FIGURE 5 - uploaded by Ruvishika Shehali Jayawardena
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Stephanotheca micromera (holotype). a. Material label. b–c. Appearance of thyriothecia on host. d. Squash mount of thyriothecium. e. Cells of upper wall of thyriothecium. f. Arrangement of asci around ascomata. g–i. Asci. j–k. Immature ascospores. Scale bars: b = 500 µm, c = 200 µm, d = 100 µm, f = 50 µm, e–g = 20 µm, h–k = 10 µm.
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The family Elsinoaceae is a relatively poorly known, but important family within Myriangiales, Dothideomycetes. The genera of this family are mostly plant pathogens and causes disease, such as apple and grape scab. In this paper we revisit the family by examining generic types and analysis of molecular sequence data available in GenBank. Elsinoacea...
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Citations
... The diseased common bean plant tissues were investigated in the laboratory through a cross-section microscopy for identification of the pathogen. Morphological features which are synonymous with Elsinoë of the Elsinoeceae family were observed in form of asci containing ascospore in locules (Jayawardena et al. 2014). These sexual reproductive parts of the fungus were globose and were found localized within the plant cell indicating intercellular existence of the fungus through cellular colonization to obtain food from host cells after causing the cell's death. ...
... These morphologies of the pathogen observed on infected plant tissue were synonymous with the Elsinoë spp. (Fan et al. 2017;Jayawardena et al. 2014). The majority of Elsinoe spp. ...
Introduction
Scab is a fungal disease of common beans caused by the pathogen Elsinoë phaseoli . The disease results in major economic losses on common beans, and there are efforts to develop integrated pest management strategies to control the disease. Modern computational biology and bioinformatics tools were utilized to identify scab disease resistance genes in the common bean by identification of genomic regions and genes associated with resistance to scab disease during natural infection in the field.
Methods
A diverse set of common bean accessions were analyzed for genetic association with scab disease resistance using a Genome-Wide Association Study design of infected plants and non-infected plants (controls). A fixed and random model circulating probability unification model of these two covariates that considers a minor allele frequency threshold value of 0.03 were deployed during the analysis. Annotation of genes proteins with significant association values was conducted using a machine learning algorithm of support vector machine on prPred using python3 on Linux Ubuntu 18.04 computing platform with an accuracy of 0.935.
Results
Common bean accessions tested showed varying phenotypes of susceptibility to scab disease. Out of 179 accessions, 16 and 163 accessions were observed to be resistant and susceptible to scab disease, respectively. Genomic analysis revealed a significant association on chromosome one SNP S1_6571566 where the protein-coding sequence had a resistant possibility of 55% and annotated to the Enhancer of Poly-comb like protein.
Conclusion
The significant differences in the phenotypic variability for scab disease indicate wide genetic variability among the common bean accessions. The resistant gene associated with scab disease was successfully identified by GWAS analysis. The identified common bean accessions resistant to scab disease can be adopted into breeding programs as sources of resistance.
... In the revision of Elsino€ e taxonomy, a total of 79 species were accepted in the genus Elsino€ e including new combinations transferred from the genus Sphaceloma [1,2,14]. In previous phylogenetic studies with multi genetic-loci, Elsino€ e species appear to be host-specific fungus, as 77 out of 81 species are confined to only one host species or genus [2]. ...
Elsinoë are plant pathogenic fungi that cause scabs, spotted anthracnose, and some morphological distortions on various plants, including woody plants, economically important crops, and ornamental plants. Taxonomical reexamination of Elsinoë species in Japan has not yet been conducted based on the modern species criteria. In this study, several Japanese isolates were reexamine based on the morphological and molecular-phylogenetic analysis of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS), large subunit gene (LSU)m and protein-coding gene such as RNA polymerase II subunit (rpb2) and Translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef). Japanese isolates were divided into four clades and three new species, Elsinoë hydrangeae, E. sumire, and E. tanashiensis were proposed. One species, Sphaceloma akebiae, was transferred to the genus Elsinoë.
... Moreover, with the fungal genera of Neocucurbitaria and Elsinoe, Alternaria was found to be the most positively correlated to trees with high abundances of Xylella fastidiosa [32]. However, Neocucurbitaria has never been reported in the literature for an association with plants [58], and Elsinoaceae is known to include plant pathogens, although it is not wellstudied [59]. ...
Olive knot disease (OKD) induced by the bacterium Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. savastanoi seriously affects olive production in the Mediterranean basin. Nowadays, the only strategies to control the disease are pruning and the application of cupric products. An essential strategy to enhance protection is represented by the identification of resistant cultivars, which represents a crucial opportunity for future investments and breeding. We undertook a three-year-long survey at the International Olive Germplasm Collection of “Villa Zagaria” (Sicily, Italy) on thirty-six Sicilian cultivars that were monitored for symptom development. Cultivars with different levels of susceptibility were divided into five clusters. Moreover, in order to investigate possible interactions with endophytic microbial communities, two cultivars with contrasting susceptibilities, Zaituna (highly resistant) and Giarraffa (highly susceptible), were selected for an amplicon-based metagenomic analysis. Distinct endophytic communities colonized the two cultivars, suggesting an interaction between the resident bacterial community and the pathogen. Significantly higher bacterial richness was detected in the shoots of the susceptible cv. Giarraffa, although it had lower diversity. The opposite trend was observed for fungal communities. Among the microbes resulted to be enriched in cv. Giarraffa, it is important to underline the presence of Pseudomonas among the bacterial genera, and Alternaria, Neofusicoccum, Epicoccum, Ascochyta, and Elsinoe among the fungal genera, which include many species often described as plant pathogens and biocontrol agents. Starting from this basic information, new strategies of control, which include breeding for resistance and integrated disease management, can be envisaged.
... Sequences belonging to Dothideomycetes have been previously found from birch leaves using high-throughput sequencing of ITS2 libraries (Nguyen et al., 2017). Many species within the genus Elsinoe are known plant pathogens causing important anthracnose and scab diseases (Jayawardena et al., 2014); however, in the current study isolates in this phytopathogenic genus were only found on healthy birch samples, similar to the Microstroma isolates mentioned above. Filobasidium wieringae and Vishniacozyma tephrensis were found in sample types I and III. ...
The phyllosphere is an important microbial habitat and reservoir of organisms that modify plant health. Taphrina betulina is the causal agent of birch witches’ broom disease. Taphrina species are dimorphic, infecting hosts in the filamentous form and residing in the host phyllosphere as non-infectious yeast. As such, they are expected to be found as resident yeasts on their hosts, even on healthy tissues; however, there is little experimental data supporting this supposition. With the aim of exploring the local infection ecology of T. betulina, we isolated yeasts from the phyllosphere of birch leaves, using three sample classes; infected leaves inside symptom-bearing branches, healthy leaves from symptom-free branches on symptom-bearing trees, and leaves from symptom-free branches on symptom-free trees. Isolations yielded 224 yeast strains, representing 11 taxa, including T. betulina, which was the most common isolate and was found in all sample classes, including symptom-free samples. Genotyping revealed genetic diversity among these T. betulina isolates, with seven distinct genotypes differentiated by the markers used. Twenty-two representative T. betulina strains were selected for further study, revealing further phenotypic differences. These findings support that T. betulina is ubiquitous on birch and that individual trees host a diversity of T. betulina strains.
... The family Peniophoraceae comprises saprophytic Fungi, whose role in plants is still not known [74]. The Elsinoaceae family is not well-studied but it is known to include plant pathogens [75]. This lack of consistency in cultivaror resistance-associated Bacteria was also revealed in a companion paper [76] where endophytes, and among the others, members of the Methylobacterium and Curtobacterium genera previously indicated as potential biocontrol endophytes [31,32], were isolated from the same FS17 and Kalamata olives. ...
The dynamics of Xylella fastidiosa infections in the context of the endophytic microbiome was studied in field-grown plants of the susceptible and resistant olive cultivars Kalamata and FS17. Whole metagenome shotgun sequencing (WMSS) coupled with 16S/ITS rRNA gene sequencing was carried out on the same trees at two different stages of the infections: In Spring 2017 when plants were almost symptomless and in Autumn 2018 when the trees of the susceptible cultivar clearly showed desiccations. The progression of the infections detected in both cultivars clearly unraveled that Xylella tends to occupy the whole ecological niche and suppresses the diversity of the endophytic microbiome. However, this trend was mitigated in the resistant cultivar FS17, harboring lower population sizes and therefore lower Xylella average abundance ratio over total bacteria, and a higher -diversity. Host cultivar had a negligible effect on the community composition and no clear associations of a single taxon or microbial consortia with the resistance cultivar were found with both sequencing approaches, suggesting that the mechanisms of resistance likely reside on factors that are independent of the microbiome structure. Overall, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteriodetes dominated the bacterial microbiome while Ascomycota and Basidiomycota those of Fungi.
... Asexual morphs of species in this family have never been found until now (Hyde et al. 2013;Dissanayake et al. 2014). Species are generally saprobic on dead leaves, stems, or bark of numerous plants (Gäumann and Dodge 1928;Hyde et al. 2013;Dissanayake et al. 2014;Jayawardena et al. 2014), with some genera being parasitic and epiphytic on the surface of living plants Jayawardena et al. 2014;Dai et al. 2017). The family is characterized by a single ascus in each locule of superficial, erumpent, dark ascostromata, subglobose to cylindric-clavate asci and smooth to verruculose, muriform ascospores (Hyde et al. 2013;Dissanayake et al. 2014). ...
... Asexual morphs of species in this family have never been found until now (Hyde et al. 2013;Dissanayake et al. 2014). Species are generally saprobic on dead leaves, stems, or bark of numerous plants (Gäumann and Dodge 1928;Hyde et al. 2013;Dissanayake et al. 2014;Jayawardena et al. 2014), with some genera being parasitic and epiphytic on the surface of living plants Jayawardena et al. 2014;Dai et al. 2017). The family is characterized by a single ascus in each locule of superficial, erumpent, dark ascostromata, subglobose to cylindric-clavate asci and smooth to verruculose, muriform ascospores (Hyde et al. 2013;Dissanayake et al. 2014). ...
Three new Mendogia species are introduced, two from bamboo and one from a palm, with descriptions and illustrations. These three new taxa were placed in the genus Mendogia based on superficial, flattened, centrally raised, multi-loculate, round to elliptical, black ascostromata, (6–)8(–10)-spored, subglobose to cylindric-clavate asci and muriform ascospores. The three Mendogia species are similar in morphology, but can be distinguished by the size and number of septa of their ascospores and presence or lack of mucilaginous sheath. The new species, Mendogia calami, is introduced as it differs in having ellipsoidal to obovoid or clavate ascospores with 7 transverse septa and 1 longitudinal septum. Morphological comparisons, maximum-likelihood, and Bayesian inference analyses of ITS, LSU, SSU, TEF1-α sequence data support M. chiangraiensis and M. yunnanensis as distinct new species.
... It is likely that Phyllosticta sp. was isolated from a large proportion of the diseased samples because it grows faster and forms larger colonies on artificial culture medium than E. leucospila. These growth characteristics also made it a little difficult to isolate and identify E. leucospila as the pathogen causing tea white scab disease, which may explain why some researchers who did not conduct pathogenicity tests incorrectly identified P. theaefolia as the fungus responsible for the disease (Chen & Chen, 1990;Xu, 1980 The genera of this family are mostly plant pathogens and causes disease (Jayawardena et al., 2014), such as grape, lime and sweet orange scab infected by Elsinoe ampelina (Yun, Louime, & Lu, 2007), ...
... Elsinoe fawcettii (Hyun et al., 2001) and Elsinoe australis (Chung, 2011 (Bitancourt & Jenkins, 1941), Mimosae diplotricha (Jayawardena et al., 2014) and hedera (Vu et al., 2019). Fan et al. (2017) (Zong, Qiao, & He, 2002). ...
Tea white scab disease commonly occurs in high‐altitude tea‐growing areas worldwide. Both Elsinoe leucospila and Phyllosticta theaefolia have been reported as the pathogen responsible for this disease. To conclusively identify the causative agent, samples were collected from plants infected with tea white scab disease in high‐altitude tea gardens in southern China. Fungal isolates obtained from the infected material were identified based on morphological characteristics, comparisons of ITS, 18S rDNA, RPB2 and LSU sequences, and pathogenicity tests. Both Elsinoe sp. and Phyllosticta sp. were isolated from the collected samples with rates of 6% and 35%, respectively. On potato dextrose agar medium, Phyllosticta sp. grew faster and sporulated more than E. leucospila. However, only E. leucospila caused symptoms similar to those of tea white scab disease. In contrast, Phyllosticta sp. infections resulted in large necrotic spots. Therefore, E. leucospila appears to be the pathogen responsible for tea white scab disease, whereas Phyllosticta sp. is a hyperparasitic fungus that infects the diseased plant tissue. The high isolation rate of Phyllosticta sp. due to its rapid growth and considerable sporulation may have led to the erroneous identification of this fungus as the cause of tea white scab disease. Our findings may be useful for future investigations of this disease, particularly regarding the development of improved prevention and/or control measures.
... Elsinoe was introduced by Raciborski (1900) based on E. canavaliae Jayawardena et al. 2014). von Arx & Müller (1975) placed this genus in Myriangiaceae based on the nature of its pseudoascostromata and parasitic nature. ...
... von Arx & Müller (1975) placed this genus in Myriangiaceae based on the nature of its pseudoascostromata and parasitic nature. Later, the genus was placed in family Elsinoaceae (Barr 1979;Kirk et al. 2001;Huhndorf 2007, 2010;Hyde et al. 2013;Jayawardena et al. 2014;Wijayawardene et al. 2017b). Elsinoe is characterized by forming scab-like lesions with pseudoascostromata containing three to eight bitunicate asci in each locule .The asexual morph is the acervular coelomycetous Sphaceloma de Bary (2017a). ...
... Hosts-All members of this genus are specialized plant pathogens causing diseases on many economically important crops such as Citrus, Malus, Rubus and Vitis Jayawardena et al. 2014;Fan et al. 2017). The species appear to have a narrow host range, usually limited to a single host (Fan et al. 2017). ...
This paper is the second in a series focused on providing a stable platform for the taxonomy of phytopathogenic fungi. It focuses on 25 phytopathogenic genera: Alternaria, Bipolaris, Boeremia, Botryosphaeria, Calonectria, Coniella, Corticiaceae, Curvularia, Elsinoe, Entyloma, Erythricium, Fomitiporia, Fulviformes, Laetisaria, Limonomyces, Neofabraea, Neofusicoccum, Phaeoacremonium, Phellinotus, Phyllosticta, Plenodomus, Pseudopyricularia, Tilletia, Venturia and Waitea, using recent molecular data, up to date names and the latest taxonomic insights. For each genus a taxonomic background, diversity aspects, species identification and classification based on molecular phylogeny and recommended genetic markers are provided. In this study, varieties of the genus Boeremia have been elevated to species level. Botryosphaeria, Bipolaris, Curvularia, Neofusicoccum and Phyllosticta that were included in the One Stop Shop 1 paper are provided with updated entries, as many new species have been introduced to these genera.
... In 2013, similar symptoms were observed in orchards in Swellendam in the Western Cape province of South Africa. The scab-like symptoms resembled those caused by Elsinoë spp. on other crops (Jayawardena et al. 2014). ...
... Although Saccardo and Trotter introduced the Elsinoaceae family in 1913 (Saccardo and Trotter 1913) and Raciborski the genus Elsinoë in 1900 (Raciborski 1900), many characteristics and host interactions of this family were still unknown (Jayawardena et al. 2014). In early 2017, Fan et al. (2017 published a paper with one of their objectives to clarify the relationship between old and newly discovered Elsinoë species and their host plants. ...
Elsinoë punicae was shown to be responsible for a new disease on pomegranates in South Africa. This disease has been found in three of the pomegranate production areas in the Cape provinces, and is characterised by scab-like symptoms on the fruit and brown spots on the leaves. Representative isolates were characterised by morphology, cultural growth and sequencing of the ITS. Additionally, the LSU, rpb2 and TEF1-α gene regions were also sequenced for one representative isolate from pomegranate. Phylogenetic analyses of the four loci confirmed the isolates as E. punicae. RAPD analyses were also performed with three primers on 19 isolates of E. punicae. The analyses showed that E. punicae isolates clustered together with high support apart from the reference isolates of E. australis, E. fawcetti and E. australis pathotype jojoba. Pathogenicity tests were conducted with E. punicae and two reference isolates (E. australis, E. fawcetti - Citrus pathogens) on whole plant leaves and detached leaves of pomegranate and different citrus types [grapefruit, rough lemon, navels, Valencias and mandarins] in official quarantine facilities. The results confirmed E. punicae as a pathogen of pomegranate and not citrus.
... Similar studies were conducted to describe Elsinoë species associated with other plants hosts (Summerell et al. 2006, Kerry et al. 2011, Crous et al. 2015b. In their phylogeny of the genus, Jayawardena et al. (2014) included 12 Elsinoë species based on multi-gene data available in GenBank at the time. Ex-type sequence data is, however, available for only a few species. ...
... Molecular data from genera in Myriangiaceae are still incipient, and only two Myriangium species, M. duriaei (CBS 260.36) and M. hispanicum (CBS 247.33), presently have SSU, LSU, rpb2, and TEF1-α sequences available . The same situation appeared to be the case in the Elsinoaceae, which was reassessed by Jayawardena et al. (2014) who excluded eight genera (Beelia, Butleria, Hemimyriangium, Hyalotheles, Micularia, Saccardinula, Stephanotheca and Xenodium) and included only Elsinoë and Molleriella in this family. Prior to the present study, the available molecular dataset for Elsinoë (asexual morph Sphaceloma) proved to be rather sparse (Swart et al. 2001, Summerell et al. 2006, Crous et al. 2015b. ...
Species of Elsinoë are phytopathogens causing scab and spot anthracnose on many plants, including some economically important crops such as avocado, citrus, grapevines, and ornamentals such as poinsettias, field crops and woody hosts. Disease symptoms are often easily recognisable, and referred to as signature-bearing diseases, for the cork-like appearance of older infected tissues with scab-like appearance. In some Elsinoë-host associations the resulting symptoms are better described as spot anthracnose. Additionally the infected plants may also show mild to severe distortions of infected organs. Isolation of Elsinoë in pure culture can be very challenging and examination of specimens collected in the field is often frustrating because of the lack of fertile structures. Current criteria for species recognition and host specificity in Elsinoë are unclear due to overlapping morphological characteristics, and the lack of molecular and pathogenicity data. In the present study we revised the taxonomy of Elsinoë based on DNA sequence and morphological data derived from 119 isolates, representing 67 host genera from 17 countries, including 64 ex-type cultures. Combined analyses of ITS, LSU, rpb2 and TEF1-α DNA sequence data were used to reconstruct the backbone phylogeny of the genus Elsinoë. Based on the single nomenclature for fungi, 26 new combinations are proposed in Elsinoë for species that were originally described in Sphaceloma. A total of 13 species are epitypified with notes on their taxonomy and phylogeny. A further eight new species are introduced, leading to a total of 75 Elsinoë species supported by molecular data in the present study. For the most part species of Elsinoë appear to be host specific, although the majority of the species treated are known only from a few isolates, and further collections and pathogenicity studies will be required to reconfirm this conclusion.
