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Stictis cladoniae (holotype). a. Appearance of apothecia; b. apothecial section in K; c. hymenium and basal exciple in K; d. asci with spores in K/I; e. asci with spores and lateral exciple in K/I. — Scale bars: a = 0.5 mm; b = 20 µm; c – e = 10 µm.
Source publication
Though most of the lichenicolous fungi belong to the Ascomycetes, their phylogenetic placement based on molecular data is lacking for numerous species. In this study the phylogenetic placement of 19 species of lichenicolous fungi was determined using four loci (LSU rDNA, SSU rDNA, ITS rDNA and mtSSU). The phylogenetic analyses revealed that the stu...
Citations
... As a result, Diederich et al. (2018) proposed that Sclerococcaceae be considered as a new synonym, advocating for the reinstatement of Dactylosporaceae with Sclerococcum as the type genus. Subsequently, numerous species of Dactylospora were combined into the genus Sclerococcum (Diederich et al. 2013;Pino-Bodas et al. 2017;Réblová et al. 2017;Diederich et al. 2018). ...
... Among these reported species, only S. simplex, belonging to the genus Sclerococcum, was recorded last year (Thiyagaraja et al. 2022). Notably, S. glaucomarioides had previously been reported growing on Ochrolechia akagiensis, O. tartarea and O. yasudae, with the host lichen found on bark, rock and moss (Tuckerman 1888;Joshi et al. 2010;Pino-Bodas et al. 2017), as well as on Megaspora verrucosa in tundra (Zhurbenko 2009). Therefore, this marks the first recorded geographical occurance of this species in China, specifically on the host lichen Ochrolechia akagiensis on siliceous rocks. ...
The lichenicolous species Sclerococcum glaucomarioides growing on the lichen Ochrolechia akagiensis is newly reported from China. This study provides an illustration and morphological description for this species, complemented by phylogenetic analyses based on ITS, LSU and mtSSU sequence data. The taxon is characterized by adpressed to sessile apothecia that are round to angular with black disc, hymenium with brownish color, 25–40 μm high, broadly cylindrical to subclavate 8-spored asci, 20–30 × 10–15 μm, with euamyloid apical cap and brown ascospores with 2–3 transverse septa.
... Gamsomyces has sporodochial or synnematous conidiomata, semi-macronematous or macronematous conidiophores, and fusiform, pigmented, transversely euseptate conidia (Dong et al. 2020;Réblová et al. 2020). Additionally, Sclerococcum possesses loose sporodochia with catenate conidia (Hawksworth 1975;Jones et al. 1999;Pang et al. 2014;Pino-Bodas et al. 2017;Zhurbenko et al. 2022;Paz-Bermúdez et al. 2023). Pseudosclerococcum and Sclerococcum species share similar sexual morphologies, characterized by apothecia-like ascomata and amyloid asci with an apical gelatinous cap. ...
... Dactylospora was established by Körber (1855) with D. floerkei as the type species. Over the past decade, molecular evidence has indicated that Dactylospora represents the sexual morph of Sclerococcum based on their molecular evidence (Diederich et al. 2013(Diederich et al. , 2018Pang et al. 2014;Pino-Bodas et al. 2017;Dong et al. 2020;Thiyagaraja et al. 2022;Wijayawardene et al. 2022). The asexual morph of Sclerococcum species showcases diverse morphological features. ...
... Clades B and C comprise lignicoloussexual species derived from terrestrial and marine environments, respectively. In contrast, clade D comprises asexual Sclerococcum species from both lichenicolus and lignicolus terrestrial habitats (Schoch et al. 2009;Diederich et al. 2013Diederich et al. , 2018Pang et al. 2014;Pino-Bodas et al. 2017;Ekanayaka et al. 2019;Flakus et al. 2019;Olariaga et al. 2019;Haelewaters et al. 2022;Thiyagaraja et al. 2022). This phenomenon may be related to the limited specimens sampled and the adaptation of species to environmental changes. ...
In this study, four terrestrial collections of bactrodesmium-like hyphomycetous fungi were isolated from rotten wood in Guizhou Province, China. Phylogenetic analyses based on the combined LSU, ITS, mtSSU, and SSU sequence matrix indicate that these four isolates represent one species belonging to the Sclerococcum within the Dactylosporaceae, and present a distinct lineage. Therefore, Sclerococcum pseudobactrodesmium sp. nov. was introduced with corresponding morphological descriptions. Sclerococcum pseudobactrodesmium represents the first lignicolous asexual species from a terrestrial habitat.
... Unfortunately, many of the described lichenicolous species lack molecular data, which has affect our understanding of their phylogenetic placements and evolutionary histories for a long time. However, recent studies have started to include various groups of lichenicolous fungi in phylogenetic analyses, which indicate that the lichenicolous lifestyle has evolved independently multiple times in major fungal groups and resulted in the discovery of novel lineages (Crespo et al. 2010;Diederich et al. 2022;Divakar et al. 2015;Ertz and Diederich 2015;Ertz et al. 2014;Flakus et al. 2019aFlakus et al. , 2019bMuggia and Grube 2018;Muggia et al. 2015Muggia et al. , 2019Pérez-Ortega et al. 2014;Pino-Bodas et al. 2017;Suija et al. 2015). ...
Acrospermales represent one of the least studied lineages of Dothideomycetes and are characterized by diverse ecological strategies, including saprotrophic, epiphytic, fungicolous, lichenicolous, and bryophilous lifestyles. The order is composed of two teleomorphic genera, Acrospermum and Oomyces, and five anamorphic genera of unclear relationships. The objectives of the study were to establish the phylogenetic position of Acrospermum species collected from lichens in the tropical forest of Bolivia and to infer the evolution of the lichenicolous lifestyle in Acrospermales. Our results reveal that the examined specimens from Bolivia represent a new species, A. bolivianum, which is well characterized by its phylogenetic distinctness, morphological characteristics, and host selection. The new species is the first lichenicolous member of Acrospermum and forms a well-supported clade sister to the bryophilous Acrospermum adeanum. The evolution of lifestyles, concluded by phylogenetic analyses and ancestral state reconstructions, indicated that the saprotrophic lifestyle is ancestral to Acrospermales. This corresponds to their close relationship to other saprotrophic lineages of Dothideomycetes and indicates that the wide spectrum of nutritional strategies, currently observed in Acrospermales, may be a result of more recent shifts in their ecology. Our results also suggest that the lichenicolous lifestyle in Acrospermales appeared independently at least two times. Lichenicolous species are represented in our data set by Acrospermum bolivianum and Gonatophragmium physciae, which evolved from lichenicolous and plant-parasite ancestors, respectively. The genus Oomyces, represented by O. carneoalbus, was included for the first time in the phylogenetic analysis and showed a sister relationship to the remaining taxa of Acrospermales.
... Traditionally Sclerococcum comprised lichenized species that produce sporodochial asexual morphs (Diederich et al. 2013;Hawksworth 1975Hawksworth , 1979, while Dactylospora species are sexual fungi that produce black apothecial ascomata with asci covered with an external, amyloid apical gelatinous cap (Hafellner 1979). Molecular phylogenetics of the type species of Dactylospora, D. parasitica, placed it in a monophyletic clade with the type species of Sclerococcum, Sclerococcum sphaerale, and the two genera were merged into the older genus name Sclerococcum under the family Dactylosporaceae and the recently described Sclerococcales (Diederich et al. 2018;Pino-Bodas et al. 2017;Réblová et al. 2017). Diederich et al. (2018) listed sixty-four Sclerococcum species and Joshi (2021) described two new species of Sclerococcum from India, so that 66 species of the genus are known worldwide. ...
This article revises the documented diversity of known marine fungi from nine phyla, 33 classes, 107 orders, 273 families, 767 genera and 1898 species reported worldwide. A member of the Aphelidiomycota, Pseudaphelidium drebesii, is reported for the first time from the marine environment, on a diatom. Likewise, the phylum Mortierellomycota is listed following taxonomic changes, as are six subclasses: Chaetothyriomycetidae, Savoryellomycetidae, Sclerococcomycetidae, Agaricostilbomycetidae, Auriculariomycetidae and Aphelidiomycotina. Thirty-three orders and 105 family names with marine species are added to the checklist, along with 641 species in 228 genera, bringing the total to 1898. New additions of species added to the list of marine fungi are highlighted. Four new combinations are proposed: Stigmatodiscus mangrovei, Diaporthe krabiensis and Diaporthe xylocarpi, while the hyphomycete Humicola alopallonella is referred to the genus Halosphaeriopsis, as Halosphaeriopsis alopallonella.
... Notes: Sclerococcales was placed in the subclass Sclerococcomycetidae. Sclerococcaceae was introduced as the type family by Réblová et al. (2017). Based on phylogenetic analyses, Dactylospora and Sclerococcum appear to represent a monophyletic group Pino-Bodas et al. 2017;Réblová et al. 2017). Thus, Diederich et al. (2018) reinstated Dactylosporaceae to replace Sclerococcaceae and retained Sclerococcum as the type genus with several Dactylospora species transferred to Sclerococcum. ...
Freshwater fungi comprises a highly diverse group of organisms occurring in freshwater habitats throughout the world. During a survey of freshwater fungi on submerged wood in streams and lakes, a wide range of sexual and asexual species were collected mainly from karst regions in China and Thailand. Phylogenetic inferences using partial gene regions of LSU, ITS, SSU, TEF1α, and RPB2 sequences revealed that most of these fungi belonged to Dothideomycetes and Sordariomycetes and a few were related to Eurotiomycetes. Based on the morphology and multi-gene phylogeny, we introduce four new genera, viz. Aquabispora, Neocirrenalia, Ocellisimilis and Uvarisporella, and 47 new species, viz. Acrodictys chishuiensis, A. effusa, A. pyriformis, Actinocladium aquaticum, Annulatascus tratensis, Aquabispora setosa, Aqualignicola setosa, Aquimassariosphaeria vermiformis, Ceratosphaeria flava, Chaetosphaeria polygonalis, Conlarium muriforme, Digitodesmium chishuiense, Ellisembia aquirostrata, Fuscosporella atrobrunnea, Halobyssothecium aquifusiforme, H. caohaiense, Hongkongmyces aquisetosus, Kirschsteiniothelia dushanensis, Monilochaetes alsophilae, Mycoenterolobium macrosporum, Myrmecridium splendidum, Neohelicascus griseoflavus, Neohelicomyces denticulatus, Neohelicosporium fluviatile, Neokalmusia aquibrunnea, Neomassariosphaeria aquimucosa, Neomyrmecridium naviculare, Neospadicoides biseptata, Ocellisimilis clavata, Ophioceras thailandense, Paragaeumannomyces aquaticus, Phialoturbella aquilunata, Pleurohelicosporium hyalinum, Pseudodactylaria denticulata, P. longidenticulata, P. uniseptata, Pseudohalonectria aurantiaca, Rhamphoriopsis aquimicrospora, Setoseptoria bambusae, Shrungabeeja fluviatilis, Sporidesmium tratense, S. versicolor, Sporoschisma atroviride, Stanjehughesia aquatica, Thysanorea amniculi, Uvarisporella aquatica and Xylolentia aseptata, with an illustrated account, discussion of their taxonomic placement and comparison with morphological similar taxa. Seven new combinations are introduced, viz. Aquabispora grandispora (≡ Boerlagiomyces grandisporus), A. websteri (≡ Boerlagiomyces websteri), Ceratosphaeria suthepensis (≡ Pseudohalonectria suthepensis), Gamsomyces aquaticus (≡ Pseudobactrodesmium aquaticum), G. malabaricus (≡ Gangliostilbe malabarica), Neocirrenalia nigrospora (≡ Cirrenalia nigrospora), and Rhamphoriopsis glauca (≡ Chloridium glaucum). Ten new geographical records are reported in China and Thailand and nine species are first reported from freshwater habitats. Reference specimens are provided for Diplocladiella scalaroides and Neocirrenalia nigrospora (≡ Cirrenalia nigrospora). Systematic placement of the previously introduced genera Actinocladium, Aqualignicola, and Diplocladiella is first elucidated based on the reference specimens and new collections. Species recollected from China and Thailand are also described and illustrated. The overall trees of freshwater Dothideomycetes and Sordariomycetes collected in this study are provided respectively and genera or family/order trees are constructed for selected taxa.
... The following primers were used for the PCRs: ITS4 and ITS1F (Gardes and Bruns 1993;White et al. 1990) for ITS rDNA; LROR and LR5 (Vilgalys and Hester 1990;Vilgalys and Sun 1994) for LSU rDNA; and mtSSU1 and mtSSU3R (Zoller et al. 1999) for mtSSU. The PCR programs are described in Pino-Bodas et al. (2017). PCR products were cleaned with Illustra TM ExoProStar TM 1-step (GE Healthcare). ...
... Regions ambiguously aligned were removed from the alignments with Gblocks 0.91b (Castresana 2000) using the less stringent option. Sampling was based on the BLAST searches and completed with recent phylogenetic and taxonomic studies of Arthonia Frisch and Holien 2018;Kondratyuk et al. 2019Kondratyuk et al. , 2020, Bionectriaceae (Summerbell et al. 2011;Giraldo et al. 2017;Voglmayr and Jaklitsch 2019), Ostropales (Schmitt et al. 2009;Miadlikowska et al. 2014;Pino-Bodas et al. 2017), and Mycocaliciales (Prieto et al. 2013;Tibell et al. 2014). The sequences used in the phylogenetic analyses are listed in Annexe 1. ...
... The genus Protothelenella includes lichenized, lichenicolous, or facultative lichenicolous species. Three species have been reported with lichenicolous habit (Diederich et al. 2018), but only DNA sequences for P. santessonii are available (Pino-Bodas et al. 2017). Protothelenella sphinctrinoidella and P. sphinctrinoides occasionally grow on terricolous lichens, Cetrariella and Peltigera (Zhurbenko and Brackel 2013). ...
This study was focused on lichenicolous fungi from the Antarctic region whose diversity is not yet well known. The sampling was carried out in the maritime Antarctica, South Shetland Islands, Livingston Island, during a trip in 2018. In total, more than one hundred species of lichenicolous fungi were collected, of which a selection has been studied here. The remaining species will be studied in future papers. As a result of our morphological and molecular studies (based on ITS rDNA, LSU rDNA, and mtSSU), three new species are proposed: Arthonia olechiana on Steinera olechiana, Sphaeropezia neuropogonis on Usnea, and Sphinctrina sessilis on Pertusaria excludens. Moreover, the new combinations Bryostigma excentricum on Lepraria and Raesaenenia usneae on Usnea are also proposed.
... Data matrices such as LSU-ITS-mtSSU (Wedin et al. 2005, Fernández-Brime et al. 2017, Phukhamsakda et al. 2020, Lu et al. 2021, Wei et al. 2021 have frequently been used for classification at the generic level within Stictidaceae. The family is monophyletic in the high-ranked phylogenetic analyses (Pino-Bodas et al. 2017, Kraichak et al. 2018, however relationships among some genera and phylogenetic placement of a few taxa remain unresolved ( Lu et al. 2021, Wei et al. 2021. For example, in previous studies Schizoxylon is monophyletic and Carestiella branches off the clade of Neostictis, Neofitzroyomyces, Eriospora, Phacidiella and Fitzroyomyces . ...
Stictidaceae was formally introduced as a group of saprotrophic discomycetes. The majority of Stictidaceae species are documented and described from Europe, North America and South America. In contrast, knowledge on stictidaceous fungi in African and Asian continents is lacking. In this study, a novel saprophytic species, Phacidiella kunmingensis sp. nov. was discovered from dead woody twigs in Yunnan Province, China. The new species was described based on its sexual morph, which is characterized by apothecial ascomata, yellow disc, white-pruinose margin, crystalline exciple, filiform paraphyses, cylindrical asci and filiform, multiseptate, non-disarticulating ascospores. Its taxonomic position was inferred using phylogenetic analyses of combined LSU, ITS, mtSSU and rpb2 sequence and further confirmed by morphological studies.
... In animals, mutation rate is higher in the mitochondrial genome than in the nuclear genome [23,25]. On the contrary, for many fungal species, low mutation rates in mitochondrial genomes compared to the nuclear genomes have been reported based on RFLP-based markers [26,27], multilocus sequences [28,29] and whole-genome sequences [30]. Yet, for other fungi, higher mutation rates in mitochondrial genomes than nuclear genomes were reported [22,31]. ...
Background
Phylogenetic analyses for plant pathogenic fungi explore many questions on diversities, relationships, origins, and divergences of populations from different sources such as species, host, and geography. This information is highly valuable, especially from a large global sampling, to understand the evolutionary paths of the pathogens worldwide. Monilinia fructicola and M. laxa are two important fungal pathogens of stone fruits that cause the widespread disease commonly known as brown rot. Three nuclear genes ( Calmodulin , SDHA , TEF1α ) and three mitochondrial genes ( Cytochrome_b , NAD2 , and NAD5 ) of the two pathogen species from a worldwide collection including five different countries from four different continents were studied in this work.
Results
Both Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian approaches were applied to the data sets, and in addition, Maximum Parsimony based approaches were used for the regions having indel polymorphisms. Calmodulin , SDHA , NAD2, and NAD5 regions were found phylogenetically informative and utilized for phylogenetics of Monilinia species for the first time. Each gene region presented a set of haplotypes except Cytochrome_b , which was monomorphic. According to this large collection of two Monilinia species around the world, M. fructicola showed more diversity than M. laxa , a result that should be carefully considered, as M. fructicola is known to be a quarantine pathogen. Moreover, the other two mitochondrial genes ( NAD2 and NAD5 ) did not have any substitution type mutations but presented an intron indel polymorphism indicating the contribution of introns as well as mobile introns to the fungal diversity and evolution. Based on the concatenated gene sets, nuclear DNA carries higher mutations and uncovers more phylogenetic clusters in comparison to the mitochondrial DNA-based data for these fungal species.
Conclusions
This study provides the most comprehensive knowledge on the phylogenetics of both nuclear and mitochondrial genes of two prominent brown rot pathogens, M. fructicola and M. laxa . Based on the regions used in this study, the nuclear genes resolved phylogenetic branching better than the mitochondrial genes and discovered new phylogenetic lineages for these species.
... provided molecular data for Sclerococcum sphaerale and discovered the genus had a close phylogenetic relationship with Dactylospora. Consequently, Dactylospora has been shown to be the sexual morph of Sclerococcum by several authors , Pang et al. 2014, Diederich 2015, which was later confirmed by Pino-Bodas et al. (2017). Sclerococcum was traditionally assigned within Dactylosporaceae Bellem. ...
Sclerococcum is a species rich lichenicolous genus in Ascomycota. However, many species of Sclerococcum have been described based only on morphology. This study provides sequences for the large-subunit ribosomal RNA (LSU), internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and mitochondrial small-subunit ribosomal RNA (mtSSU) for the first time for Sclerococcum simplex, and the first geographical record of the genus from China. Phylogenetic analyses confirmed that S. simplex clustered within Sclerococcum sensu stricto while the genus was recovered as paraphyletic in Dactylosporaceae. Our asexual specimen of Sclerococcum simplex was collected on a corticolous Pertusaria thallus. The taxonomic affinity of Sclerococcum simplex is investigated based on phylogenetic and morphological evidence.
... To: Pino-Bodas et al. (2017b). Evernia prunastri (L.) Ach. ...
A preliminary checklist of lichen-forming and lichenicolous fungi of Castilla-La Mancha is presented. A total of 5064 records have been compiled from 204 publications. The number of taxa ascends to 832, of which 820 are species and 12 infraspecific taxa. Of these 763 are lichenized and 69 correspond to lichenicolous fungi.
