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![Structure of Epidian 5 epoxy resin [41].](publication/338480491/figure/fig1/AS:845430967517184@1578577858183/Structure-of-Epidian-5-epoxy-resin-41.png)
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![Figure 1. Structure of Epidian 5 epoxy resin [41].](publication/338480491/figure/fig1/AS:845430967517184@1578577858183/Structure-of-Epidian-5-epoxy-resin-41_Q320.jpg)
This article presents the initial test results examining basic technological factors, such as type of modifying agent and seasoning time, which influence properties of adhesive epoxide compositions. The aim of the study was to prepare adhesive compositions with 2% content of the selected natural fillers (montmorillonite NanoBent ZR-2, ground chalk...
Contexts in source publication
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... 5 based adhesives are also used in construction works as anticorrosion and electro-insulating coatings. Structure of Epidian 5 epoxy resin is shown in Figure 1. Epidian 53 (producer: CIECH Sarzyna) is a mixture of the epoxide resin made of bisphenol A and epichlorohydrin (Epidian 5) and styrene. ...
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... more detailed view of the interaction between the filler and the matrix is presented in Figure 9B,C from which good wettability in the interface of the filler and the matrix is obvious. The fracture surface of the composite material E53/TFF/100:22/C, i.e., with the filler based on carbon powder, is visible in Figure 10. The overview of the fracture surface of the composite material E53/TFF/100:22/C is evident from Figure 10A,B. ...
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... fracture surface of the composite material E53/TFF/100:22/C, i.e., with the filler based on carbon powder, is visible in Figure 10. The overview of the fracture surface of the composite material E53/TFF/100:22/C is evident from Figure 10A,B. It is obvious from Figure 10A,B that the delamination of part of the carbon powder filler occurred at the destruction of the static tensile test. ...
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... overview of the fracture surface of the composite material E53/TFF/100:22/C is evident from Figure 10A,B. It is obvious from Figure 10A,B that the delamination of part of the carbon powder filler occurred at the destruction of the static tensile test. The detailed view of the interaction between the filler and the matrix (resin) is obvious from Figure 10C from which good wettability of the filler with the resin is evident. ...
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... is obvious from Figure 10A,B that the delamination of part of the carbon powder filler occurred at the destruction of the static tensile test. The detailed view of the interaction between the filler and the matrix (resin) is obvious from Figure 10C from which good wettability of the filler with the resin is evident. ...
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... order to conduct a comprehensive comparative analysis of strength of the modified adhesive compositions after a short-term seasoning, the results are presented in Figures 11 and 12. Based on the results described above, it can be observed that for both compositions subjected to tests, the highest strength was obtained for the reference samples that were seasoned for 4 months. ...
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... the case of the compositions modified with chalk and carbon, the strength decreased. Figure 12. Results of the elongation in tension of the cured adhesive compositions subjected to tests. ...
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... corresponding distribution of results was also observed in the analysis of elongation ( Figure 12) that occurred during the tensile strength tests. ...
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... courses of strength considering the seasoning time were obtained for both variants of the basic compositions subjected to tests. They are presented in Figure 13. ...
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... increase of the tensile strength and the tensile-elongation is usually problematically reached at the natural filler in the area of the polymeric composites where bad wettability with the matrix is frequent and the surface has to be activated chemically or by plasma [48,58,59]. The results presented in Figure 13 indicate lower strength for the composition of Epidian 53 with the TFF curing agent that was seasoned for 4 months. It is probably connected with the presence of styrene monomer in the resin itself. ...
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Citations
... The epoxy resin and the selected curing agent thus form the matrix for the final composite [3,5]. An appropriate selection of components allows for improvements in terms of (i) mechanical, thermal, electrical, and dielectric properties [13,[22][23][24], (ii) technological properties of materials that facilitate the processing, or (iii) providing special functional properties, e.g., low flammability, durability, low coefficient of friction, or resistance to dirt [25][26][27][28]. ...
This research study focused on the effect of adding boric acid to epoxy resin in order to obtain a composite material with improved properties and performance. To this end, a fine powder of boric acid (H3BO3) was introduced into epoxy resin in different amounts, i.e., 0.5 g, 1.0 g, and 1.5 g. As the matrix of the epoxy composites, styrene-modified epoxy resin based on bisphenol A (BPA) (Epidian 53) was used. It was cross-linked with two types of curing agents, i.e., an amine (ET) and a polyamide (PAC). The mechanical properties of the obtained epoxy composites (in terms of compressive strength, compressive modulus, and compressive strain) were determined at room temperature in order to assess the effect of the addition of boron acid and of the type of curing agent employed to cure the epoxy on these characteristics. Calorimetric measurements were made to highlight any changes in the glass transition temperature (Tg) as a result of the addition of boric acid to epoxy resin. Finally, flammability tests were performed on both Epidian 53/PAC and Epidian 53/ET epoxy composites to analyze their fire behavior and consequently establish the effectiveness of the selected additive as a flame retardant.
... One of the common ways to refine their physical properties is the addition of fillers to the epoxy matrix, which not only reduce the production costs but also improve the mechanical properties of these composites [25,26]. However, in many cases, an additional functionalization of the filler is necessary to improve the interphase between the polymer matrix and the additive and, consequently, the overall composite properties. ...
The subject of this research is the development of epoxy composites with a defined service life for the purpose of seat elements in rail vehicles, which will be more environmentally friendly. The produced materials based on epoxy resin filled with PLA or PLA and quercetin were subjected to solar aging tests for 800 h to investigate the impact of the additives used on the aging behavior of the epoxy matrix. Firstly, the TGA analysis showed that the use of the proposed additives allowed for the maintenance of the thermal stability of the epoxy resin. Moreover, based on an optical microscopy test, it was noticed that the introduction of PLA and PLA with quercetin did not contribute to an increase in matrix defects. The one-directional tensile tests carried out before and after solar aging showed that the presence of polylactide in epoxy composites causes a slight growth of the stiffness and strength. Based on contact angle and color change measurements, it was found that quercetin was oxidized, thus ensuring protection for the epoxy matrix. This phenomenon was confirmed by FTIR study, where the carbonyl index (CI) value for the R-PLA-Q composite was lower than for the reference sample. The obtained composite structures may be a good alternative to traditionally used systems as seat elements in rail vehicles, which are not only characterized by high aging resistance but are also more eco-friendly.
... shown in Fig.5 .That behavior is related with the brittle failure characterization [13]. The results generally are depend on may factors ,like climatic condition ,curing process and epoxy composition [14]. ...
... Primary filler particles in non-agglomerated form are extremely rare under realworld conditions. The occurrence of agglomerates of particles in the matrix can cause defects that result in a reduction in the properties of the modified adhesive, so it is important to select a suitable method of mixing the adhesive composition that will enable the required dispersion of particles to be achieved and their proper wetting by the matrix material (Chikhi et al., 2002;Miturska et al., 2020. Both manual and mechanical methods are used in the mixing operation, using appropriate tools and equipment. ...
This paper presents the design of a specialised mixing and deaeration station for adhesive compositions. The aim of the work was to present a device for simultaneous mixing and gas bubble removal, as well as to verify the correctness of the practical application of the station by conducting experimental tests. In the experimental research, the subject of the study was an adhesive composition of the Epidian 5 epoxy resin with the PAC curing agent, which was prepared using four mixing methods carried out with the use of the station for simultaneous mixing and deaeration. In addition, the composition was physically modified by adding particles of CaCO3 calcium carbonate to verify the correct mixing of the composition components. The prepared samples were subjected to tensile and compression strength tests. The structure of the prepared samples was also analysed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The tests carried out showed that the stand for simultaneous mixing and deaeration of adhesive compositions meets the expectations set for it. Mixing variant 4, in which mixing was realised using a dispersing disc mixer, proved to be the most favourable mixing method. Mixing was carried out at a speed of 1170 rpm for 3 minutes. In addition, during the mixing process, a deaeration process of the mixed composition was carried out, as well as deaeration was realised after the mixing process in a time of 2 minutes. Changing the mixing parameters contributed to an increase in both the tensile strength and compression strength of the tested compositions. SEM analysis of the observed samples showed that changing the mixing parameters reduced the amount of air bubbles in the adhesive structure and, in the case of modified compositions, resulted in a better distribution of the filler in the structure of the mixed compositions.
... Before use, resin and curing agent are mixed in a certain proportion. [12] Hardeners or curing agents have a key role in function and properties of epoxy resins. Compounds like amines, hydroxyls, amides, anhydrides and acids are counted as the well-known curing agents of epoxy resins. ...
This project was performed to synthesize and investigate the properties of the smart hybrid coatings based on epoxy/polyurethane (EP/PU) reinforced with carbon quantum dots (CQDs) with multipurpose applications. To do this, flexible and transparent polymer coatings were prepared by mixing epoxy resin and PU pre-polymer. Strengthening of hybrid coatings by CQDs (1-3 wt%) led to preparing fluorescent coatings with high protection against UV rays (85-98%), and improved tensile strength, flexibility (10-35%), and viscoelastic properties such as storage modulus and T g. Findings of salt spray test approved that increased CQDs concentration in the coatings resulted in improved anti-corrosive behavior. ARTICLE HISTORY
... Figure 4 shows selected SEM photos of modified adhesive films in order to present the adhesive and cohesive interaction of the filler in relation to the polymer matrix. The surface of the adhesive after removing the protective layer showed evenly distributed holes, which is caused by stress and the effect of adhesive stretching when removing this layer, resulting from the good adhesive properties of Si-PSAs to materials with low surface energy [37,38] The SEM pictures in Figure 4d show the phase separation of the adhesive with the filler, where the filler particles are well embedded in the polymer matrix, which confirms the adhesive type of matrix-montmorillonite connection [38,39]. Enlargements b and f show fillers under the layer of pressure-sensitive adhesive. ...
In the presented work, organophilized montmorillonites (OMMT) with selected quaternary ammonium compounds (QAC) with different chemical structure ((trioctylmethylammonium chloride—A336, dimethyloctadecyl[3-trimethoxysilyl)propyl]ammonium chloride—D, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide—CTAB, 2-methacryloxyethyltrimethylammonium chloride—MOA) were obtained and used as fillers for physically modified silicone pressure-sensitive adhesives (Si-PSA). Before OMMT addition into Si-PSA matrix, they were analyzed via TGA and XRD techniques. Type of chemical structure of QAC affected d-spacing of OMMT. New self-adhesive materials were obtained based on prepared Si-PSA compositions by adding the obtained fillers to the polymer matrix. New tapes exhibit a good level of useful properties as adhesion, cohesion, and tack—the values did not change or slightly decreased; in addition, the tapes with addition of OMMT showed high thermal resistance reaching the measuring limit of the test equipment—to 225 °C.
... A problematic aspect of these natural fillers is their low interaction with the matrix, or delamination within the hybrid adhesive layer. These limits can usually only be determined by the SEM analysis of the fracture surface or cross section through the tested layer [63][64][65]. ...
The aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of untreated and 5% aqueous NaOH solution-treated filler of the plant Jatropha Curcas L. on the mechanical properties of adhesive bonds, especially in terms of their service life at different amplitudes of cyclic loading. As a result of the presence of phorbol ester, which is toxic, Jatropha oilseed cake cannot be used as livestock feed. The secondary aim was to find other possibilities for the utilization of natural waste materials. Another use is as a filler in polymer composites, that is, in composite adhesive layers. The cyclic loading of the adhesive bonds was carried out for 1000 cycles in two amplitudes, that is, 5–30% of the maximum force and 5–50% of the maximum force, which was obtained by the static tensile testing of the adhesive bonds with unmodified filler. The static tensile test showed an increase in the shear strength of the adhesive bonds with alkali-treated filler compared to the untreated filler by 3–41%. The cyclic test results did not show a statistically significant effect of the alkaline treatment of the filler surface on the service life of the adhesive bonds. Positive changes in the strain value between adhesive bonds with treated and untreated filler were demonstrated at cyclic stress amplitudes of 5–50%. SEM analysis showed the presence of interlayer defects in the layers of the tested materials, which are related to the oil-based filler used.
... Due to their unique properties, epoxy resins are applied in many fields of technology; one of the most popular applications is the production of polymer composites that are used as structural elements, including the aviation industry, boatbuilding, construction sector and electric installations [5,6,8,[12][13][14][15]. As a result of their polar nature, epoxy resins offer very high adhesion qualities to many different materials, such as glass, ceramics, metal, concrete, and polymers; they are considered, therefore, as universal adhesives [16][17][18][19]. ...
The aim of this work was to investigate selected biological and toxicity properties of cured
epoxy resin-based compounds based on a bisphenol A epoxy resin, cold-cured by a polyamide and containing two types of metal powders (aluminum and copper). This study involved cytotoxicity analysis, pH measurements, absorbance measurements and sterilization. The cytotoxicity analysis was conducted to determine the harmful degree of the cured epoxy resin. Aimed at identifying toxic agents in cured compounds, the cytotoxicity analysis involved absorbance measurements in an entire wavelength range. Cytotoxicity and absorbance results demonstrated that the extracts of all the tested resin samples had no cytotoxic effects on the cells of living organisms. The absorbance values obtained over the entire wavelength range did not point to the formation of aggregations, which proved that no toxic agents harmful to living organisms were extracted from the resin samples. Based on the results obtained, it can be concluded that all tested compounds, based on epoxy resins,
which are also used as adhesives in various applications, are essentially safe materials when using such formulations in a cured state.
... The strength of an adhesive joint is one measure of the properties of adhesives [31,32]. An important direction of modern technology research is to subject adhesive compositions to modifications, particularly through the use of nanofillers, even a small addition of which can improve certain characteristics of adhesive materials [29,[33][34][35][36]. Three types of modification in the literature are distinguished [11,37,38]: chemical, physical and physicochemical. ...
... Zheng, in one of his papers [48], states that the strength of the joint depends on the properties of the adhesive, but also on the adhesion between the adhesive and the binder. The effect of introduced fillers on the properties of adhesive compositions was presented in the work of Miturska et al. [34] where researchers described the results of a study on the effect of modification with natural fillers on the mechanical properties of epoxy adhesive compositions after storage time. In this study, the authors use two epoxy resins, Epidian 5 and Epidian 53, which were modified with a 2% addition of Montmorillonite, calcium carbonate and activated carbon, which were cured with the Mannich base. ...
... For easier identification of the adhesives, in this paper the designations used are presented in Table 1. The amounts of fillers used were selected on the basis of own experimental studies and a review of the literature [29,34,[54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61]. The adhesive compositions were prepared immediately before use. ...
One of the most important design factors in the constitution of adhesive joints is the correct choice of adhesive. Currently, there is a full range of options on the commercial market in this regard, but there is increasing research into modifying adhesives for specific engineering applications. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of physical modification with fillers on the properties of the adhesive composition and the adhesive joints. The adhesives used in the study were a composition of Epidian 5 epoxy resin and PAC curing agent modified with 1% montmorillonite, 5% calcium carbonate and 20% activated carbon. The adhesive compositions in the cured state were subjected to strength tests and SEM and DSC analyses. Using these compositions, adhesive joints of EN AW 2024 T3 aluminum alloy sheets were also made. The tests carried out showed that, due to the use of different fillers, their effects on certain properties of the adhesive compositions are different types. It was shown that physical modification of the adhesive composition does not always result in positive effects. The study also attempted to determine the correlation between the properties of the adhesive compositions in the cured state and the strength of the adhesive joints.
... The most important ones, the optimisation of which can significantly increase the strength of structural adhesive joints, include the method of preparing the surfaces of the elements to be joined (achieving an optimal surface condition through mechanical, electrochemical or chemical treatment operations) [6,7]. Another important issue is the selection of a proper adhesive for joining specific surfaces and the modification of the adhesive composition (introducing fillers, plasticisers, etc.) [8][9][10][11][12]. The conditions of preparing the joints also play a significant role in obtaining strong and reliable joints [13,14], as well as the manufacturing technology, taking into account the geometry of the joint, the method of loading the joint and the conditions of curing the adhesive joint [15][16][17]. ...
This paper presents the results of an experimental study of adhesive joint strength with consideration of the inaccuracy of the hardener dosage, in the context of evaluating the degradation of joints when used either at ambient or elevated temperatures. The butt joint strength characteristics were assessed for two types of adhesives-rigid and flexible-and two curing scenarios-with and without heat curing. An excess hardener was shown to be significantly more unfavourable than its deficiency, which can ultimately be considered as a recommendation for forming epoxy adhesive joint assemblies. In order to fully understand the relationship between the analysed mechanical properties of the material and the influence of component ratio excesses and heating, a process of fitting basic mathematical models to the obtained experimental data was also performed.
