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Stratigraphic nomenclature of Upper Ordovician strata in the Williston Basin. The stratigraphic divisions are based
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The Late Ordovician Epoch was marked by one of the two greatest global sea-level rises and inundations of the North American paleocontinent during the Phanerozoic (last 544 million years), accompanied by rapid diversification of invertebrate faunas in shallow, epicontinental seas. Toward the end of the Late Ordovician, continental glaciation in the...
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... Holland & Patzkowsky, 2009) and southern Manitoba (e.g. Jin & Zhan, 2001). The lithostratigraphy of the Upper Ordovician in the outcrop areas, as well as in the subsurface of Alberta and Satskatchewan, is illustrated in Fig. 3. ...
... The lithostratigraphy of the Upper Ordovician in the outcrop areas, as well as in the subsurface of Alberta and Satskatchewan, is illustrated in Fig. 3. For a more detailed version of the stratigraphy, see Jin & Zhan (2001). ...
... The present study, with focus on a carbon-isotope stratigraphy of the Red River Formation, is based on samples from 70 to 87 m thick drillcore intervals just below the basal portion of the Stony Mountain Formation. The investigated interval, which represents ca 40% of the total thickness of the Red River Formation, is likely to be coeval with the Fort Garry, and possibly part of the Selkirk, members of the Red River Formation of Manitoba (Jin, 2000;Jin & Zhan, 2001;Fig. 3). ...
Secular variations in stable carbon isotope values of marine carbonates are used widely to correlate successions that lack high-resolution index fossils. Various environmental processes, however, commonly may affect and alter the primary marine carbon isotope signal in shallow epicratonic basins. This study focuses on the marine carbon isotope record from the carbonate–evaporite succession of the upper Katian (Upper Ordovician) Red River Formation of the shallow epicratonic Williston Basin, USA. It documents the carbon isotope signal between the two major Ordovician positive shifts in δ13C, the early Katian Guttenberg and the Hirnantian excursions. Eight δ13C stages are identified based on positive excursions, shifts from positive to negative values, and relatively uniform δ13Ccarb values. A correlation between carbon-isotope trends and the relative sea-level changes based on gross facies stacking patterns shows no clear relation. Based on the available biostratigraphy and δ13C trends, the studied Williston Basin curves are tied to the isotope curves from the North American Midcontinent, Québec (Anticosti Island) and Estonia, which confirms the Late Katian age (Aphelognathus divergens Conodont Zone) of the upper Red River Formation. The differences in the δ13C overall trend and absolute values, coupled with the petrographic and cathodoluminescence evidence, suggest that the carbon-isotope record has been affected by the syndepositional environmental processes in the shallow and periodically isolated Williston Basin, and stabilized by later burial diagenesis under reducing conditions and the presence of isotopically more negative fluids.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
... In other words, the LEB fauna was unable to survive the first pulse of the Hirnantian mass extinction through the 'Lazarus strategy'. The LEB fauna was characterized by many unusually large to gigantic shells, especially in the carbonate deposits of the Hudson Bay, Williston and American mid-continent basins located in tropical or equatorial palaeolatitudes (Jin et al. 1997; Jin 2001; Jin & Zhan 2001; Sohrabi & Jin 2013a, 2013b Sproat & Jin 2013). Many species of orthides, strophomenides and rhynchonellides evolved unusually large, globular and wrinkled shells compared with their ancestral forms or contemporaneous counterparts in such palaeosubtropical pericratonic shelves as the Anticosti Basin, Cincinnati Arch and adjacent areas. ...
... (1) Notable increases in shell size, shell-wall thickness and shell globosity, as typified by the Rhynchotrema – Hiscobeccus lineage (Sohrabi & Jin 2013a, 2013b), the Plaesiomys subquadrata – Plaesiomys occidentalis species cline (Sproat & Jin 2013) and the Strophomena – Nasutimena lineage (Jin & Zhan 2001). (2) Independent development of conspicuous rugosity in phylogenetically unrelated clades (e.g. the strophomenide Nasutimena and the rhynchonellide Hiscobeccus lineages). ...
The palaeocontinent Laurentia experienced pulses of major marine transgression during the Late Ordovician (Katian) and was covered by extensive equatorial to subtropical epicontinental seas. Brachiopods that evolved in the newly created habitats showed increasingly strong endemism from the early to late Katian. At the faunal level, the Laurentian epicontinental brachiopod (LEB) fauna became ubiquitous in the epicontinental seas, with a high level of generic homogeneity but little in common with the coeval faunas in other palaeotropically located tectonic plates. At the level of species distribution, there was limited mixing between palaeoequatorial intracratonic basins and higher tropical to subtropical pericratonic shelves within Laurentia by late Katian. This was demonstrated by the palaeogeographical distribution of several species lineages and morphological clines along latitudinal and other ecological gradients. Such a high level of endemism suggests an extreme specialization of the LEB fauna in the tropical epicontinental seas, which made it most vulnerable to the drastic climate change and mass extinction during the Hirnantian glaciation.
... Both bilobed forms are most common in pericratonic settings. The trilobed form is typically found in specimens from intracratonic basins, such as Plaesiomys occidentalis and from the Williston and Hudson Bay basins (see Macomber 1970; Jin and Zhan 2001). The crest of the cardinal process is strongly inflated and occupies nearly the entire notothyrial cavity, bearing three distinct and crenulated lobes, with the high medial lobe projecting ventro-posteriorly into the delthyrial cavity of the ventral valve. ...
Multivariate analysis of 197 well-preserved specimens among 11 species of late Late Ordovician (Katian and Hirnantian) plaesiomyid brachiopods from North America revealed two trends of morphological changes: (1) increasing globosity and dorsal convexity from the early to late Katian, and (2) coarser, but fewer ribs in species from the paleoequatorial intracratonic seas compared with species from the mid- to high-tropical pericratonic shelves and platforms. Another notable change, albeit not quantified, was the enlargement of cardinal process in plaesiomyids from early to late Katian, characterized by a predominantly trilobed cardinal process in the intracratonic species versus a bilobed cardinal process in pericratonic species. Increases in dorsal convexity and shell globosity are interpreted to have allowed for development of a larger lophophore, improving the capacity and efficiency of filter feeding and gas exchange. Smaller but more frequently bifurcating ribs would have led to more numerous setae near the margin of the shell, resulting in increased sensitivity to environmental stimuli. Increased size and number of lobes of the cardinal process would have allowed for larger diductor muscles to open a larger, heavier shell. In this study, two new species, Plaesiomys periosa sp. nov. and Plaesiomys lenzi sp. nov., are proposed, and two existing species are transferred from Dinorthis to Plaesiomys.
... Invader taxa were geographically widespread throughout the Late Ordovician. Some invader genera simultaneously occupied multiple basins during the Richmondian Stage, such as Wyoming [18], Canada [19], and Tennessee [20]. The spatiotemporal pervasiveness of invasive genera limits the biogeographic precision of studies limited to genus-level patterns because a single invading species may belong to a genus present in multiple biogeographic areas. ...
... Episodes of biogeographic range contraction resulting in speciation events where a descendent species occupied a subset of the geographic range inhabited by its ancestor were identified as Linking Tectonics, Speciation, and Biotic Invasion PLOS ONE | www.plosone.orgvicariance events; whereas speciation events associated with an episode of biogeographic range expansion in which the descendent species occupied geographic regions additional to those of its ancestor were identified as dispersal (Figure 3) [19,31]. Because different geologic processes operated before and after the M4/M5 sequence boundary, LBPA was employed in a time-stratigraphic framework to more accurately discern patterns of biogeographic differentiation. ...
Geologic process, including tectonics and global climate change, profoundly impact the evolution of life because they have the propensity to facilitate episodes of biogeographic differentiation and influence patterns of speciation. We investigate causal links between a dramatic faunal turnover and two dominant geologic processes operating within Laurentia during the Late Ordovician: the Taconian Orogeny and GICE related global cooling. We utilize a novel approach for elucidating the relationship between biotic and geologic changes using a time-stratigraphic, species-level evolutionary framework for articulated brachiopods from North America. Phylogenetic biogeographic analyses indicate a fundamental shift in speciation mode-from a vicariance to dispersal dominated macroevolutionary regime-across the boundary between the Sandbian to Katian Stages. This boundary also corresponds to the onset of renewed intensification of tectonic activity and mountain building, the development of an upwelling zone that introduced cool, nutrient-rich waters into the epieric seas of eastern Laurentia, and the GICE isotopic excursion. The synchronicity of these dramatic geologic, oceanographic, and macroevolutionary changes supports the influence of geologic events on biological evolution. Together, the renewed tectonic activity and oceanographic changes facilitated fundamental changes in habitat structure in eastern North America that reduced opportunities for isolation and vicariance. They also facilitated regional biotic dispersal of taxa that led to the subsequent establishment of extrabasinal (=invasive) species and may have led to a suppression of speciation within Laurentian faunas. Phylogenetic biogeographic analysis further indicates that the Richmondian Invasion was a multidirectional regional invasion event that involved taxa immigrating into the Cincinnati region from basins located near the continental margins and within the continental interior.
... Rugosan corals [28] and bryozoans [16] support the presence of a province encompassing the Nashville Dome of Tennessee and the Cincinnati Arch of Ohio, Indiana, and Kentucky, similar to the Southern Province of Holmden et al. [2]. Finally, the vast region of the western United States and Canada has long been recognized as a faunally cohesive region, based on bryozoans [16], nautiloids [29], rugosans [15], brachiopods303132, and a distinctive Thalassinoides ichnofacies [3,33]. The boundaries of these faunally defined provinces do not always coincide precisely with one another or with the geochemically defined water masses. ...
The fundamental biodiversity number, θ, as proposed by Hubbell, should be positively correlated with province area. Because θ can be calculated from preserved relative abundance distributions, this correlation can be tested in the fossil record for regions with known provinces. Late Ordovician (443-458 Ma) strata of Laurentia are divided into four geochemically and biologically distinct regions that reflect provinces in the epicontinental sea. We use existing and newly obtained bed-level census data to test whether Hubbell's θ is positively correlated with the area of these four regions, corresponding roughly to the Appalachian Basin, Cincinnati Arch, Upper Mississippi Valley, and western United States and Canada. Results indicate a positive relationship between province area and θ that suggests the influence of provincial area, among other factors, on diversity. This correlation highlights the inherent link between diversity and abundance structure at local and regional scales, such that changes at one scale will necessarily affect the other. Since diversity at these smaller spatial scales is an important component of global biodiversity, determining the nature of this relationship in the fossil record has implications for understanding how diversity is assembled globally throughout the Phanerozoic.
... Nevertheless , similar trends are apparent during the end Ordovician extinction phases (Huang et al., 2010). Just prior to the extinctions, in the latest part of the Katian Stage, brachiopod taxa within the strophomenide and pentameride groups, experienced gigantism, in which shells grew abnormally large (see, for instance, Jin and Zhan, 2001; Rasmussen et al., 2010 ). However, during the succeeding extinctions, various brachiopod groups reacted differently. ...
The end Ordovician (Hirnantian) extinction was the first of the five big Phanerozoic extinction events, and the first that involved metazoan-based communities. It comprised two discrete pulses, both linked in different ways to an intense but short-lived glaciation at the South Pole. The first, occurring at, or just below, the Normalograptus extraordinarius graptolite Biozone, mainly affected nektonic and planktonic species together with those living on the shallow shelf and in deeper water whereas the second, within the N. persculptus graptolite Biozone, was less focused, eradicating faunas across a range of water depths. In all about 85% of marine species were removed. Proposed kill mechanisms for the first phase have included glacially-induced cooling, falling sea level and chemical recycling in the oceans, but a general consensus is lacking. The second phase is more clearly linked to near-global anoxia associated with a marked transgression during the Late Hirnantian. Most recently, however, new drivers for the extinctions have been proposed, including widespread euxinia together with habitat destruction caused by plate tectonic movements, suggesting that the end Ordovician mass extinctions were a product of the coincidence of a number of contributing factors. Moreover, when the deteriorating climate intensified, causing widespread glaciation, a tipping point was reached resulting in catastrophe.
... Macrofossils (corals, brachiopods, receptaculitid algae) of the lower Red River Formation have been studied much more extensively than those of the upper Red River Formation. Jin and Zhan (2001;and references therein) suggested that the basal part, in agreement with Sweet (1979Sweet ( , 2000, may be Edenian-and Maysvillian-based macrofossils. Bergström (2003), however, recently reevaluated conodont biozonation, coupled with graptolites, chitinozoans and Hiscobeccus-Grewingkia shelly fauna, and proposed that the Red River is entirely Richmondian in age. ...
Early Paleozoic calcareous algae are potentially useful for stratigraphic correlation but remain underutilized, likely due to presence of graptolites, conodonts, brachiopods, and other fossils that are commonly used in high-resolution biostratigraphy. This study focuses on the siphonous green algae within a 2-to-24-m-thick B interval of the Red River Formation, North Dakota, where the abundance of green algae suggests an important paleoenvironmental control; the algae also had a major role in carbonate production during that narrow stratigraphic interval. The bryopsidalean genus Dimorphosiphon Høeg is abundant in algal wacke-packstone facies interpreted as shallow subtidal deposits. One hundred and twenty-two individual Dimorphosiphon thalli were identified and studied in detail in randomly oriented thin sections; measurements indicate that Williston Basin specimens belong to the species D. talbotorum Boyd, previously reported exclusively from the Bighorn Mountains, Wyoming. Dimorphosiphon is found in Upper Ordovician low-latitude, warm-water shelf carbonates of Kazakhstania, Baltica, and Laurentia; commonly, it is a major component of sediment. Several species of Dimorphosiphon appeared simultaneously in different and remote parts of the Paleotethys and Iapetus Oceans, suggesting a geologically instantaneous dispersal of the genus. Dimorphosiphon talbotorum, the focus of this study, has only been reported from western North America where it occurs within strata corresponding to the upper Katian Aphelognathus divergens Subzone of the Aphelognathus ordovicicus conodont Zone. Given its abundance, ease of identification, and short stratigraphic range, D. talbotorum potentially is very useful for regional correlation, facies, and paleobiogeographic studies of Upper Ordovician Richmondian shallow-marine strata of western North America.
... 4), indicating that the species enjoyed favourable ecological conditions in this setting, compared to other contemporaneous Brevilamnulella occurrences . Brachiopod 'gigantism' has been reported from middleupper Katian rocks of the Laurentian Hudson Bay and Williston basins ( Jin 2001; Jin & Zhan 2001). It may be that a similar increase in shell size occurred on Baltica in contemporaneous strata. ...
The correlation of the uppermost Boda Core Member of the Boda Limestone is reassessed and the beds assigned to the upper Katian. This is based on the identification of the brachiopod species Brevilamnulella kjerulfi (Kiær) and Amphiplecia tardicostata Wright & Jaanusson from the highest beds in the unit. The former species is overwhelmingly abundant in the uppermost beds of the Boda Core Member in Osmundsberget quarry, forming an almost monospecific coquina. Also occurring in the coquina, is Clorilamnulella osmundsbergensis gen. et sp. nov., which ranges into the overlying Hirnantian Glisstjärn Formation. The new genus is here regarded as a transitional form between Brevilamnulella and Clorinda. The oldest occurrence of this latter genus is here revised and not found in rocks older than the Aeronian. Instead, previous Rhuddanian occurrences of ‘Clorinda’ are transferred to Clorilamnulella based on a dorsal cardinalia that differs from both that of Brevilamnulella, as well as that of Clorinda. Moreover, gigantic shells of a new species of Brevilamnulella, B. umbosulcata sp. nov, are described from the nearby Solberga quarry where the species occurs in great abundance in a local fossil pocket, that also is correlated with the upper Katian. These new virgianid and clorindoid occurrences, together with previously described occurrences of Holorhynchus and Costilamnulella, demonstrate that during the late Katian, the Boda Limestone was a virgianid hotspot crucial in the evolution of the earliest pentameroid family, the Virgianidae, as well as a possible early cradle for the evolution of the hitherto exclusively Silurian superfamily, the Clorindoidea.
... Examination of large populations from the Cincinnati type area, each comprising more than 100 well-preserved shells, indicates that this ribbing characteristic is basically invariable, making it reliable for taxonomic and phylogenetic interpretations. In the consistent development of a dorsal medial costa, the Cincinnatian 'Dalmanella' is more closely related to Paucicrura and Diceromyonia which are common in the Upper Ordovician of North America, especially in tropical epeiric sea settings (Wang 1949; Cooper 1956; Hall 1962; Walker 1982; Rice 1987; Jin & Norford 1996; Jin et al. 1997; Jin & Zhan 2001). Their similarity is also indicated by the development of aditicules, strongly differentiated, twosized punctae, and a trilobate cardinal process, as will be discussed below. ...
Examination of topotype material of the type species of Dalmanella, D. testudinaria, from the Hirnantian strata of Borenshult, southern Sweden, revealed several diagnostic characters that distinguish the type species from some common North American species assigned previously to the genus. The typical Dalmanella testudinaria has a consistently developed, primary medial interspace in the dorsal valve, a cardinal process with an invariably bilobed myophore, punctae of two distinctly different sizes, and a lack of aditicules. In contrast, many Late Ordovician species from North America, such as ‘Dalmanella’ meeki and ‘Dalmanella’ multisecta from the Cincinnati type area, consistently have a dorsal medial costa, with a strong tendency to develop aditicules and a trilobate cardinal process. This study confirms the previous notion of many authors that true Dalmanella testudinaria, or the genus as a whole, is either rare or entirely absent in North America. Typical Dalmanella was predominant in cool-water depositional environments (such as the Hirnantia Fauna), whereas the North American dalmanellids (e.g. Cincinnati-type ‘Dalmanella’, Paucicrura, and Diceromyonia) were most abundant and diverse in tropical, epicontinental sea settings. A clear definition of the true Dalmanella, therefore, has important implications for the study of Late Ordovician–Early Silurian brachiopod evolution, paleoecology, and paleobiogeography.
... For example, Grewingkia, Streptelesma , and Rhynchotrema occur in the Steamboat Point Member of the Bighorn Dolomite of Wyoming , which is correlative with the C2 sequence (Holland and Patzkowsky 2009 ). Furthermore, certain invader species, such as Thaerodonta clarksvillensis and Hiscobeccus capax, occur in the Maysvillian portions of the Red River Formation of Southern Manitoba (Jin and Zhan 2001). Holland and Patzkowsky (1996) have linked the invasion with paleo-oceanographic changes that resulted in warm, low nutrient waters replacing the former nutrient-rich temperate conditions in the Cincinnati region, thereby facilitating the migration of paleoequatorial taxa into the area. ...
The Late Ordovician age strata in the Cincinnati, Ohio, region record a dramatic immigration of exta-basinal taxa into the region, termed the Richmondian Invasion, at the Maysvillian/Richmondian Stage boundary. The effects of the species invasion on genus-level paleoecology and biodiversity are well characterized; however, no prior analyses have examined biogeographic patterns in terms of areal extent of geographic ranges at the level of individual species at fine spatial or temporal scales. Geographic ranges of rhynchonelliform brachiopod species and genera were reconstructed using GIS-generated bounding polygons for each of the six depositional sequences delineated within Cincinnatian strata in order assess biogeographic patterns before, during, and after the Richmondian Invasion. Taxa were divided into four groups for analyses: native species that become extinct in the Maysvillian, native species that persist into the Richmondian, new species evolving in the Richmondian from native ancestors, and interbasinal invaders. Several statistical patterns emerge: native species with larger ranges preferentially survive compared to those with smaller ranges; carryover taxa exhibit no significant change in range size following invasion; both carryover and invader taxa exhibit large geographic ranges characteristic of eurytopic taxa, whereas new species have small ranges and are ecological specialists. Invasive species, therefore, most profoundly impacted narrowly adapted, specialist species during the early stages of invasion. Ecosystem response to the invasion continued for at least one million years. Native generalist taxa occupied larger geographic ranges than invader taxa for the first million years of the invasion, indicating a limited role for competition in driving ecosystem change.
