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... releasing agent of norepinephrine and epinephrine, or as a norepinephrine releasing agent (NRA). It also acts as a dopamine releasing agent (DRA) to a lesser extent. It works by mimicking the effects of endogenous catecholamines such as epinephrine and norepinephrine and to a lesser degree dopamine. [2] NH 2 CH 3 OH .HCl Cetirizine hydrochloride (Fig. 3) is chemically 2-(2-{4-[(4- Chlorophenyl) (phenyl)-methyl] piperazino} ethoxy) acetic acid hydrochloride. It is a second-generation antihistamine, is a major metabolite of hydroxyzine, and a racemic selective H 1 receptor inverse agonist used in the treatment of allergies, hay fever, angioedema, and urticaria. Cetirizine crosses the ...
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Background
Urethral diverticulum (UD) is a poorly defined anomaly consisting of an outpouching of the urethra. Management without surgical resection is not previously reported in dogs.
Hypothesis/Objectives
Report the outcome of male dogs presented for urinary incontinence with UD treated with an artificial urethral sphincter (AUS).
Animals
Eight...
Urinary incontinence, an uncontrolled urine leakage during the storage phase of micturition, is a common condition in female dogs. In intact bitches, the reported prevalence is only 0.2-0.3%, but in spayed bitches it varies between 3.1-20.1%. Most commonly, dogs with acquired urinary incontinence suffer from urethral sphincter mechanism incompetenc...
Urinary incontinence, an uncontrolled urine leakage during the storage phase of micturition, is a common condition in female dogs. In intact bitches, the reported prevalence is only 0.2-0.3%, but in spayed bitches it varies between 3.1-20.1%. Most commonly, dogs with acquired urinary incontinence suffer from urethral sphincter mechanism incompetenc...
We explored the possible utilization of a pure BC3 nanotube and its Au-decorated form (Au@BCNT) for the detection of phenylpropanolamine (PHA) drug. All calculations were performed through TPSS functional using LANL2DZ basis set on the Au atom. For the remaining atoms, we used 6–311++G** basis set. PHA had a weak interaction with the pure BCNT and...
A HPLC method has been described for simultaneous determination of Chlorpheniramine Maleate, Phenylpropanolamine Hydrochloride and Paracetamol in formulation. This method is based on HPLC separation of the three drugs on the Thermo Hypersil Gold C18 column (250mm ×4.6mm, 5.0µ), with isocratic conditions and mobile phase containing methanol: 0.01M d...
Citations
... For this reason, researchers have worked at developing methods that can be used to simultaneously identify and quantify some or all the active ingredients in tablet formulations. Various analytical techniques have been employed in such methods including voltammetry (Shekappa et al. 2011; Saeed and Reyhaneh-Sadat 2011), fluorimetry (Hossein and Yahya 2011), colorimetry (Shihana et al. 2010), UV-spectrophotometry (Hadad et al. 2007; Ghulam et al. 2011; Khoshayand et al. 2010; Maryam and Mehdi 2005; Kuldeep et al. 2011 ), quantitative thinlayer chromatography (TLC) (Atul et al. 2008; Misra et al. 2009 ), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) (Heydari 2008; Prasanna and Reddy 2009; Godse et al. 2009; Franeta et al. 2002; Pattan et al. 2009; Suryan et al. 2011; Viswanath et al. 2011 ), gas chromatography (GC) (Belal et al. 2009), RP-HPLC (Mukesh et al. 2010; Şenyuva and Özden 2002), and LC–MS–MS (Lou et al. 2010). In developing countries where the challenge of substandard drugs and drug counterfeiting is enormous, there is the need for methods which are accurate, cost effective, easy to use, rapid and require the use of nonsophisticated equipment in order to facilitate easy identification and quantitation of the active components in multi-component formulations. ...
Chlorpheniramine maleate-paracetamol-caffeine tablet formulation is one of the common over-the-counter drugs used for the treatment of cold and cough. A reversed-phase high-performance liquid-chromatography method has been successfully developed for the simultaneous determination of chlorpheniramine maleate, paracetamol and caffeine in a drug formulation. The RP-HPLC method employed a Phenomenex C18 reversed phase column (Luna 5µ, 250 × 4.6 mm) with an isocratic mixture of methanol and 0.05 M dibasic phosphate buffer pH 4.0 in the ratio of (30:70; v/v) as the mobile phase. The column temperature was kept at 30 °C. The flow rate was 1.0 mL/min and detection was by means of a UV detector at wavelength of 215 nm. All the active components were successfully eluted with mean retention times of 2.4, 4.2, 7.2 min for chlorpheniramine maleate, paracetamol and caffeine respectively. The method was found to be linear (R(2) > 0.99), precise (RSD < 2.0 %), accurate (recoveries 97.9-102.8 %), specific, simple, sensitive, rapid and robust. The validated method can be used in routine quality control analysis of fixed dose combination tablets containing chlorpheniramine maleate, paracetamol and caffeine without any interference by excipients.
... Simultaneous HPLC method for the determination of paracetamol, phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride, and cetirizine was reported; however, the mobile phase consisted methanol and disodium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate buffer which could be corrosive to the column ( Suryan et al. 2011). Another simultaneous method of paracetamol, acetyl salicylic acid, mefenamic acid, and cetirizine was achieved using disodium hydrogen phosphate buffer and acetonitrile combination which could once again be corrosive and expensive altogether (Freddy and Dharmendra 2010). ...
Cetirizine (anti-allergy agent) and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs; anti-inflammatory agents) are co-administered drugs. Cetirizine, a P-glycopretein substrate may be affected by the use of NSAIDs. In the present work, quantification of cetirizine in the presence of commonly co-administered NSAIDs such as diclofenac sodium, ibuprofen, flurbiprofen, tiaprofenac acid, meloxicam and mefenamic acid were studied using the RP-HPLC technique.
A high-throughput HPLC method for the analysis of cetirizine was developed, validated in the presence of NSAIDs and was further used to study the interactions of cetirizine in the presence of NSAIDs at four different pH levels. Purospher Star, C18 column (5 μm, 25 cm × 0.46 cm) with a mobile phase of methanol/water (90:10 v/v, pH adjusted to 3.5) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min and a wavelength of 240 nm was used.
The synthesis of cetirizine in the presence of NSAIDs was carried out, and complexes were characterized using infrared (IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques. The method was found to be applicable in serum and was found useful for therapeutic purposes. The differences in availabilities of cetirizine with NSAIDs at three pH levels clearly indicated the interactions of afore mentioned drugs.
The findings suggested further studies on the co-administration of these two drugs simultaneously in order to know the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles of the drugs. It is highly recommended to have a suitable time lapse between the oral uses of these drugs.
Introduction
The current investigation's objective was to develop an HPLC method along with a validated stability-indicating method and analyzing the behavior of levocetirizine degradation under various ICH-suggested stress conditions using LC-UV and LC-MS with a triple quadrupole mass analyzer.
Methods
Levocetirizine was exposed to various stressors while performing degradation studies. Using LC-UV and LC-MS methods, the degradation products formed in different stress environments were studied. The drug and degradation products were successfully separated using a Thermo Hypersil BDS– C18 column having a dimension of 250 mm length, 4.6 mm internal diameter, and a particle size of 5.0 µm. The isocratic green mobile phase contained methanol:water in the proportion of 65:35 at a flow rate of 1 mL/min, and the selected wavelength for the UV detector was 230 nm.
Results
Significant degradation was found in acidic, alkaline, and oxidative conditions, whereas in photo and neutral conditions, no degradation products were formed. The drug was fairly stable in the solid state.
Conclusion
The values of m/z obtained from LC–MS after exposing the drug to different stress conditions were used to study fragmentation patterns, characterize the structure of the degradation product, and design the degradation pathway.
Two simple and sensitive spectrophotometric techniques have been proposed for the estimation of antihistamine drugs, diphenhydramine hydrochloride (DPH), fexofenadine hydrochloride (FXO) and cetirizine dihydrochloride (CTZ) in pure forms and in their pharmaceutical forms via charge-transfer complex formation with 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (DDQ) and 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) reagents. Spectrophotometric methods involve the addition a known excess of DDQ or TCNQ reagents to DPH, FXO and CTZ drugs in acetonitrile, followed by the measurement of the absorbance of formed CT complexes at the selected wavelength. Various variables and parameters affecting the reactions were studied and investigated. Beer’s law was obeyed in the concentration ranges of 16–144, 12–120, 12–86 μg mL−1 and 6–66, 24–216 and 4–68 μg mL−1 for DPH, FXO and CTZ drugs using DDQ and TCNQ reagents, respectively, with correlation coefficients not less than 0.9944. The reaction stoichiometry is found to be 1:1 [drug]: [DDQ or TCNQ]. For the spectrophotometric methods, molar absorptivity, detection and quantification limits, and sandell resistance are also calculated. According to ICH guidelines, both intra-and inter-day precision and reliability were evaluated. The estimated techniques have been successfully applied in their medicinal forms to the determination of the cited drugs. The finding showed no significant difference between the estimated methods and reported methods, depended on t test and variance ratio. Popular pharmaceutical additives did not interfere.
Nowadays, analytical techniques tend to develop cheap and green approaches to reduce the costs and minimize environmental impacts. In this study, poly(glycidyl methacrylate-co-ethylene dimethacrylate) monoliths were prepared in capillary columns (0.25 mm i.d. × 20 cm length) as reactive and tunable platforms, and then simply functionalized based on a ring-opening reaction of epoxide with octadecylamine. The columns were successfully used as reversed-phase stationary phases for determination of ascorbic acid, paracetamol, caffeine, aspirin, and ibuprofen in pharmaceutical combinations. The synthesized monoliths have been estimated by FT-IR spectroscopy, SEM and specific surface area; also, the porous and hydrodynamic properties have verified the differences before and after modification. While the columns before modification were unable to separate the drugs, the columns after amination allowed for the complete separation of the five drugs in about 10 min at 23 µL min⁻¹ flow rate with chromatographic resolution more than 2.12. The developed assay showed excellent suitability (RSDs < 2.6%), wide linear ranges (0.07–300 µg mL⁻¹), sensitive detection limits (0.022–0.060 µg mL⁻¹), good repeatability (RSDs < 4.76%) and acceptable columns reproducibility (RSDs < 18.58%). The method was successfully applied for commercial pharmaceutical preparations; the average recovery values were found to be in the range of 98.03–104.54% (RSDs < 5.51%). The satisfactory recovery percentages along with the perfect correlation between the retentions of standard compounds and the active ingredients extracted from the commercial tablets indicate the accuracy and selectivity of the developed method. The prepared columns and validated method were finally compared with previous reports, particularly commercial C18 stationary phases. This is a very useful comparison due to the structural similarity between the prepared polymeric materials and C18 particulate stationary phases. The prepared capillary columns exhibited various advantages such as the fast separation time, wide linear ranges, low analysis costs, and trivial environmental wastes.
Graphical Abstract
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Recently, analytical separation techniques have the potential toward green approaches to reduce the environmental impact. This study focuses on the development of an analytical method for the determination of paracetamol and chlorzoxazone in their pharmaceutical combination. The separation was achieved using a home-made capillary column (0.10 mm i.d. × 200 mm length) filled with porous cross-linked hexyl polymethacrylate as monolithic stationary phase. The method proved to be simple, fast, sensitive, efficient, cost-effective and green approach due to the combination of the amazing properties of a monolithic material and a miniaturized liquid chromatography, which would be considered as a step toward reducing the analytical costs and the environmental impact of chromatographic applications. Both components were detected using a 3-nL nano-UV cell fixed at 270 nm wavelength. The optimized mobile phase was composed of 1% aqueous formic acid solution and acetonitrile at 40:60 ratio, 1.0 μL/min flow rate, 4.0 nL injection volume and 50°C column temperature. Under the optimized conditions, paracetamol and chlorzoxazone have been separated in about 6.5 min with chromatographic resolution of 2.37. The prepared column and the analysis method was fully validated and compared with other reported works. All findings allow to conclude that the prepared column and proposed method are applicable for quality control and routine analysis of the two drugs.
Background
The combination between cetirizine (CET), phenylpropanolamine (PPA) and nimesulide (NMS) under trade name Nemeriv Cp tablet is prescribed for nasal congestion, cold, sneezing, and allergy. Among all published methods for the three drugs; there is no reported method concerning estimation of CTZ, PPA and NMS simultaneously and this motivates us to develop new and simple methods for their assay in pure form and tablet preparations.
Results
Two new methodologies were described for the simultaneous quantification of cetirizine (CTZ), PPA and NMS. Spectrophotometric procedures relies on measuring the amplitudes of the third derivative curves at 238 nm for CTZ, 218 nm for PPA and 305 nm for NMS. The calibration graphs were rectilinear over the ranges of 8–90 µg/mL for CTZ, 20–100 µg/mL for PPA and 20–200 µg/mL for NMS respectively. Regarding the HPLC method; monolithic column (100 mm × 4.6 mm i.d) was used for the separation. The used mobile phase composed of 0.1 M phosphate buffer and methanol in the ratio of 40:60, v/v at pH 7.0. The analysis was performed using UV detector at 215 nm. Calibration curves showed the linearity over concentration ranges of 5–40, 10–100 and 10–120 µg/mL for CTZ, PPA and NMS.
Conclusion
Application of the proposed methods to the laboratory prepared tablets was carried out successfully. The results were compared with those obtained from previously published methods and they were satisfactory.Graphical abstractGraphical abstract represents the chemical structures, representative chromatogram for the HPLC separation of a PPA, b NMS and c CTZ and third derivative absorption spectra of a PPA, b NMS and c CTZ for the spectrophotometric method.
A simple, precise and accurate isocratic RP-HPLC method was successfully developed for the simultaneous determination of chlorpheniramine maleate (CPM), phenylephrine hydrochloride (PHE) and ibuprofen (IBU) in bulk and pharmaceutical preparation. The separation of the drugs was achieved using Inertsil ODS C18 column with mobile phase consisting of methanol and 0.1% triethylamine (55:45 V/V) in water, pH 3 (adjusted with orthophosphoric acid). These drugs were resolved successfully with retention time of 3.0 min for CPM, 4.6 min for PHE and 18.9 min for IBU, when the eluate was monitored at 240 nm. Linearity was found in the concentration range of 10 to 50 μg mL⁻¹ for CPM, 25 to 125 μg mL⁻¹ for PHE and 100 to 500 μg mL⁻¹ for IBU, with a correlation coefficient (r²) of 0.9987, 0.9965 and 0.9998 for CPM, PHE and IBU, respectively. Thus, the proposed method can be successfully applied to the pharmaceutical preparation containing the above mentioned drugs without any interference of excipients.
In this article we describe development and validation of stability indicating, accurate, specific, precise and simple Ionpairing RP-HPLC method for simultaneous determination of paracetamol and cetirizine HCl along with preservatives i.e. propylparaben, and methylparaben in pharmaceutical dosage forms of oral solution and in serum. Acetonitrile: Buffer: Sulfuric Acid (45:55:0.3 v/v/v) was the mobile phase at flow rate 1.0 mL min⁻¹ using a Hibar® Lichrosorb® C18 column and monitored at wavelength of 230nm. The averages of absolute and relative recoveries were found to be 99.3%, 99.5%, 99.8% and 98.7% with correlation coefficient of 0.9977, 0.9998, 0.9984, and 0.9997 for cetirizine HCl, paracetamol, methylparaben and Propylparaben respectively. The limit of quantification and limit of detection were in range of 0.3 to 2.7 ng mL⁻¹ and 0.1 to 0.8 ng mL⁻¹ respectively. Under stress conditions of acidic, basic, oxidative, and thermal degradation, maximum degradation was observed in basic and oxidative stress where a significant impact was observed while all drugs were found almost stable in the other conditions. The developed method was validated in accordance with ICH and AOAC guidelines. The proposed method was successfully applied to quantify amount of paracetamol, cetirizine HCl and two most common microbial preservatives in bulk, dosage form and physiological fluid.
Paracetamol, ambroxol hydrochloride, levocetirizine dihydrochloride, and phenylephrine hydrochloride are used in combination for the treatment of chronic sinusitis, rhinitis, fever, nasal discharge, sore throat, and wheezing. The present work deals with method development for simultaneous estimation of paracetamol, ambroxol hydrochloride, levocetirizine dihydrochloride, and phenylephrine hydrochloride in tablet formulation by first-order derivative spectrosphotometry. For determination of sampling wavelength, 10 μg/mL of each of paracetamol, ambroxol hydrochloride, levocetirizine dihydrochloride, and phenylephrine hydrochloride was scanned in 200-400 nm ranges and sampling wavelengths were found to be 305.5 nm for paracetamol, 321 nm for ambroxol hydrochloride, 244 nm for levocetirizine dihydrochloride, and 280 nm for phenylephrine hydrochloride in first-order derivative spectrophotometry. In this method, linearity was observed in the ranges of 20-140 μg/mL for paracetamol and 10-70 μg/mL for ambroxol hydrochloride, levocetirizine dihydrochloride, and phenylephrine hydrochloride. The % recovery was within the range between 98 and 102%, and % relative standard deviation for precision and accuracy of the method was found to be less than 2%. The method is validated as per International Conference on Harmonization Guidelines. The method can be successfully applied for the simultaneous analysis of these drugs in pharmaceutical dosage forms.
