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Stratigraphic range of reported species within the Waidach section from Austria. Dashed lines indicate ghost lineages of species. The pie charts show the fossil abundance of species within the orders of each assemblage and horizon, respectively.
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Extensive bulk sampling of seven horizons of a continuous succession deposited in an outer neritic environment of the latest Maastrichtian yielded more than three thousand ichthyoliths, including 1347 elasmobranch teeth. The sampled succession represents a characteristic deep-water fauna dominated by small squaliform sharks with an increase of spec...
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... We estimated two major invasions of deepwater habitats and subsequent radiation during the Cretaceous, occurring in two phylogenetically distant clades: Squaliformes and Pentanchidae (Carcharhiniformes), which are supported by the fossil record. Squaliformes are more abundant in deepwater assemblages from the Late Cretaceous onward (Adnet & Cappetta, 2001;Cappetta et al., 2021;Feichtinger et al., 2023), while deep-sea Carcharhiniformes are scarce during the early part of their evolutionary history, but common in post-Paleocene deepwater assemblages (Marsili, 2007;Pollerspöck and Straube 2017;Brée et al. 2022). Although we did not detect a global effect of habitat on shark Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/evolut/advance-article/doi/10.1093/evolut/qpae070/7673161 by Bibliothèque Universitaire de médecine -Nîmes user on 16 May 2024 A c c e p t e d M a n u s c r i p t diversification, these two deep-sea clades are among the most speciose among sharks. ...
Estimating how traits evolved and impacted diversification across the tree of life represents a critical topic in ecology and evolution. Although there has been considerable research in comparative biology, large parts of the tree of life remain underexplored. Sharks are an iconic clade of marine vertebrates, and key components of marine ecosystems since the early Mesozoic. However, few studies have addressed how traits evolved or whether they impacted their extant diversity patterns. Our study aimed to fill this gap by reconstructing the largest time-calibrated species-level phylogeny of sharks and compiling an exhaustive database for ecological (diet, habitat) and biological (reproduction, maximum body length) traits. Using state-of-the-art models of evolution and diversification, we outlined the major character shifts and modes of trait evolution across shark species. We found support for sequential models of trait evolution and estimated a small to medium-sized lecithotrophic and coastal-dwelling most recent common ancestor for extant sharks. However, our exhaustive hidden traits analyses do not support trait-dependent diversification for any examined traits, challenging previous works. This suggests that the role of traits in shaping sharks' diversification dynamics might have been previously overestimated and should motivate future macroevolutionary studies to investigate other drivers of diversification in this clade.
... Compared to the Moroccan assemblages, the elasmobranchs of the deep-marine Danish Basin experienced with 23% a lower genus-level extinction Ward, 2014, 2015). A recent study of a continuous succession across the K-Pg boundary deposited in an outer neritic environment at Waidach (Austria) indicates a marked faunal turnover linked to significant changes in palaeobathymetry, which is decoupled from the end-Cretaceous extinction event (Feichtinger et al., 2023(Feichtinger et al., , 2024. ...
... The genus Rolfodon (Hexanchiformes, Chlamydoselachidae) is known from the Santonian and Campanian of Antarctica (Richter and Ward, 1990;Kriwet et al., 2006), the Campanian of Angola and Canada (Antunes and Cappetta, 2002;Cappetta et al., 2021), the Maastrichtian of Japan (Tanimoto and Tani, 1998), the Danian of New Zealand (Consoli, 2008), with additional records in younger strata (see Cappetta, 2012). The second documented genus of the family Chlamydoselachidae, Chlamydoselachus, is known from the Santonian of Japan (Kitamura, 2019) and from the Campanian of Canada (Cappetta et al., 2021), the Maastrichtian of Japan (Goto et al., 1999), Antarctica (Cione et al., 2018), and Austria (Feichtinger et al., 2023), with additional records in younger strata (see Cappetta, 2012). Both known extant chlamydoselachid species, Chlamydoselachus anguineus Garman, 1884 and C. africana Ebert and Compagno, 2009, have a bathydemersal and benthopelagic lifestyle. ...
... The fossil record of the cosmopolitan genus Hexanchus (Hexanchiformes, Hexanchidae) extends back to the Santonian (Davis, 1887;Cappetta, 1980Cappetta, , 2012. Records from the Maastrichtian are documented from the USA (Case and Cappetta, 1997;Case et al., 2017), Syria (Bardet et al., 2000), Morocco (Noubhani and Cappetta, 1997), Egypt (Cappetta, 1991), Brazil (Rebouças and Santos, 1956), and Austria (Feichtinger et al., 2023). The genus is also known from the Danian of Denmark Ward, 2014, 2015), Sweden (Siversson, 1995), and Morocco (Noubhani and Cappetta, 1997) and comprises three extant representatives, which all possess a bathydemersal lifestyle inhabiting water depths down to 2500 m (Compagno et al., 2005). ...
Extensive bulk-sampling of the continuous Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary section at Gams (Styria, Austria) allows for the first time the description of the elasmobranch communities inhabiting the bathyal environment of this well-known section. The sampled succession comprises six horizons from the uppermost Maastrichtian (upper part of Nephrolites frequens Zone CC26) and five horizons from the lowermost Danian (Zone NP1), which yielded a total of 1852 elasmobranch teeth. Although the majority of the teeth are not well preserved, this study enabled the description of at least 16 taxa of the orders Hexanchiformes, Squaliformes, Orectolobiformes, Lamniformes and Carcharhiniformes, providing a rare snapshot of elasmobranch diversity of this specific environmental setting. Beside minor diversity fluctuations between the assemblages, the extensive bulk-sampling of this section did not reveal a marked diversity decline related to the end-Cretaceous mass extinction event. However, a noteworthy correlation between the deepening upward trend of the section with the appearance of frilled and goblin sharks points to changes in palaeobathymetry, which is also reflected in the increase of the total proportion of squaliform teeth in the uppermost sampled horizon. Furthermore, teeth of the extinct triakid Palaeogaleus were recovered exclusively from the Danian deeper deposits, expanding the palaeoecological range of the genus down to fairly deep marine environments. In addition, this study provides the first record of the lamniform Cretolamna ex gr. borealis from the Danian of the Tethyan Realm expanding the palaeogeographic distribution of this group.
This study reports elasmobranch remains from two fossil-rich horizons in the earliest Danian Olching Formation at Waidach, Austria. These outer neritic assemblages complement previous fine-scale bulk-sampling of latest Maastrichtian horizons at Waidach and document a regional elasmobranch faunal turnover across the Cretaceous-Palaeo-gene (K-Pg) boundary. The Danian assemblages show homogeneity in species richness and are dominated by squa-liforms. The fauna comprises 16 species belonging to 12 gen-era including several new taxa (Centrodeania rugosa gen. et sp. nov., Centrodeania annae gen. et sp. nov., Incognitorapax fernsebneri gen. et sp. nov., Scyliorhinus alaformis sp. nov.). Comparison with latest Maastrichtian assemblages from Wai-dach revealed a marked faunal turnover across the K-Pg boundary associated with an increase in species richness and shift in abundance from Squaliformes to Carcharhiniformes. This is associated with marked environmental changes from a deep marine, dysoxic setting in the Maastrichtian to a more oxygenated, shallower environment in the earliest Danian. The turnover was driven by environmentally induced regional changes in species geographic ranges. High diversity in the Danian fauna suggests that the habitability of the corresponding palaeoenvironment was preserved or recovered immediately after the K-Pg event. Comparison with other elasmobranch assemblages across the K-Pg boundary highlights a strong control of local palaeoenviron-mental settings over the timing and magnitude of the turnover. Our study emphasizes the importance of successive sampling to disentangle local from general patterns of faunal turnover during the K-Pg event and to better assess the consequences of this extinction event over elasmobranch diversity.
The pathways of marine incursions into central India around the Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) transition are a matter of ongoing debate. While there is a general consensus regarding marine incursions from the southeast coast of India along the Godavari rift, it is still highly controversial as to whether such incursions also took place from the western margin, along the Narmada-Tapti rift. Here we report the first fossil evidence (batoid and pycnodontid fishes) suggesting potential marine influences during the deposition of freshwater Deccan intertrappean sediments (late Cretaceous, Maastrichtian) in the lower Narmada valley of west-central peninsular India. The discovery of several isolated teeth of the stingray genus Igdabatis (I. indicus) along with a pycnodontid tooth in a predominantly freshwater intertrappean section at Mohanpura, district Dhar (Madhya Pradesh state) is significant, especially since living myliobatids are essential inhabitants of coastal marine ecosystems. Similar previously recorded occurrences of Igdabatis and pycnodontids from several other Maastrichtian infra- and intertrappean localities on the eastern and southeastern fringes of the Deccan Volcanic Province have been interpreted as evidence of marine incursions from India's eastern margin along the Godavari rift. The present records from district Dhar tentatively suggest the existence of a nearby epicontinental seaway (the Narmada Seaway) during the Maastrichtian. The Narmada Seaway extended hundreds of kilometres inland from India's western margin, beginning in the late Cenomanian with the deposition of long known Bagh Beds and continuing intermittently until the early Paleocene (Danian, Zone P1a).
A detailed correlation of the lower Cambrian Læså Formation on southern Bornholm, Denmark, is based on gamma ray and formation resistivity wireline logs from 25 water supply wells and 5 scientific boreholes. The interpretation hinges on comparison with the wireline log suite obtained in the fully cored Borggård-1 borehole that penetrated the formation in its entirety. The Norretorp Member, 102.9 m thick in Borggård-1, consists predominantly of intensively bioturbated siltstone. Several levels are strongly glauconitic and usually also contain phosphorite nodules. Fine-grained sandstone beds, 0.5–20 cm thick and interpreted as tempestites, occur throughout the unit; a few thicker sandstone layers consist of stacked tempestites. However, many sandstone beds, primarily in the upper 2/3 of the member, have been partly or totally obliterated by the pervasive bioturbation. The overlying Rispebjerg Member, 3.5 m thick in Borggård-1, is dominated by well-cemented medium to coarse-grained quartz sandstone. The variable lithology of the Læså Formation is illustrated by photos of core samples from Borggård-1. The studied wells are located on different fault blocks with 18 km between the easternmost and westernmost well sites. The Norretorp Member is of almost similar thickness throughout the study area whereas the Rispebjerg Member is 2.2–5.6 m thick. The essentially unchanging thickness of the Læså Formation and the sheet like distribution of tempestites demonstrate that the intense faulting of southern Bornholm post-dates deposition. The Norretorp Member is divided into a lower log-unit (57 m thick in Borggård-1) characterized by a moderately variable gamma ray log pattern and an upper log-unit (46 m thick in Borggård-1) exhibiting a more uniform gamma radiation of overall lower intensity. The log-units reflect a more common occurrence of glauconite and phosphorite in the lower part of the member and a higher sand content in the upper part. These lithological differences are also reflected by a generally higher resistivity and P-wave velocity in the upper log-unit. Seven thicker sandstone horizons (15–80 cm thick), labelled S1 to S7, are laterally persistent within the Norretorp Member. Four additional horizons, referred to as MGL [multiple gamma low], MGH [multiple gamma high], MM [middle marker] and GH [gamma high], are also laterally widespread. A readily identifiable red-brown horizon is located at 4.4–5.9 m above the base of the Læså Formation in Borggård-1: it appears to be developed throughout the study area.
This study describes for the first time a number of distinct fossil teeth documenting several deep-sea shark species from the Eocene, which were previously not recorded from the North Sea Basin, including Apristurus sp., Orthechinorhinus cf. pfeili, Deania cf. angoumeensis, Squaliolus sp., Etmopterus cf. cahuzaci and Paraetmopterus nolfi. Our findings significantly increase the deep-sea shark diversity documented from this area so far. Despite the fact that the North Sea Basin had already lost direct connections to the neighbouring marine areas in the Eocene, the fauna shows highest similarities with documented Eocene deep-sea faunas of France, Austria and northern Morocco using cluster analysis.
We retrieved a sediment core from Vasby Mose, a calcareous fen on eastern Sjælland, Denmark. The record spans the period from c. 14 700 to 6800 cal. years BP. During the Lateglacial, Vasby Mose was a lake where minerogenic sandy and clayey sediments accumulated. In the early Lateglacial, from c. 14 700 to 13 200 cal. years BP, a tundralike open, treeless vegetation with Betula nana and Dryas octopetala was found in the region. During the Younger Dryas, a rich flora of aquatic plants was found in the lake. In the Early to Mid-Holocene, Vasby Mose was a spring-fed calcareous fen, with deposition of peat and tufa. The flora included the sedges Carex rostrata and Carex paniculata, the aquatic plant Menyathes trifoliata, the calciphilous reed plant Cladium mariscus and the today nationally extinct bryophyte Meesia triquetra. The fauna included aquatic mollusc taxa such as Pisidium sp., Valvata spp. And Bithynia tentaculate and terrestrial or semi-terrestrial species such as Galba truncatula, Euconolus cf. alderi, Succinea/Oxyloma, Zonitoides nitidus and Vallonia pulchella. The Preboreal oscillation and other Early Holocene climate events are seen as short-lived, wet intervals.
The previously known occurrences of Protoxynotus were stratigraphically disjunct with the first occurrence in the Turonian being separated by a gap of about 6 Myr from the Campanian occurrences. The new record of isolated teeth from the Late Santonian of Lebanon described in this study narrows this gap down to about 3 Myr with a hiatus spanning the Coniacian. Although the famous Lebanese Konservat-Lagerstätten are well known for its exquisitely preserved articulated elasmobranch specimens, previous studies paid little attention to recover isolated teeth exclusively found by acid processing of rock samples. In this study, we present for the first time isolated teeth, which were extracted from about two kilograms of rock matrix by acid processing. This study highlights the importance and potential of acid processing even of small sample sizes for unlocking the stratigraphic and palaeogeographic occurrence of elasmobranchs through time, providing essential data for global diversity analyses of this group. Furthermore, this study documents the first record of Protoxynotus in the southern Tethyan Realm and pointing towards the occupation of overlapping or similar habitats of the deep-water somniosids Protoxynotus and Cretascymnus during the Late Cretaceous.
