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Stratigraphic column and stratigraphic section of Bovec Basin (modified from Selli 1947). Inset: tectonic settings of the Julian Alps during Late Cretaceous times (modified from Selli 1947).
Source publication
About sixty well sorted (average diameter 0.8 cm) volcanic clasts with tholeiitic affinities were found in the midst of an Early Maastrichtian conglomerate outcropping close to Bovec (Slovenian Basin, NW Slovenia) and interpreted as evidence of a deltaic system. The clasts appear to be variably spilitized (i.e. albitization of plagioclase and anoma...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... studied area ( Fig. 1) is located inside the Bovec sedimentary basin, situated between Mt Rombon and Mt Polovnik structural highs (NW Slovenia; Fig. 2) close to Bovec village. The oldest terrains (Fig. 2) of the strati- graphic succession belong to the Julian Carbonate Plat- form (Buser 1986a,b), and are represented by Norian and Rethyan limestones to dolostones (Dachstein and Main Dolomite formations), which are interpreted as peritidal carbonates. Early-Middle Jurassic is ...
Context 2
... studied area ( Fig. 1) is located inside the Bovec sedimentary basin, situated between Mt Rombon and Mt Polovnik structural highs (NW Slovenia; Fig. 2) close to Bovec village. The oldest terrains (Fig. 2) of the strati- graphic succession belong to the Julian Carbonate Plat- form (Buser 1986a,b), and are represented by Norian and Rethyan limestones to dolostones (Dachstein and Main Dolomite formations), which are interpreted as peritidal carbonates. Early-Middle Jurassic is represented by oolith- ic limestones and minor carbonate ...
Context 3
... to Selli (1947) and Kuščer et al. (1974), the conglomerates indicate the existence, at that time, of a Mt Polovnik highs (Fig. 2). Due to this tectonic event, the Mt Polovnik high acted as a partition between two small distinct deep-water sub-basins, known in literature as Bovec and Kobarid sub-basins (Kušcer et al. ...
Context 4
... studied area ( Fig. 1) is located inside the Bovec sedimentary basin, situated between Mt Rombon and Mt Polovnik structural highs (NW Slovenia; Fig. 2) close to Bovec village. The oldest terrains (Fig. 2) of the stratigraphic succession belong to the Julian Carbonate Platform (Buser 1986a,b), and are represented by Norian and Rethyan limestones to dolostones (Dachstein and Main Dolomite formations), which are interpreted as peritidal carbonates. Early-Middle Jurassic is represented ...
Context 5
... studied area ( Fig. 1) is located inside the Bovec sedimentary basin, situated between Mt Rombon and Mt Polovnik structural highs (NW Slovenia; Fig. 2) close to Bovec village. The oldest terrains (Fig. 2) of the stratigraphic succession belong to the Julian Carbonate Platform (Buser 1986a,b), and are represented by Norian and Rethyan limestones to dolostones (Dachstein and Main Dolomite formations), which are interpreted as peritidal carbonates. Early-Middle Jurassic is represented by oolithic limestones and minor carbonate breccias ...
Context 6
... to Selli (1947) and Kuščer et al. (1974), the conglomerates indicate the existence, at that time, of a Mt Polovnik highs (Fig. 2). Due to this tectonic event, the Mt Polovnik high acted as a partition between two small distinct deep-water sub-basins, known in literature as Bovec and Kobarid sub-basins ( Kušcer et al. ...
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Citations
... Tunis and Venturini (1992) [35] suggested that a possible source of the siliciclastic could be located in the nearby north and northeast areas of the basin, probably in the South Alpine area, implying longitudinal paleocurrents. In the lower Maastrichtian conglomerate at the base of the sequence in Bovec (Slovenia) (JB1), Ref. [42] found and studied about 60 well-sorted volcanic clasts (average diameter of 0.8 cm), with tholeiitic affinities showing similarities with the metabasites from the ophiolitic complexes of the Rhodopes and the Vardar zone. According to [43,44], the Bovec basin was a narrow basin belonging to the Julian nappe. ...
... In the area close to Bovec (Slovenia), ascribed to the lower Maastrichtian, conglomerate and arenite outcrop. In the conglomerate, [42] found and analyzed sixty well-sorted volcanic clasts. The clasts were variably spilitized. ...
In the SE Alps, two Cretaceous–Eocene flysch basins, Julian and Brkini, filled with turbidite sediments, are present. This study novelly reports heavy mineral assemblage counts and detrital tourmaline characterization for 11 samples. It is possible to define three different groups, characterized by the presence of (1) a clinopyroxene–epidote–low-ZTR (zircon+tourmaline+rutile; 5%) sample association, (2) a high-ZTR (>48%)–garnet–apatite association and (3) a low-ZTR (<40%)–Cr-spinel–garnet association. Detrital tourmalines from both the Julian and Brkini flysch basins are rather similar in composition, associated with metapelites and metapsammites coexisting or not coexisting with an Al-saturating phase, ferric-iron-rich quartz–tourmaline rocks and calc–silicate rocks; however, their number is drastically different. In fact, even if the percentage of heavy minerals is very low and similar in both basins (0.17–1.34% in weight), in the Julian basin, the number of tourmaline crystals is much lower than that in Brkini (1–14 vs. 30–100), suggesting an important change in the provenance area. Interestingly, the presence of a high amount of tourmaline derived from ferric-iron-rich quartz–tourmaline rocks and calc–silicate rocks makes these two basins different from all the Cretaceous flysch basins of Bosnia and the Northern Dinaric zone, where these supplies are missing or very limited.
... Previous mineralogical (Cr-spinel, garnet, zircon, and rutile), petrological (study of clasts in basal conglomerate and thin section analyses), and geochemical (bulk rock) studies [4,[11][12][13][14][15][16][17] were compared with the results of this study. The results of those studies show a substantial change in source rocks during the activity of the basin. ...
In this study, we analyzed up to 80 detrital quartz grains from four lithic greywackes
along the stratigraphic column of the Julian Basin, a synorogenic basin in the southeastern Alps between Italy and Slovenia. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy of detrital quartz was used to investigate the sample set with interest to its OH-defect speciation and content of each associated substitution. According to several recent studies, OH-defects in quartz are correlated to petrogenetic conditions of the source material and can be used as a provenance tool. The aim of this study is to compare results based on this method with previous studies that used other methods, to better constrain the palaeogeographical reconstruction of sedimentary fluxes. Detrital quartz within the samples of the basin shows different patterns of OH-defects and water content, indicating substantial petrogenetic differences between the sediment source rocks. For the oldest analyzed sample (ca. 66 Ma), the distribution of OH-defects suggests a mixed source between igneous and non-igneous rocks, with a predominance of metamorphic material supply. Another sample (56 Ma) reveals a great variability of OH-defects and water content, indicating that the magmatic component dominates over the metamorphic component. The distribution of OH-defects in the samples at the top of the sequence (52–53 Ma) suggests an almost solely metamorphic source. These results are in line with previous studies based on heavy minerals and geochemistry
... Previous mineralogical (Cr-spinel, garnet, zircon, and rutile), petrological (study of clasts in basal conglomerate and thin section analyses), and geochemical (bulk rock) studies [4,[11][12][13][14][15][16][17] were compared with the results of this study. The results of those studies show a substantial change in source rocks during the activity of the basin. ...
In this study 80 detrital quartz grains coming from 4 sedimentary rocks samples of the Julian Basin (JB) have been analysed. Quartz can incorporate chemical impurities as defects in the crystal lattice, with substitution of Si4+ with H+ and Al+3 or B3+, or by 4H+ and LiOH, forming specific infrared absorption bands. Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy of quartz was used to investigate the sample set with interest to its OH defect speciation and content. According to many recent studies, OH defects are correlated to petrogenetic condition and they may be used as a provenance tool. Polarized IR spectra can identify these different substitutions and allow to separate them from molecular water contained in fluid inclusions. Julian Basin is a sin-orogenetic basin in South-eastern Alps across Italian-Slovenian border developed in the Late Cretaceous-Early Eocene. Quartz from the oldest sample (JB1 Bovec; Maastrichtian) show a pattern suggesting a mixed source between igneous and non-igneous rocks, with a slight predominance of metamorphic material supply. Quartz from samples JB23 Nimis and JB26 Monte Candia (Ypresian) show a pattern of water-poor grains suggesting a mainly metamorphic rock type source. Grains from sample JB17 Monteaperta (Thanetian) show the greatest variability in both defects and water content amount. The great presence and the huge variability suggest a different and more complex source. The distinctness of JB17 is proved by many different previous studies based on heavy minerals and geochemistry which demonstrated a variation in the orogenesis with an increased volcanic activity.
... These Authors suggested that these detrital minerals belong to limited HP-LT metamorphic bodies exhumed at about 56 Ma during a phase of Dinarides uplift. Clasts of igneous rocks from the Maastrichtian JB flysch seemed to indicate a particular affinity with the arc-type magmas which outcropped in the Vardar Ocean during Jurassic times (De Min et al., 2007). ...
Garnet is one of the most abundant heavy minerals present in the Cretaceous – Eocene flysch deposits of the Southeastern Alps and Outer Dinarides (Julian, Brkini and Istrian basins). About 300 detrital garnets from the Cretaceous-Eocene flysch deposits of the Southeastern Alps have been analysed by means of electron microprobe and LA-ICP-MS. In the Julian and Istrian basins, supplies are from amphibolite-facies rocks and mafic and ultramafic metamorphic rocks, while in the Brkini basin the latter are almost missing. Moreover, in the Julian and Istrian basins, supplies from skarns, very low-grade metabasites, or from ultra-high temperature metamorphosed calc-silicate granulites are present. Among these different groups, LA-ICP-MS analyses showed that trace element content can be very different in almandine-rich garnets from the different sources. In particular, the source that supplied the Julian Basin is significantly different from that of the Istrian Basin. From the Cretaceous to the Palaeocene the main supplies of Bi-type garnets derived from an area where feldspar-free garnet-bearing rocks were exposed. Successively, Bi-type garnets were supplied from an area where feldspar-garnet-bearing rocks were exposed. The presence of garnets from feldspar-free garnet-bearing rocks in the Brkini and Istrian basins can be ascribed to both recycling of material from the Julian Basin as well as direct input from the same areas that supplied the Julian Basin.
... In the Eocene, a likely source of the maficultramafic detritus was the Jurassic ophiolitic mélange in the NE Dinarides. As far as concern the SE Alps sector no geochemical analyses exists, the most recent studies focusing mainly on the detrital mineral such as Cr-spinels (Lenaz et al., 2000; 2003; Lenaz and Princivalle, 1996; 2005), pyroxene and amphiboles ( Lenaz, 2008) and the petrology of the igneous rock clasts from the Maastrichtrian Bovec flysch (Julian Basin) (De Min et al., 2007). These results, combined with the data on regional ophiolitic complexes and tectonic reconstructions favour the Internal Dinarides as a possible source area for the SE Alps (Claut and Julian Basins) sediments and the External Dinarides for the Istrian Basin where recycling is also possible (Lenaz et al., 2003). ...
... Such strongly substituting elements can not be easily modified by dynamic fractionation (due to variation in the flux energy and/or differences in term of specific weight among the mineral phases), so that their behaviour only reflects the differences of the proto-magmatic sources related to different geodynamic contexts. In the plot, as representative of the protolithic sources, four end -members have been considered:Rudnick and Gao, 2004) as indicative of a " continental " domain, the N-MORB (McDonough and Sun, 1995) as indicative of " oceanic floor " and finally a non metamorphosed basaltic clast found in the Cretaceous flysch of Bovec in the JB as indicative of the Vardar island arc-system (De Min et al., 2007). These last end-members both refer to a generalized " oceanic domain " . ...
Cretaceous to Eocene sandstones from the Southeastern Alps and Outer Dinarides (Italy, Slovenia and Croatia) have been geochemically determined to detect their provenance. The first arenaceous strata of the Julian Basin are strongly chemically influenced by the disgregation of metamorphic and not-metamorphic rock types related to the ancient Vardar sea closure where Island Arc and MORB-like related rock types were generated. At about 56 Ma, one level testifies the strong involvement of continental upper crustal source rocks as a consequence of the rapid arising of the Dinarides. Such contribution is well evidenced also in the Claut basin strata. After this first stage, a new moment of upwelling involved the Julian sediments which contributed, with recycled materials, to the creation of Brkini (and Vipava) basins. Moreover, other protolith rock types, which will represent the main source of the Istrian Basin, begin to be significant.
... Hadrosauroids may have colonized the European Archipelago from Asia (dispersal model) where non-hadrosaurid hadrosauroids were still living during Campanian-early Maastrichtian times. Microplate collisions along the northern margins of Tethys occurred during the first stages of Alpine orogeny (e.g., Neugebauer et al., 2001), caused the formation of the Transylvanian Island where Telmatosaurus lived, the emergence of the Adriatic-Dinaric Island of Tethyshadros, and connections in the eastern parts of the European Archipelago (e.g., Therrien, 2005;Otoničar, 2007;De Min et al., 2007) (Fig. 10). In addition, tectonic crustal uplift and volcanism along the geodynamically active northern margin of Tethys might also create emergent lands and a migration route with southern Asia. ...
An articulated skeleton of a hadrosauroid dinosaur, Tethyshadros insularis n. gen., n. sp., was recovered from the Liburnian Formation (uppermost Cretaceous) of Villaggio del Pescatore in the Trieste Province of northeastern Italy. One of the most complete dinosaur fossil ever found, it shows for the first time the entire morphology of a hadrosauroid phylogenetically close to, but outside the North American and Asiatic hadrosaurids. It lived on an island developed on a carbonate platform in the Tethys Ocean and the small size of the specimens suggests that it may be an insular dwarf. The skeleton has many peculiarities including cursorial adaptations, and a mix of derived and primitive features. European hadrosauroids probably did not evolve by vicariance nor did they colonize the European Archipelago from North America, but rather came from Asia by island hopping.
... Few variations in the chemistry of augites can be evidenced, even if they show a weak zonation. By comparison, the fields of pyroxenes from Ljubac (Lugovi´cLugovi´c et al., 1998 (Slovenia; De Min et al., 2007 ) are also plotted. The latter differ from the here analysed detrital pyroxenes so that they will not be plotted in the further figures. ...
... Greenschists from the same areas revealed that an intra-oceanic island arc of possible Jurassic age might have been involved in these tectonics (Lugovič et al., 2006). Recently, De Min et al. (2007) described the occurrences of volcanic clasts in the Upper Cretaceous conglomerate of Bovec (Slovenia). These clasts are tholeiites with a strong arc-type signature showing a chemical affinity to the tholeiites from the Internal Dinarides , as well as to all the Jurassic arc magmatism of the Dinaridic-Carpathian region. ...
For the first time, few detrital augite and pigeonite crystals have been found in the Eocene flysch basins of Istria (Trieste-Koper basin; Italy, Slovenia, Croatia) and Krk Island (Croatia). Their chemistry suggests that they are related to subalkaline rocks (within-plate tholeiites) crystallized at a pressure between 0 and 5 kbar. As a possible source, the nearby basaltic andesites of Ljuba¡c have been taken into consideration. The argument for a ?Late Tertiary age of the Ljuba¡c volcanics is that no detrital pyroxenes have been found in the Eocene flysch and Oligo- Miocene molasse deposits of the area (Lugovi´c et al., 1998). Radiometric data are not available until now. The detection of detrital pyroxene could be an indication of an older age of the Ljuba¡c volcanics. The presence of similar pyroxenes in the Trieste-Koper and the Krk Island flysch and their absence in Brkini flysch suggest that the basin of Krk was linked with the Istrian basin rather than the Brkini basin.
Modern potassic igneous rocks occur in a wide range of tectonic environments, from continental to oceanic and within-plate settings, some of which are not apparently associated with subduction. It is therefore important, whether for improving exploration models for ancient mineral deposits or reconstructing the evolution of ancient terranes, to be able to distinguish the tectonic settings in which ancient potassic igneous rocks were generated. This Chapter seeks to provide such a distinction based on the geochemical fingerprints of potassic igneous rocks from five principal tectonic settings.
