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– Stigmas of: (a) V. kitaibeliana , (b) V. hymettia , (c) V. arvensis and (d) V. tricolor in front and lateral view. Note the presence/ absence of the stylar dark spot, the position of the entrance to the stigmatic chamber and the size of labellum (bar = 1 mm).
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Italian species of the Viola tricolor group, Sect. Melanium are examined from the morphological view-point. Additional diagnostic characters have been highlighted on the basis of in situ and ex situ experimental data, direct analysis of exsiccata and high resolution digital images of several Herbaria, check of previous international literature. Mea...
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Context 1
... specimens of V. hymettia , V. kitaibeliana , V. tricolor , V. arvensis and their sub- forms are collected from February 2008 to June 2011 in several Italian localities, mainly in the Lazio region given its fi eld richness and variability; for the collect- ing localities see Table 1 and the Appendix. The phenology of some populations in Viterbo environments is constantly observed so as to collect different stages of plants. More than 100 specimens belonging to these taxa are used to conduct morphological studies and to provide material for preliminary cytological investigation. Several of these have been cultivated ex situ for further observations (particularly V. hymettia and V. tricolor ) and seeds stored in the Tuscia Germplasm Bank (Viterbo University). The seeds are dehydrated at RH=15% and T=+15oC to reach a relative humidity percentage, of approximately 5%, and are stored in a freezer at around -20oC (Magrini et al., 2012). Many specimens are dried according to standard herbarium techniques and preserved in the Herbarium UTV. High resolution digital images of fl oral details, leaves and stipules from fresh material, useful in comparing species, have been acquired. Additional studies using outline and multivariate analysis methods are in progress. The species delimitation is also made by means of a critical examination of specimens selected among the exsiccata of APP, CAT (online Herbarium ), CLU, FI, IS, LEC, RO, SIENA, TO, TSB, UTV, Herb. Bartolucci, Herb. Lattanzi, Herb. Lavezzo, as well as online specifi c exsiccata. However, for proper identifi cation, scanned images of clearer specimens (characters of fl owers and stipules/leaves) are made, whilst photos of living material are provided. Protologues and the main literature are consulted; in particular the identifi cation keys of Gams (1926), Valentine et al. (1968), Oberdorfer (1979), Merxmüller (1982), Raus (1986), Espeut (1999a, b), Blaxland (2004), the studies of Clausen (1921, 1922, 1926) as well as Erben (1985), and the plates of Wittrock (1897). The comparative study focuses mainly on the characters of fl ower. For a detailed description of the fl ower construction and the differences between V. tricolor (2n=26) and V. arvensis (2n=34), see mainly Wittrock (1897), Clausen (1922), Kristofferson (1923), Ross- Craig (1950) and Pettet (1964); more recently for V. hymettia and V. kitaibeliana, both with 2n=16 , Erben (1985) and Espeut (1999a,b) give more diagnostic characters. They also point out intermediate forms to which they assign the status of species, thus emphasis- ing their affi nity, namely V. phytosiana Erben (2n=24) from central and southern Greece, and V. roccabrunensis Espeut (2n=48) from Var department (France). At present, there is no comparative study of the fl oral and vegetative characteristics of all the investigated species, with the exception of the appended key to the annual violas of Turkey (Blaxland, 2004) and the already cited Merxmüller’s handling in Flora d’Italia (1982). With this in mind, we fi rstly present the following remarks, both derived from our observation on fresh material and exsiccata and from the main literature. – Flowers. In accordance with Kristofferson (1923) and Erben (1985), in all the species analysed we observe an increasing reduction of the fl ower size from the lower to the upper parts (in V. arvensis and V. tricolor also from the main axis to the branches). The characters concerning size, shape, and colour of the fi rst or the late fl owers are not worthy of consideration, the late ones being always smaller, clearer and with a higher ratio length/width. Early fl owers show colours brighter than the late fl owers due to seasonal conditions. Indeed V. hymettia and V. kitaibeliana show colours brighter than V. arvensis , since they have on average a phenology of approximately 1 - 2 months in advance, but the colour of the late fl owers of V. hymettia becomes similar to that of V. arvensis (Fig. 1). As observed by Pettet (1964) and reported by Oberdorfer (1979), in the fl owers of V. tricolor there is an evident colour change which occurs as the fl ower unrolls, therefore it must be identifi ed upon well developed fl owers. The sepals’ shape and size, neglected characters given in some keys (Merxmüller, 1982; Muñoz Garmendia, 1993), are also useful features. In this case measures must be taken mainly on lower lateral sepals (Fig. 1, 2). The position of the opening to the stigmatic cavity (stigmatic orifi ce), the labellum and the pollen magazine observed on fresh material are essential (Clausen, 1921, 1931; Kristofferson, 1923; Beattie, 1974). The opening to the stigmatic cavity, when observed in the whole fl ower, appears down-backwards or forwards turned, while, when observed in the stigma from a front view, it is on the anterior or superior side. Finally, the presence/absence of a dark spot on the anterior part of the style is easier to identify on fresh material when compared to dry material (Fig. 3). However, in accordance with Clausen (1921, 1922) it is not always a suitable diagnostic character. – Bracts. All of these species have evident bracts on the upper third of the peduncle. The variation of their position proves to be a good character, as pointed out by Blaxland in his key (2004), mainly on specimens which are hardly recognisable in fruit or pressed. We observe that the distance between the fl ower and the bracts increases according to the sequence V. kitaibeliana / V. hymettia / V. arvensis / V. tricolor. In V. kitaibeliana the bracts are just below the fl ower, in V. tricolor generally at about 1/3 and, at least in the fruiting peduncle, they are separated. – Leaves. Leaf characters are generally of little value (Pettet, 1964). Indeed, size and shape vary to a high degree depending on leaf position, external conditions (light/shadow, warm/cold, dry/humid, poor/ rich soil, etc.), plant size and age (Kristofferson, 1923; Nauenburg, 1990). Leaves are ellyptic, ovate-oblong, oblong-lanceolate to lanceolate, shallowly crenate or crenate-serrate to entire. Their gradual narrowing and the decreasing of the petiole are clearly evident both in fresh and dry material (Fig. 4). Leaves and stipules develop their typical shape after a given vegetative period (Erben,1985). Therefore, only the median leaves on the main axis have to be compared, not the extremes or those growing on weak branches. This variability in V. arvensis and V. tricolor is mainly linked to seasons and ecological conditions, while in V. hymettia and V. kitaibeliana the lower, median and upper leaves are gradually different and their shape is independent of ecological conditions, thus their variation always emerges (eterophyllous species) (Fig. 5). Plants collected too early or on poor/too dry soil can show just lower leaves, while strongly developed plants growing on rich soil produce median (and upper) larger sized leaves, due to their annual habit. We have actually remarked that some exsiccata of poorly developed specimens of V. hymettia / V. arvensis were incorrectly identifi ed as V. kitaibeliana and that the exsiccata of strongly developed specimens of V. hymettia were attributed to young individuals of V. tricolor . Therefore, abnormal or undeveloped specimens, both in dry and living material, are not identifi able and should fi rst be cultivated. We consider that the number of the broad teeth on lower leaves margin is a useful character through which to distinguish the V.k - V.hy from V.a - V.t group, the former having the lower leaves with fewer teeth (Fig. 4); V. parvula, the closest species to Viola kitaibeliana, differs from the others in the almost entire leaves, apart from the longer hairs. In specimens of V. kitaibeliana strongly branched and with habits similar to V. arvensis , the features ‘median leaves round at apex’ and ‘lateral margins shallowly crenate to entire’ are useful in differentiating the former from the latter. – Stipules. We confi rm that the stipules provide a clear tool with which to distinguish V.a - V.t from V.k - V.hy group; in the middle of the stem they reach the largest development and the greatest range of di- vision (a particular feature of each species), and de- crease on the top. In all of the 5 species, the stipules of the lower leaves are small, partially lobed if at all, and sometimes are completely lacking. The others are deeply divided, varying in the different species from pennately - to palmately - lobed. In the median and upper stipules of V.k - V.hy the mid - lobe is always similar to the corresponding leaf (Fig. 4a, b). To distinguish V. tricolor from V. arvensis, the characters of leafy/not leafy and crenately notched/entire of the mid-lobe are quite important (Fig. 4c, d): they are ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, not leafy and crenately notched to entire in V. tricolor subsp. tricolor. ...
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Citations
... The study species is an annual weed of intensive crops (mostly wheat and oilseed rape) that produces only chasmogamous, zygomorphic, showy flowers and mixed selfing rates (Scoppola & Lattanzi, 2012;Cheptou et al., 2022). The length of the nectar spur and observations in natura are indicative of pollination by long-tongued bees. ...
... It is commonly found in fields as a weed or in meadows. This species is described as self-compatible with a mixed mating system (Scoppola & Lattanzi, 2012;Cheptou et al., 2022). Plants were sampled twice in agricultural fields in four locations of the Parisian Basin (Supporting Information Table S1). ...
... Thirty-two F0-plants per population were genotyped using 11 microsatellite markers, six designed for Viola arvensis (Cheptou et al., 2022) and five designed on Viola tricolor (Latron et al., 2018), a closely related species (Scoppola & Lattanzi, 2012). DNA was extracted from fresh leaves using Dneasy Plant Mini Kit from Qiagen ® . ...
Plant–pollinator interactions evolved early in the angiosperm radiation. Ongoing environmental changes are however leading to pollinator declines that may cause pollen limitation to plants and change the evolutionary pressures shaping plant mating systems.
We used resurrection ecology methodology to contrast ancestors and contemporary descendants in four natural populations of the field pansy (Viola arvensis) in the Paris region (France), a depauperate pollinator environment. We combine population genetics analysis, phenotypic measurements and behavioural tests on a common garden experiment.
Population genetics analysis reveals 27% increase in realized selfing rates in the field during this period. We documented trait evolution towards smaller and less conspicuous corollas, reduced nectar production and reduced attractiveness to bumblebees, with these trait shifts convergent across the four studied populations.
We demonstrate the rapid evolution of a selfing syndrome in the four studied plant populations, associated with a weakening of the interactions with pollinators over the last three decades. This study demonstrates that plant mating systems can evolve rapidly in natural populations in the face of ongoing environmental changes. The rapid evolution towards a selfing syndrome may in turn further accelerate pollinator declines, in an eco‐evolutionary feedback loop with broader implications to natural ecosystems.
... 7.11 and 9.23 of the ICN, this is not a valid lectotype designation because the phrase "designate here" (or equivalent) and the term "lectotypus" (or equivalent) are missing. Despite careful searches after a digital loan request, the staff at the Geneva herbarium was unable to locate the specimen reported in Scoppola & Lattanzi (2012). ...
... As already done in other contributions (Nardi 1984, Domina & Mazzola 2007, Scafidi & Domina 2019), Tineo's specimens, although not reporting the collection date, is presumptively considered original material and is here designated as lectotype of the name. This lectotype matches the protologue and corresponds to the current application of the name that is considered a Mediterranean mountainous and S. European element belonging to the Viola tricolor group (Scoppola & Lattanzi 2012). ...
The nomenclature of 13 European taxa described by Vincenzo Tineo from Sicily is discussed. Alyssum nebrodense is neotypified on a specimen collected by Tineo and housed in PAL. Bromus tenuis (basionym of Vulpiella tenuis), Carex intricata (Carex nigra subsp. intricata), Ophrys sicula, Orchis markusii (Dactylorhiza markusii), Scilla sicula (Oncostema sicula), and Viola parvula are lectotypified using specimens deposited in PAL; Iris pseudopumila is lectotypified by a specimen preserved in K, Mespilus insegnae (Crataegus insegnae), Scilla ughii (Oncostema ughii), and Statice tenuicula (Limonium tenuiculum) are lectotypified by specimens housed in NAP; Rothia tenuifolia (Andryala tenuifolia) is neotypified by a specimen by Michele Lojacono-Pojero housed in P; Statice parviflora (Limonium parvifolium) is lectotypified on a specimen housed in FI. For each taxon both the currently accepted name and synonymies are provided. The type indication is followed by nomenclatural and taxonomic notes in which the original material found is commented and the reasons for the choice of the types are discussed.
... To do so, we compared floral traits in ancestral seed population (from the 1990's and early 2000's) with the contemporary descendant population collected in 2021 from four localities in the Parisian regional basin (fig. S1 and table S1, 19). The study species is an annual weed of intensive crops (mostly wheat and oilseed rape) that has a zygomorphic, showy flower and mixed selfing rates (19). ...
... S1 and table S1, 19). The study species is an annual weed of intensive crops (mostly wheat and oilseed rape) that has a zygomorphic, showy flower and mixed selfing rates (19). The length of the nectar spur and observations in natura are indicative of pollination by long-tongued bees. ...
... It is commonly found in fields as a weed or in meadows. This species is described as self-compatible with a mixed mating system (19,27). Plants were sampled twice in four locations of the Parisian Basin (see table S1). ...
Plant-pollinator interactions have evolved early in the angiosperm radiation. Ongoing environmental changes are however leading to pollinator declines that may cause pollen limitation to plants and change the evolutionary pressures shaping plant mating systems.
We used the resurrection ecology methodology to contrast ancestries and contemporary descendants in four natural populations of the field pansy ( Viola arvensis ) in the Paris region (France), a depauperate pollinator environment. We combine population genetics analysis and phenotypic measurements and behavorial tests on a common garden experiment.
Population genetic analyses reveal 27% increase in realized selfing rates in the field during this period. We documented trait evolution towards smaller and less conspicuous corollas, reduced nectar production and reduced attractiveness to bumble bees, with these trait shifts convergent across the four studied populations.
We demonstrate the rapid evolution of a selfing syndrome in the four studied plant populations, associated with a weakening of the interactions with pollinators over the last three decades. This study demonstrates that plant mating systems can evolve rapidly in natural populations in the face of ongoing environmental changes. The rapid evolution towards a selfing syndrome may in turn further accelerate pollinator declines, in an eco-evolutionary feedback loop with broader implications to natural ecosystems.
... The adopted taxonomic circumscription followed [38]. Species identification and revisions were performed using the primary literature [2,3,13,38] and a critical examination of both fresh and dried plants, including relevant material available online. Speciesrepresentative chromosome counts were collected from previous studies [35,81]; ecological data of the sampling sites were also collected in the field or harvested from the specimen's label (when available). ...
Viola sect. Melanium, the so-called pansy, is an allopolyploid morphologically well-defined lineage of ca. 110 perennial and annual species in the northern hemisphere, characterized by markedly complex genomic configurations. Five annual pansies occur in Italy, four of which are morphologically very similar and belong to the informal ‘V. tricolor species complex’: V. arvensis (2n = 34), V. hymettia (2n = 16), V. kitaibeliana (2n = 16), and V. tricolor (2n = 26). Their field recognition is difficult and reflects a long-debated taxonomy often resulting in doubtful records in field inventories and across European herbaria. The current lack of comprehensive intra- and interspecific comparative studies and a relative scarcity of appropriate genetic markers coupled with unambiguous cytological descriptions are hindering clear taxa circumscription and phylogenetic inferences within this group. In this work, we tested DNA sequence variation of three highly variable plastid markers and High-Throughput Sequencing (HTS) of the nuclear ribosomal 5S-IGS region in an attempt to decipher species identity within the V. tricolor species complex and to obtain an insight on their genome organization and evolution. Our results document the close relationships within this species group, a reliable molecular resolution for V. tricolor, and the common ancestry of V. arvensis and the poorly differentiated V. kitaibeliana and V. hymettia. Evidence of an important inter-population geographical divergence was recorded in V. tricolor and V. arvensis, pointing at the existence of different eco-cytotypes within these entities. Overall diversity patterns and the occurrence of two to four differently diverging 5S-IGS lineages are discussed in the light of the acknowledged taxonomy and genomic evolutive trajectories of sect. Melanium.
... Despite the increase of molecular studies, comparative morphology remains a key tool in plant species distinction, helpful in selecting characters to be used in visual identification [1][2][3][4]. In studies concerning the section Melanium DC. ex Ging. of the genus Viola L., comparative morphology provided significant insight into systematics, reproductive strategies, and ecological adaptation, as recently highlighted (e.g., [5][6][7][8][9][10]). On the other hand, it was not satisfactory when used alone for delimiting some critical taxa of the genus, e.g., V. odorata L. [11] or V. suavis M. Bieb. ...
... They all are treated as synonyms in the principal taxonomic databases (e.g., [49][50][51]). V. arvensis from shallow and poor soils has often been confused with V. kitaibeliana (e.g., [7,17,52]. The lack of observable features on the type material of V. kitaibeliana (Lectotype: In Pannonia, Kitaibel, M0112803) makes it difficult to compare the two species. ...
... The lack of observable features on the type material of V. kitaibeliana (Lectotype: In Pannonia, Kitaibel, M0112803) makes it difficult to compare the two species. V. arvensis on deep and fertilized soils or forest edges could also be confused with V. tricolor s. s. due to broader leaves and more developed flowers [7,25]. To the best of our knowledge, no in-depth morphometric statistical analyses on V. arvensis and V. kitaibeliana have been done yet. ...
The high morphological variability of Viola arvensis may hinder the proper identification of the closely related species with an implication for biodiversity surveys. Variation in floral and vegetative morphology was explored in V. arvensis, compared to V. kitaibeliana, based upon 14 wild Italian populations, to provide new insights into their diagnostic features. Species were characterized using 32 morphological descriptors assessed on 272 flowers and as many leaves and scored as quantitative and categorical variables. Statistical methods, including Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), were applied to test species delimitation. Data highlighted variations in sepal size, petal size, leaves shape, stylar dark spot, and pollen magazine higher within V. arvensis than between V. arvensis and V. kitaibeliana. LDA partitioned the V. arvensis samples into two distinct clusters; no clear distinction was found between the cluster combining individuals from grasslands and V. kitaibeliana. The separation of V. arvensis and V. kitaibeliana from V. tricolor, included as a reference, was noticeable. Correlations were found in all species between the flower/leaf position on the stem and some floral and vegetative features. The shape and margin of the lower sepal, the stylar flap, and the lamina margin and apex were diagnostic in field identification. The results support the recognition of an undescribed V. arvensis eco-phenotype linked to seminatural dry grasslands, easily distinguishable from the field-grown type of V. arvensis but hardly distinguishable from the dwarf pansy. Data further corroborate the assumption of general deep-rooted confusion in ascribing poorly developed individuals of V. arvensis to the rare and locally threatened V. kitaibeliana, leading to potential implications for its conservation.
... The taxonomy of this section is considered critical (Pettet 1964b), particularly regarding the annual taxa, due to the reduced number of species-delimitating characters, the strong phenotypical plasticity, the ambiguity of some morphological characters, the seasonal variability, and the conflicting taxonomic treatments (Schmidt 1964;Erben 1996;Scoppola and Lattanzi 2012;Magrini and Scoppola 2015a). Arguably, also the young age of the section Melanium, the frequency of polyploidy, dysploidy, and hybridisation events (Marcussen et al. 2015), coupled with the lack of an informative phylogeny (Yockteng et al. 2003) may have contributed to such conflicting treatments. ...
... Particularly, during the last two centuries, many infra-specific taxa described at a local level were attributed on a morphological basis to the three annual species, V. tricolor (De Candolle 1824; Grenier and Godron 1848;Boissier 1867;Coutinho 1892), V. arvensis (Besnou 1881;Hal acsy 1900;Becker 1904) and V. kitaibeliana (Rouy and Foucaud 1896;Becker 1910). Numerous taxonomic studies on particular species complexes of section Melanium have been published based largely on morphology (Becker 1910;Nauenburg 1991;Colombo et al. 2007;Scoppola and Lattanzi 2012), on chromosome numbers (Clausen 1927(Clausen , 1929Erben 1985Erben , 1996Espeut 2004;Magrini and Scoppola 2015a;Tomovi c et al. 2016), and on molecular phylogenetics (Ballard et al. 1998;Nadot et al. 2000;Yockteng et al. 2003;Marcussen et al. 2015) that have clarified the composition and relationships of the main groups and re-evaluated the placement of controversial assemblages. ...
... This paper is part of broader research on the taxonomy, cytology, biology, and ecology of annual taxa of Viola Section Melanium (Scoppola and Lattanzi 2012;Scoppola et al. 2014;Magrini and Scoppola 2015a, 2015b, 2015c, 2015d. In light of the nomenclatural confusion and the modest number of species-delimitating morphological features within some annual pansies, pollen heteromorphism and pollen and seed morphology have been assessed to find new characteristics useful for the delimitation of these species. ...
This integrated study provides new insights into pollen and seed morphology and pollen hetero-morphism of four closely related annual taxa of Viola sect. Melanium. The plant material, both fresh and dried, was collected in Italy and studied using light and scanning electron microscope. Palynological data for V. hymettia together with a detailed comparative analysis of seed morphology and micromorphology of the four species are reported for the first time. Results of this work highlight some pollen and seed features as useful diagnostic characters. The pollen size proves to be of diagnostic value to easily separate V. kitaibeliana, having the smallest pollen grains, from the others, especially from V. arvensis with the largest ones. Exine ornamentation is microreticulate, showing no relevant differences among species. We can partially confirm the diagnostic value of the prevailing pollen morph as it can be useful only for V. arvensis (five-aperturate) versus V. tricolor and V. hymettia (four-aperturate). The macro-and micromorphology of seeds provide additional useful distinguishing characters. Particularly, seed size was found to be a good delimitating character, especially to distinguish V. kitaibeliana (with the smallest
... Therefore, as a part of the taxonomic revision of Viola Sect. Melanium in Europe (Scoppola & Lattanzi 2012;Magrini & Scoppola 2015a,b,c,d;Scoppola & Magrini 2019), this paper is focused on the nine names (comprising six Iberian endemics) having the locus classicus in Spain or Portugal, most of them still lacking a type designation or requiring a second-step typification. ...
Based on the analysis of relevant literature and of specimens from European herbaria, nomenclatural types for seven out of the nine Iberian names belonging to the genus Viola Sect. Melanium are designated here: Viola demetria (G), V. kitaibeliana subsp. machadeana (COI), V. kitaibeliana subsp. trimestris (M), V. langeana (C), V. montcaunica (MA), V. nevadensis (G), and V. tricolor subsp. olyssiponensis (P).
... calaminaria) zinc violets (Hildebrandt et al. 2006). Similarly, selected microstructural flower and pollen characters, important in Viola taxonomy (Clausen 1931;Gorb 1994;Zvadová et al. 2004;Scoppola & Lattanzi 2012;Mehrvarz et al. 2014), indicate the affinity of both zinc violets to V. lutea but not to V. tricolor as was earlier hypothesized. ...
The genus Viola, particularly Melanium section, rich in metallophytes, is an excellent taxon for study of microevolutionary and adaptation processes. Pollen, ovule, and microstructural floral characters were investigated by LM, SEM, and CLSM in seven endemic Albanian violets, five serpentinophytes (Viola albanica, V. dukadjinica, V. albanica × V. dukadjinica, V. raunsiensis, and V. macedonica), two from chalk soil (V. aetolica and V. schariensis), and in their closest relatives (V. lutea ssp. sudetica, V. tricolor ssp. tricolor, and V. arvensis) for their taxonomic usefulness and adaptive value. Three among analyzed characters were common in all Albanian violets however not unique. Serpentinophytes, V. aetolica and V. schariensis possessed hairs deep inside the spur, developed pollen heteromorphism, both increase the chance of pollination in unpredictable conditions and had strongly developed tannin rich layer in the outer integument of the young ovules with a protective role. They also all exhibited high pollen viability (86.9 ± 10.2%), high frequency of normally developed, enlarged (fertilized) ovules in ovary (65.0 ± 24.0%), but also high frequency of degenerations in developing ovules (40.4 ± 9.8%). Several flower characters may be adaptive in the unfavorable, high altitude environment, including serpentine soils. High pollen viability and normally developed fertilized ovules are sufficient for Albanian species maintenance.
... For the species identification, we mainly referred to Pignatti (1982) and Tutin et al. (1964Tutin et al. ( -1980). In critical cases we also considered monographs (D'Amato, 1955Amato, , 1957 Ietswaart, 1980; Nardi, 1984; Brilli-Cattarini & Gubellini, 1986; Castroviejo et al., 1986; Ravnik, 1988; Kirschner & Štěpánek, 1998; Brullo et al., 2000; Snogerup & Snogerup, 2001; Marchetti, 2004; Tison, 2004; Peruzzi & Gargano, 2005; Garbari et al., 2008; Persson, 2008; Bacchetta et al., 2010; Iamonico, 2011; Scoppola & Lattanzi, 2012; Selvi & Sutorý, 2012; Scassellati et al., 2013; Slovák et al., 2012; Tison et al., 2013; Al-Shehbaz, 2014; Arrigoni 2014; Cecchi et al., 2014; Foggi et al., 2014; Arrigoni 20125; Peruzzi et al., 2015; Roma-Marzio et al., 2015 ). Scientific names are attributed according to Conti et al. (2005Conti et al. ( , 2007). ...
Vascular Flora of Monte Sparviere (Southern Italy, Pollino Massif). A floristic survey of Monte Sparviere was carried out from 2012 to 2015, allowing us to record 377 specific and subspecific taxa, belonging to 229 genera and 64 families. The most represented families are Asteraceae (55 taxa), Poaceae (30), Fabaceae (28), Rosaceae (23) and Lamiaceae (19). Italian endemic species reach the 8.5% and no exotic species are recorded except three conifers used for reforestation. Biological spectrum shows a dominance of Hemicryptophytes, with a moderate percentage of Therophytes. The chorological analysis shows a dominance of species belonging to the Eurosibiric region, albeit Mediterranean region is also well represented. The ecological spectra are in agreement with climatic and geo-pedologic features, with variations mainly related to woody coverage and altitude. Finally, Potentilla pedata Willd. ex Hornem. was confirmed for the flora of Basilicata; Dianthus sternbergii Capelli was excluded from the flora of Basilicata and Calabria whereas Dianthus hyssopifolius L. resulted new for both regions.
... This paper is part of a broader research on the taxonomy of Viola kitaibeliana s.l. (Scoppola & lattanzi 2012, Magrini & Scoppola 2013, Scoppola et al. 2014. In particular, we here focus on two European atlantic taxa, Viola nana (De Candolle 1824: 304) le Jolis (1860: 27-28) and Viola henriquesii (Willk. ...
Based on the analysis of relevant literature and of specimens from European herbaria, Viola nana and V. henriquesii, currently included in V. kitaibeliana, are reaffirmed as independent species. A lectotype is designated here for V. nana from the original material found in the Herbier De Candolle in Genèva Herbarium (G). A lectotype and three syntypes are designated for V. henriquesii from those exsiccata belonging to the gathering cited in the protologue, that were found in the Herbaria of Monaco (M), Stockholm (S), and Meise (BR).
