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This 1,700-plus page book is true to its title―it is a comprehensive book of laboratory protocols used in all applied life sciences. … The purpose is to provide an integrated laboratory protocols book, ‘arranged and presented in a way comprehensible’ to students of interdisciplinary fields (e.g., life sciences, biotechnology, etc.). The book meets...
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... Parts of the soleus muscles in the left leg were immersed in 10% neutral formalin and then embedded in paraffin blocks. A total of 5 µm thick sections of paraffin blocks were cut and processed for routine hematoxylin and eosin staining [27]. To determine capillary density, capillaries were counted under a light microscope to determine the capillary density/high power field (×400). ...
Long-term use of Glucocorticoids produces skeletal muscle atrophy and microvascular rarefaction. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has a potential role in skeletal muscle regeneration. However, the mechanisms still need to be elucidated. This is the first study to explore the effect of Sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS) H2S donor, against Dexamethasone (Dex)-induced soleus muscle atrophy and microvascular rarefaction and on muscle endothelial progenitors and M2 macrophages. Rats received either; saline, Dex (0.6 mg/Kg/day), Dex + NaHS (5 mg/Kg/day), or Dex + Aminooxyacetic acid (AOAA), a blocker of H2S (10 mg/Kg/day) for two weeks. The soleus muscle was examined for contractile properties. mRNA expression for Myostatin, Mechano-growth factor (MGF) and NADPH oxidase (NOX4), HE staining, and immunohistochemical staining for caspase-3, CD34 (En-dothelial progenitor marker), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), CD31 (endothelial marker), and CD163 (M2 macrophage marker) was performed. NaHS could improve the contractile properties and decrease oxidative stress, muscle atrophy, and the expression of NOX4, caspase-3, Myostatin, VEGF, and CD31 and could increase the capillary density and expression of MGF with a significant increase in expression of CD34 and CD163 as compared to Dex group. However, AOAA worsened the studied parameters. Therefore, H2S can be a promising target to attenuate muscle atrophy and microvascular rarefaction.
... A part of the renal cortex of each kidney was subjected to fixation in 10% formaldehyde then kept in paraffin [35] for histopathological investigation. After that, the paraffin blocks were dissected into 5-7-micrometer-thick sections. ...
Obesity causes renal changes (ORC), characterized by defective renal autophagy, lipogenesis, enhanced macrophage infiltration and apoptosis. We hypothesize that Dasatinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, may ameliorate changes associated with obesity. We the mice with either Obesogenic diet (OD) or a standard basal diet. After 12 weeks, the mice received either vehicle or Dasatinib 4 mg/kg/d for an additional four weeks. We examined serum creatinine, urea, lipid profile and renal cortical mRNA expression for lipogenesis marker SREBP1, inflammatory macrophage marker iNOS and fibrosis markers; TGFβ and PDGFA genes; immunohistochemical (IHC) staining for CD68; inflammatory macrophage marker and ASMA; fibrosis marker, LC3 and SQSTM1/P62; autophagy markers and western blotting (WB) for caspase-3; and, as an apoptosis marker, LC3II/I and SQSTM1/P62 in addition to staining for H&E, PAS, Sirius red and histopathological scoring. Dasatinib attenuated renal cortical mRNA expression for SREBP1, iNOS, PDGFA and TGFβ and IHC staining for CD68, ASMA and SQSTM1/P62 and WB for caspase-3 and SQSTM1/P62, while elevating LC3 expression. Moreover, Dasatinib ameliorated ORC; glomerulosclerosis, glomerular expansion, tubular dilatation, vacuolation and casts; inflammatory cellular infiltration; and fibrosis. Dasatinib is a promising therapy for ORC by correcting autophagy impairment, attenuating lipogenesis, apoptosis and macrophage infiltration by inducing antifibrotic activity.
... The 55% WHC was considered to be an optimal range for soil microbiota, whereas 100% WHC represented the total saturation of soil by water. Soil WHC was measured by determining the gravimetric water content in a 50 g soil sample that was saturated with deionized water and allowed to drain freely for 24 h in a large filter funnel (Bisen, 2014;Wang et al., 2015). After closing the vials with rubber stoppers and aluminium caps, gas concentrations in the headspace were measured using a gas chromatograph (Shimadzu, Japan) fitted with a flame ionization detector (FID) for analysis of CH 4 and CO 2. In addition an electron capture detector (ECD) was used to determine levels of O 2 . ...
It has been reported that biochar changes the properties of soil and has beneficial environmental and agrotechnical consequences, especially in degraded lands, including those affected by climate change. We added wood biochar (produced from fir sawdust by pyrolysis at 650 °C) to soil collected from a forest and an adjacent long-term cultivated orchard to test the short-term response of soil respiration and methanotrophy under moisture levels of 100% and 55% water holding capacity (WHC).
In the controls of the respiration studies (without biochar), CO2 emission was generally higher under 55% than 100% WHC in both soils. Biochar application to the forest soil resulted in a significant reduction of the CO2 emission rate under both WHC levels. This is in contrast with the orchard soil, where the CO2 emission rate was not significantly changed (55% WHC) or even stimulated (100% WHC). Regardless of the moisture level, the CO2 emission and O2 consumption was higher in the forest soil than in orchard soil. In the controls of the methanotrophic study, only slight CH4 consumption was observed in both the tested water-content conditions. The biochar effect was dependent on the WHC level. Under 100% WHC, CH4 was completely consumed in both soils with different lag durations. However, under 55% WHC, methanotrophy was stimulated by biochar only in the orchard soil. We concluded that the short-term response of soil respiration and methanotrophy to biochar amendment is influenced by land use and strongly depends on soil moisture conditions. We showed the effectiveness of biochar addition as a method to limit CO2 emission in non-saturated forest soil, and to increase CH4 uptake in saturated soils, regardless of land use, which confirms its efficiency in reducing the greenhouse effect.
... Acridine orange used for fluorescence staining to detect keratin, as described by Soliman et al. (2019) Fujii and Maruoka (2007) and Rodrigo et al. (2018). Acridine orange stained the keratin intermediate filaments, which fluoresced green, as described by Bisen (2014). Acridine orange (fluorescent stain) was applied to detect the formation of keratin in pennaceous and plumulaceous feathers. ...
The current study investigated the macroscopic and microscopic differences between pennaceous and plumulaceous feathers. The morphology of the barbules distinguished pennaceous and plumulaceous feathers, particularly the shape of barbules during their development. In pennaceous feathers, the initial barbules were large and elongated or pyriform in shape, while plumulaceous feathers had small, thin, elongated initial barbules. The spinous barbules were characteristic of pennaceous feathers. The histochemical reactivity of both feather types for Mallory trichrome, orange G, and acridine orange, safranin O, PAS, and methylene blue was determined. Keratin was detected by Mallory trichrome, orange G, and acridine orange. In conclusion, the histochemical properties of pennaceous and plumulaceous feathers of quail, particularly the distribution and nature of keratin during development, should be considered in future studies. The unique morphological features of pennaceous and plumulaceous feathers could be used as a guide for phylogenetic identification. Anat Rec, 2019. © 2019 American Association for Anatomy Anat Rec, 303:1865–1883, 2020. © 2019 American Association for Anatomy
... For nondisposable, large-area sensing surfaces fabricated from expensive materials such as gold or platinum, regeneration of the surface requires chemical cleaning and reimmobilization of new biorecognition units. 87 Obviously, such a procedure is not feasible for rapid and continuous detection and defeats the point of having a "reagentless" sensor design. One way to solve this problem is through the creation of single-use active reporter surfaces that could be made disposable and cost-effective. ...
The robust, sensitive, and selective detection of targeted biomolecules in their native environment by prospective nanostructures holds much promise for real-time, accurate, and high throughput biosensing. However, in order to be competitive, current biosensor nanotechnologies need significant improvements, especially in specificity, integration, throughput rate, and long-term stability in complex bioenvironments. Advancing biosensing nanotechnologies in chemically “noisy” bioenvironments require careful engineering of nanoscale components that are highly sensitive, biorecognition ligands that are capable of exquisite selective binding, and seamless integration at a level current devices have yet to achieve. This review summarizes recent advances in the synthesis, assembly, and applications of nanoengineered reporting and transducing components critical for efficient biosensing. First, major classes of nanostructured components, both inorganic reporters and organic transducers, are discussed in the context of the synthetic control of their individual compositions, shapes, and properties. Second, the design of surface functionalities and transducing path, the characterization of interfacial architectures, and the integration of multiple nanoscale components into multifunctional ordered nanostructures are extensively examined. Third, examples of current biosensing structures created from hybrid nanomaterials are reviewed, with a distinct emphasis on the need to tailor nanosensor designs to specific operating environments. Finally, we offer a perspective on the future developments of nanohybrid materials and future nanosensors, outline possible directions to be pursued that may yield breakthrough results, and envision the exciting potential of high-performance nanomaterials that will cause disruptive improvements in the field of biosensing.
... Absorbance was measured at 625 nm and turbidity standards were prepared from barium chloride solution (0.048 molL -1 ) and sulfuric acid (0.18 molL -1 ). Colony-forming units (CFUs) were determined by McFarland scale using bacterial inoculums corresponding to 0.5 CFU/mL [19]. Thus, 10 µL of bacterial dispersion was added to 7 mL of culture medium previously sterilized and contacted with the AgNP samples. ...
Background: Nanostructured hybrid antibiotics (NHAs) are a new class of substances with a high potential in the development of novel alternatives for antimicrobial treatments. This strategy is based on the building of synergy between biologically-active organic and inorganic substances. Objective: The aim of this study was to develop hydrogels based in cassava starch for controlled release systems with antibacterial and antibiofilm properties using nanostructured hybrid systems. Method: For that, hydrogels were synthesized from cassava starch and poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) by esterification reaction. Silver nanoparticles were synthesized by chemical reduction using NaBH4 as reducing agent and citrate as capping agent. Nanostructured hybrid systems were prepared from silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and cysteamine (cysa) by ligand exchange reaction; these systems were characterized (Fourier transform infrared, dynamic light scattering, elemental analysis) and evaluated against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus using Tryptic Soy Broth as liquid phase. Conclusion: Hydrogels can be used as controlled-release systems of substance with antibacterial activity (AgNPs, cysa and AgNPs-cysa). Antibacterial effect against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus was seen to be relatively low at studied concentrations; however, the charge of antimicrobial activity can be controlled as a result of high water absorption capacity. Inhibition percent for hybrid systems (AgNPs-cysa) was seen to be most effective against Escherichia coli and very similar to the observed effect for AgNPs.
... The smear was rinsed immediately with distilled water before flooded with safranin to counter-stain and let for 45 sec. The slide was blot dry and observed under light microscope (Bisen, 2014). ...
Aims: The outbreak of papaya dieback disease in Malaysia has been reported since 2003. Several reports previously confirmed Erwinia papayae and E. mallotivora to be the causal pathogen of the disease. The present study aimed to identify the causal pathogen of papaya dieback disease in Sabah. Methodology and results: Infected tissues of papaya dieback disease were collected from Kota Belud, Sabah and the bacterium responsible for the infection was isolated on Luria Bertani (LB) agar and nutrient agar (NA). Seven isolates with similar characteristics to Erwinia were isolated, subjected to the Koch's Postulates test and then identified using 16S rRNA sequencing technique. The bacterium was identified to be E. psidii, a common pathogen to guava but not to papaya. Conclusion, significance and Impact of study: This report serves as the first confirmation of the E. psidii in causing papaya dieback disease, suggesting the possibility of this bacterium undergoing host shifting to papaya plants and the possibility of becoming another major threat to the papaya industry in the future.
... In order to determine the antibacterial property of material, 5 mm x 5 mm of PVCne was evaluated against E. coli using tubidimetric method [19]. ...
Sugarcane is a commercial and bio-energy crop and being cultivated in more than 120 countries. Indiscriminate application of chemically synthesized fertilizers caused negative and unpredictable effects on soil, environment and human health. The applied fertilizers have poor nutrient use efficiency (30–40%), and almost 60–70% of fertilizers go waste, ultimately causing hazards in the ecosystem. Extensive research is needed to improve fertilizer use efficiency and sustain sugarcane yield at a higher level. Keeping the significant role of PGPRs in sugarcane crops, we isolated P solubilizing bacterial strains and characterized them under in-vitro conditions. Further, we rigorously validated them in field conditions with different P fertilizer levels. The field experiment was conducted during 2018–19 and 2019–2020 at low-level P content in soil (11 kg ha−1) by cultivating high yielding high sugar content variety—Co 0238 of the sub-tropical India. The inoculated P solubilizers improved soil enzyme activities, increased microbial population (2.3 × 107 cfu g−1 of soil), phosphorus (P2O5) availability (50.02 kg ha−1), P uptake (53.80 kg ha−1), increased dry matter accumulation (44.20 tonnes ha−1), and photosynthetic rate (24.69 µmol m−2 s−1) over the recommended P fertilizers application. The inoculated plots with Pseudomonas fluorescens (PSB28) along with 45 kg P2O5 ha−1 (75% of the recommended dose) improved sugarcane yield by 23.20% (98.09 tonnes ha−1) compared to 60 kg P2O5 ha−1 (75.33 tonnes ha−1). The increased number of millable canes (99,930 ha−1) and single cane weight (986.3 g) were also recorded in inoculated plots with the PSB strain. The findings support the use of efficient PGPRs strains in sugarcane crops could result in increased P availability, enhanced crop production with the reduced application of P fertilizer, and improved nutrient use efficiency in sugarcane crop under sub-tropical conditions in India.
Lipase has been used extensively in the industrial sector for edible fats and oils processing. However, its industrial scale application is often hampered by limitations such as low stability and poor reusability. A countermeasure taken is lipase immobilization which is a technique to confine enzyme molecules within a fixed space while maintaining catalytic activity. This usually enhances lipase stability and allows its reusability together with other advantages like simple product separation and better design options for the bioreactor. Meanwhile, lipase immobilization often involves high cost and thus making them less attractive for certain industrial applications (e.g., monoglyceride and diglyceride production, vitamin C esters synthesis) compared to chemical catalysts. Their lower activity compared to free lipase and chemical catalysts is also a challenge that needs to be overcome. Therefore, this paper will discuss the important characteristics of lipase, trending materials and protocols used in lipase immobilization, and current applications of immobilized lipase in edible oil and fat industries. This is to provide a thorough understanding of lipase immobilization technology in edible oil and fat modifications so that the strategy for its application can be more appropriately designed for optimized industrial benefits.
