbouldia laevis stem bark. The antioxidant activity of the extract was determined. Enzyme inhibitory potency of the flavonoids’ components was investigated against acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, phospholipase A2, α-glucosidase, and α-amylase.
Results
Analysis of ethanol extract of N. laevis stem-bark revealed alkaloids (0.37%), tannins (1.82 mg/TEq/g), flavonoids (5.85 mg/QEq), steroids (0.11 mg/10 g) and glycosides (0.08 mg/10 g). The HPLC fingerprint of flavonoids showed high concentrations (mg/100 g) of catechin (47.11), apigenin (15.68), luteolin (18.90), kaempferol (41.54), and quercetin (37.64), respectively. In vitro 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging ability of the extract was exhibited at 150 and 200 mg/mL, respectively. At 300 mg, most in vitro antioxidant potentials (lipid peroxidation, metal chelating ability, hydroxyl, nitric oxide, sulfide oxide radicals scavenging abilities) were obtained. The extract showed varying inhibitory abilities (> 50%) on acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, phospholipase A2, α-glucosidase and α-amylase at 300 mg/mL, IC 50 of 129.46, 237.10, 169.50, 251.04 and 243.06 mg/mL, respectively, with inhibition constants (Ki) of 3.92, 1.63, 1.11, 2.95 and 2.11. Results showed an affinity for the targeted enzymes with free energies higher than the standard drugs.
Conclusion
The results revealed that the N. laevis stem bark possesses antioxidant activity and enzyme inhibitory activity on the physiological enzyme that has been implicated in diabetes. In vitro and in silico inhibition of these physiological enzymes by extract suggests that the stem bark can be effective in ameliorating the complications associated with diabetes mellitus.
... The carbons of the A ring (acetate pathway) of xanthones are numbered 1-4, while the B ring (shikimate pathway) is numbered 5-8 ( Figure 4) [95]. There are many reports on numerous pharmacological activities attributed to xanthones of natural origin, including anti-inflammatory [96,97], anti-Leptospira [98], anticollagenase, anti-elastase, anti-hyaluronidase, anti-tyrosinase [99], anticancer [100,101], antidiabetic [102,103], and antifungal [104] activities, and many xanthones have been described as good bacterial inhibitors [105][106][107][108]. ...
... From the stems of the same plant species, the isolation of prenylated xanthone assiguxanthone B (26) ( Figure 5) was reported, which proved efficient against S. aureus (ATCC 25923) and B. subtilis (ATCC 6623), with MICs of 100 μg/mL and 25 μg/mL, respectively (Table 1) [24]. There are many reports on numerous pharmacological activities attributed to xanthones of natural origin, including anti-inflammatory [96,97], anti-Leptospira [98], anticollagenase, anti-elastase, anti-hyaluronidase, anti-tyrosinase [99], anticancer [100,101], antidiabetic [102,103], and antifungal [104] activities, and many xanthones have been described as good bacterial inhibitors [105][106][107][108]. ...
Phenolic compounds are natural substances that are produced through the secondary metabolism of plants, fungi, and bacteria, in addition to being produced by chemical synthesis. These compounds have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties, among others. In this way, Brazil represents one of the most promising countries regarding phenolic compounds since it has a heterogeneous flora, with the presence of six distinct biomes (Cerrado, Amazon, Atlantic Forest, Caatinga, Pantanal, and Pampa). Recently, several studies have pointed to an era of antimicrobial resistance due to the unrestricted and large-scale use of antibiotics, which led to the emergence of some survival mechanisms of bacteria to these compounds. Therefore, the use of natural substances with antimicrobial action can help combat these resistant pathogens and represent a natural alternative that may be useful in animal nutrition for direct application in food and can be used in human nutrition to promote health. Therefore, this study aimed to (i) evaluate the phenolic compounds with antimicrobial properties isolated from plants present in Brazil, (ii) discuss the compounds across different classes (flavonoids, xanthones, coumarins, phenolic acids, and others), and (iii) address the structure–activity relationship of phenolic compounds that lead to antimicrobial action.
... To determine the in vitro α-amylase activity of the extracts, the method DineshKumar et al. [16], based on α-amylase (EC 3.2.1.1) inhibition was employed. ...
Four extracts of Chrysophyllum cainito L. were made, namely, ethanolic extract of pulp (EEPC), ethanolic extract of peel (EECC), aqueous extract of pulp (EAPC) and aqueous extract of peel (EACC). The content of phenols and flavonoids, as well as antioxidant activity and in vitro antidiabetic activity, were determined for these extracts. EECC showed a higher content of phenolic compounds and total flavonoids compared to the pulp extracts, specifically 5.16 ± 0.13 g.kg-1 (expressed as gallic acid equivalents) and 4.71 ± 0.18 g.kg-1 (expressed as catechin equivalents), respectively. Regarding the antioxidant activity, EECC free radical scavenging of 78.8 ± 0.1 % was determined by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrilhidrazyl (DPPH) assay and 80.3 ± 0.1 % by the 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assay. EECC had the highest inhibition index on the digestive enzyme α-amylase (87.7 ± 8.3 %). The Chrysophyllum cainito fruit was found to possess a free radical donor capacity and inhibitory activity of amylolytic enzyme, important in control of diabetes mellitus and its complications.
... The amount of MG in the endocarp is reported to be higher compared to seeds; hence, MG, along with some other constituents, may be responsible for the α-amylase activity. Previous studies have confirmed the α-amylase inhibitory role of mango peel-extracted MG [34][35][36]. Furthermore, in vivo studies on mango peel extract also supported the antidiabetic potential for MG [9,34,37]. However, phenolic compounds may also play a vital role as suppressors of postprandial hyperglycemia at different concentrations [38]. ...
Mango fruit is well known for its nutritional and health benefits due to the presence of a plethora of phytochemical classes. The quality of mango fruit and its biological activities may change depending upon the variation in geographical factors. For the first time, this study comprehensively screened the biological activities of all four parts of the mango fruit from twelve different origins. Various cell lines (MCF7, HCT116, HepG2, MRC5) were used to screen the extracts for their cytotoxicity, glucose uptake, glutathione peroxidase activity, and α-amylase inhibition. MTT assays were carried out to calculate the IC50 values for the most effective extracts. The seed part from Kenya and Sri Lanka origins exhibited an IC50 value of 14.44 ± 3.61 (HCT116) and 17.19 ± 1.60 (MCF7). The seed part for Yemen Badami (119 ± 0.08) and epicarp part of Thailand (119 ± 0.11) mango fruit showed a significant increase in glucose utilization (50 μg/mL) as compared to the standard drug metformin (123 ± 0.07). The seed extracts of Yemen Taimoor seed (0.46 ± 0.05) and Yemen Badami (0.62 ± 0.13) produced a significant reduction in GPx activity (50 μg/mL) compared to the control cells (100 μg/mL). For α-amylase inhibition, the lowest IC50 value was observed for the endocarp part of Yemen Kalabathoor (108.8 ± 0.70 μg/mL). PCA, ANOVA, and Pearson’s statistical models revealed a significant correlation for the fruit part vs. biological activities, and seed part vs. cytotoxicity and α-amylase activity (p = 0.05). The seed of mango fruit exhibited significant biological activities; hence, further in-depth metabolomic and in vivo studies are essential to effectively utilize the seed part for the treatment of various diseases.
... Xanthones are essential classes of polyphenolic compounds occurring in medicinal plants. Xanthones have been shown in studies to have a variety of pharmacological activities, including antidiabetic, hypolipidemic, anticancer, antioxidant, and antimalarial properties [19][20][21][22][23][24][25]. In addition, they are known to inhibit AR and useful in other diseases caused by accumulation of free radicals in the body [24]. ...
Diabetes mellitus is a life-threatening non-communicable disease that affects all age groups. Despite the increased attention it has received in recent years, the number of diabetic patients has grown exponentially. These increased cases are attributed to essential enzymes involved in blood glucose regulation. In this study, we attempt to reveal the aldose reductase inhibitory potential of xanthones isolated from African medicinal plants. Ensemble docking, molecular dynamics simulation, density functional theory (DFT), and ADMET methods were employed to identify drug candidates as aldose reductase inhibitors. The ensemble docking results identified mangostenone B, bangangxanthone A, smeathxanthone B, mangostenone A, and allanxanthone B as potent inhibitors against the aldose reductase enzyme. Molecular dynamics studies showed the xanthones established better binding mode and affinities against the enzyme. Moreover, the electronic properties of the xanthones explained their good pharmacological potentials. Therefore, our findings suggest that the hit molecules be investigated in vitro and in vivo for drug development against aldose reductase.
... The phenolic compounds found in the extract used in the present work have shown different beneficial effects in some in vitro and in vivo models. For example, mangiferin has been shown to be a potential inhibitor of digestive enzymes such as α-amylase and α-glucosidase [32]. It has also been proven that this compound can promote glucose utilization and metabolism in a dose-dependent manner [33]. ...
... Others have also shown that quercetin-treated (intraperitoneally) murine models of obesity had improved insulin sensitivity by a mechanism related to the flavonoid binding to GLUT4 and promoting cellular glucose uptake through this transporter [41]. Quercetin can also aid in controlling fasting and postprandial glycemia and insulinemia as well as the prevention of compensatory hyperplasia and preservation of pancreatic β-cell mass in in vivo models [32,33]. Gallic acid is another relevant molecule due to its antioxidant properties that could potentially prevent chronic diseases [18,42]. ...
The hypoglycemic effect of functional phytochemicals has been evaluated in diabetic rodents but scarcely in its premorbid condition (prediabetes; PD). This study aimed to evaluate a mango (cv. Ataulfo) peel hydroethanolic (20:80) extract (MPE) for in vivo glycemic/lipidemic-normalizing effect and in vitro enzyme inhibitory (α-amylase/α-glucosidase) activity. The polyphenolic MPE (138 mg EAG.g−1, mainly gallic acid and mangiferin) with antioxidant capacity (DPPH• 34 mgTE.g−1) was fed to PD rats (induction: high-fat diet (60% energy) + single dose streptozotocin (35 mg.kg−1), 4 weeks). At the 8th week, fasting glycemia (FG), oral glucose tolerance test, and insulin sensitivity indexes (HOMA-IR, HOMA-β) > blood lipid-normalizing effect were documented as healthy controls > MPE > disease (PD) controls, which was possibly related to the extract’s concentration–response in vitro enzyme inhibitory activity (IC50 ≈0.085 mg.mL−1). MPE is a rich source of glucose-lowering phytochemicals for the primary prevention of type 2 diabetes
