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Structure chart of the seawater desalination system combined with the salinity gradient power generation system.
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Seawater desalination is an important way to solve the problem of fresh water shortage. Low energy efficiency and high cost are disadvantages existing in seawater desalination. With huge reserve and the highest energy density among different types of marine energy, salinity gradient energy has a bright application prospect. The promotion of traditi...
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... shown in Figure 1, the system consists of seawater preprocessing system, seawater desalination system utilizing MSF and salinity gradient energy power generating system. Water pump 1 draws ordinary seawater into seawater preprocessing system where regular preprocessing including sterilization, sediment and deoxidize is conducted; then, seawater after preprocessing is fed into International Conference on Energy Engineering and Environmental Protection (EEEP2016)cooling water pipe at the upper section of the last stage of MSF. ...
Citations
... The use of SGE was further developed by researchers who investigated the utilization of reverse electrodialysis (RED) [13][14][15][16], pressure-retarded osmosis (PRO) [17][18][19], and capacitive mixing (CAPMIX) [20,21], for seawater desalination and electricity generation [12,[22][23][24][25]. CAPMIX is a process that uses the capacitive energy generated by the mixing of waters of different salinities to generate electricity. ...
... Both systems can be powered by waves, by which water is pumped through the membranes. This is a simple and affordable technology (Jalili et al. 2019;Zhu et al. 2017); and the system is installed in coastal areas, and so, reducing both the installation and running cost compared to turbine-based wave energy harvesting technology. Mora and de Rijck (2015) estimated the price of electricity generation based on reverse osmosis at USD0.065-0.13 per kW h, compared with USD0.24 for photovoltaic. ...
Waves generated by winds can transport a large amount of energy across the oceans with little loss. This paper explores the satellite-based data to assess the wave energy potential of Kenitra-Atlantic coastal area (Morocco), with an overall purpose of supporting the plans for developing and using wave energy, and provide guidance about the appropriate applications of wave energy of the Kenitra coastal area. Kenitra is important harbour and industrial city in Morocco. Various indexes, including the temporal distributions of wave parameters and wave energy fluxes, the occurrence of the effective significant wave height and wave energy flux, the variability and frequency of the wave status, were calculated from satellite measured weekly wave data, covering about 3 years (June 2019-November 2022) period. Results indicated that the area is characterized by moderate energy compared to South Africa, the most energetic site in the continent, with average wave significant wave of 1.6 ± 0.7, average wave period of 8.4 ± 2.4 s, average wave energy flux of 11.7 ± 14.0 kW m⁻¹ and with the rate of variability of 28–45%. High energy above the threshold (> 10 kW m⁻¹) for viable electricity production, applying turbines directly powered by waves, occurs only during the northern hemisphere winter (December–March). Hence, for off shore Kenitra, the study recommends other applications for wave energy other than electricity production through wave powered turbines, such as, reverse osmosis membrane-based electricity production technology, desalination, irrigation and water pumping for marine culture, mini-hydro and recreational. Subsequently, future studies may focus on the socio-economic viability of these wave energy applications and on developing other low energy demanding applications.
... Both processes rely on osmosis with membranes. The processes which generate electricity, however, yield brackish water as a by-product (Jalili et al. 2019;Zhu et al. 2017). The electricity produced can be used for many beneficial applications. ...
... Such turbines would be deployed in tidal inlets and estuaries, and the electricity generated would be used for lighting homes and other buildings, powering refrigeration for artisanal fisheries, power pumps for irrigation of farms. Salt gradient power could be used for desalinisation of sea water as described by Jalili et al. (2019) and Zhu et al. (2017). The water produced could supply the coastal villages which are facing freshwater deficit, as the water from estuaries, wells and boreholes are saline due to salt intrusion. ...
The present paper examines, based on literature review and data from Africa Energy Outlook 2019, the feasibility of adoption of renewable energy from the ocean for socioeconomic development in sub-Saharan Africa, given the enormous potential the region has for ocean-based sources of energy. The study concludes that mini tidal power plants and salt gradient power are the ocean energy sources most suitable for coastal development. It recommends a gradual reduction in subsidies of fossil fuel-based energy sources in favour of support to renewable energy, building human resources and technical capacity, the establishment of smart partnerships and mobilisation of resources for an effective promotion of ocean renewable energy. It recommends further, that community engagement is needed to assure ownership and acceptance.
... By controlling this mixture and capturing the energy before it is released, electricity can be produced without greenhouse gas emissions. It is possible to use only naturally occurring water flows, but it is also possible to employ hybrid systems, which use effluents of anthropic origin, such as residual waters from desalination plants [7][8][9]. Similarly, the effluent from wastewater treatment plants, of low salinity, could be used as input for an SGP system [10,11]. ...
Although the technologies involved in converting saline gradient energy (SGE) are rapidly developing, few studies have focused on evaluating possible environmental impacts. In this work, the environmental impacts of a hypothetical 50 kW RED plant installed in La Carbonera Lagoon, Yucatan, Mexico, are addressed. The theoretical support was taken from a literature review and analysis of the components involved in the pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) and reverse electrodialysis (RED) technologies. The study was performed under a three-stage scheme (construction, operation, and dismantling) for which the stress-inducing factors that can drive changes in environmental elements (receptors) were determined. In turn, the possible modifications to the dynamics of the ecosystem (responses) were assessed. Since it is a small-scale energy plant, only local impacts are expected. This study shows that a well-designed SGE plant can have a low environmental impact and also be of benefit to local ecotourism and ecosystem conservation while contributing to a clean, renewable energy supply. Moreover, the same plant in another location in the same system could lead to huge modifications to the flows and resident times of the coastal lagoon water, causing great damage to the biotic and abiotic environment.
... Under the chemical process water of dilute solution flows toward higher concentrated solution, the movement of two different solutions produces gradient; as a result, turbines rotate and transform the mechanical energy into the electrical energy [66÷69]. First pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) plant energy producing capacity of 5kw was opened in 2009 at Tofte, Norway but closed operation due to a technical fault [57,72]. Reversed electro dialysis (RED) plant was open in 2014 at Afsluitdijk the Netherland but due to membranes damaging, impurities in sea water and difficulties in filtration, the plant was closed. ...
... 11. Pressure retarded Osmosis[72] ...
In the span of past few decades, the population, urbanization and industrialization have transformed the mankind living standard and dynamics of the nature. Certainly, energy is the basic need for all living organism. Energy is the route to economic growth. The evidence shows that countries have energy crises are left behind in the economic activities in the result people are depriving. This study has reviewed the available renewable energy resources and potential with positive and negative aspects. This study comprehensively discusses the renewable macro and micro energy resources studied in the past two decades reported in the various studies. The paper has divided into two sections first section discuss energy produce in the macro level and the second section discuss the energy produce using different strategies and techniques in micro level. The potential and positive outcome of the energy resources has identified. New paradigm of micro energies and significant important to reuse the available resource of micro energy using different resources like energy harvesting on the road surface, vibration, airflow, radio frequency and thermal energy etc. Lastly, the study focus is not only to review but also find the potential and opportunities for the researchers in the future to utilize the renewable energy resources.
... The salinity gradient energy is defined as the chemical energy between the solutions with different salt concentrations [1,2]. The concept of salinity gradient energy captured from two salt solutions of different concentrations was first proposed in 1939, and the corresponding investigations emerged in word after the 1970s. ...
For investigating the influence of coexisting ions (K⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺ and SO4²⁻), temperature and their synergistic effect on energy generation by reverse electrodialysis, two series of cells dividing with Yadeshi membranes are fed with different solutions at 10 °C, 25 °C and 40 °C. The presence of K⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺ and SO4²⁻ results in lower open circuit voltage, higher internal resistance and lower maximum power density, and the influence order of ions coexisting with NaCl is Ca²⁺ > Mg²⁺ (>SO4²⁻) > K⁺. With the temperature risen, the open circuit voltage and the internal resistance show a trend of increase and decrease respectively, resulting in a bigger power density. Based on the synergistic effect of coexisting ions and temperature, the maximum power density of the pure NaCl system shows a greater increment (0.15 W m⁻²) than that of NaCl-CaCl2 (0.10 W m⁻²) and NaCl-MgCl2 (0.11 W m⁻²) systems when temperature increases from 10 °C to 40 °C. Furthermore, the transport quantities of ions in each system increased with temperature at different degrees, and the uphill of Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ was more obvious, which can reasonably explain the different effects of temperature on the maximum power density. Moreover, these results are further verified when simulated concentrated seawater is used for both the Yadeshi- and Fujifilm membranes, and the Fujifilm shows better energy generation performance mainly due to a lower internal resistance.
