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Stemphylium lycii (IRAN 2602C). a. Colony on PCA; b–c. Conidiophores and conidia; d–f. Asci and ascospores.
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Stemphylium as a monophyletic genus of filamentous ascomycetes, comprises both of saprophytic and plant pathogenic species with worldwide distribution. In an investigation of fungi associated with the black (sooty) head mold of wheat and barley in different regions of Golestan, Alborz and Qazvin provinces, thirty–two isolates with typical character...
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Context 1
... lycii Y.F. Pei & X.G. Zhang, Mycological Progress 10 (2): 163-73 ( Fig. 4a-f) Colonies on PCA after seven days reached to 40 mm diam. They appeared olive to olivaceous brown with distinct concentric zones of growth and sporulation. Sporulation was abundant mostly from superficial hyphae. Hyphae were superficial or submerged, pale brown with smooth wall, septate, branched and 3-4 μm in wide. Conidiophores were ...
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... at the tip of conidiogenous cell and were pale to dark brown with the densely pustular wall, mostly spherical, ovoid to oblong, rounded at the base and round to conical at the apex, mostly with 1-3(4) transverse septa, 0-3 longitudinal septa and 0-3 oblique septa, distinct constriction at the median septum, L/W= 1. 21-2.15 and 19-30 × 11-18 μm (Fig. ...
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... μm. Ascospores were pale brown with darkened septa, spherical, fusiform or oblong, rounded at the base and conical at the apex, with 8-9 transverse septa, 8-9 longitudinal septa and 1-2 oblique septa, distinct constriction at the median transverse septum and extended at the top one-third of the ascospores and (31-)35-38(-45) × (12-)13-15(- 16) μm (Fig. ...
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Citations
... Most of seed-borne fungi are be able to synthesize secondary metabolites known mycotoxins that have been the most serious toxins not only on the wheat production quality but also on the healthy system of consumers in the world [8,9]. With respect to Stemphylium vesicarium and Ulocladium alternariae, they are considered the important fungi causing damages in the yield of agricultural crops including wheat [10,11]. Both fungi belong to Phyllum: Ascomycota, Class: Dothideomycetes; Order: Pleosporales; Family: Pleosporaceae. ...
... Teleomorph of S. vesicarium is Pleospora allii, while U. alternariae is a synonym of Alternaria alternariae [12]. In their paper, Poursafar et al. [10] stated that several species of the genus Stemphylium are the main fungal phytopathogens causing diseases on varied crops. Other species of this genus also have the ability to produce secondary metabolites, including glucosides, ferric chelates, aromatic polyketides, which function as toxins causing damages in crops. ...
... The most harmful types of those toxins are Stemphol, Stemphyperylenol, Stemphyloxin (I, II), Stemphyltoxins (I-IV) toxins and Stemphylin [13]. Moreover, S. vesicarium could infect commercial crop, including wheat, resulting in yield losses [10]. Furthermore, Mohamed [14] confirmed that the fungus was isolated from infected spikes of wheat and identified morphologically and molecularly. ...
The objective of the present study is to determine fungal species Stemphylium vesicarium and Ulocladium alternariae associated with seeds of five wheat cultivars called Wefia (WAF), Eba 99 (EBA), Adena (ADN), Bohooth (BTH) and Mahmoudia (MHD). Those fungi were identified by using morphological and microscopic features as well as molecular sequencing. Molecular identification was carried out relying on internal transcribed spacer primers (ITS1 and ITS4). This is a new report recording S. vesicarium and U. alternariae as seed-borne fungi of wheat seeds in Iraq.
... has relied mainly on morphological characteristics including conidium shape, size, septation, length/width ratio and ornamentation (Simmons, 1969). However, high variability of species in culture and plasticity in host preference for these fungi have made it difficult to identify isolates to species (Chowdhury et al., 2015;Poursafar et al., 2016;Subash and Saraswati, 2016). Molecular tools have been widely implemented for accurate differentiation between Stemphylium spp., with species identification relying on sequence analyses of various DNA regions (Câmara et al., 2002;Inderbitzin et al., 2009;Woudenberg et al., 2017) and metabolite profiling (Andersen et al., 1995;Olsen et al., 2018). ...
... Several molecular-based studies have confirmed that combining the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gpd) regions could help resolve Stemphylium to species level (Câmara et al., 2002;Wang et al., 2010). More than 90 Stemphylium species have been isolated from different host plants (Poursafar et al. 2016). However, understanding of phylogenetic relationships within the genus has evolved. ...
... Isolate NB683 from the present collection was identified as S. lycii and was found to be pathogenic on tomato. This species was described for the first time on leaves of Lycinum chinense leaves (Pei et al., 2011), and then identified on Cucurbita moschata, Apium graveolens, Pistacia vera, Protea cynaroides, Triticum sp. and Hordeum vulgare (Poursafar et al., 2016;Woudenberg et al., 2017), but not previously on tomato. The present report is therefore the first for S. lycii infecting tomato. ...
... has relied mainly on morphological characteristics including conidium shape, size, septation, length/width ratio and ornamentation (Simmons, 1969). However, high variability of species in culture and plasticity in host preference for these fungi have made it difficult to identify isolates to species (Chowdhury et al., 2015;Poursafar et al., 2016;Subash and Saraswati, 2016). Molecular tools have been widely implemented for accurate differentiation between Stemphylium spp., with species identification relying on sequence analyses of various DNA regions (Câmara et al., 2002;Inderbitzin et al., 2009;Woudenberg et al., 2017) and metabolite profiling (Andersen et al., 1995;Olsen et al., 2018). ...
... Several molecular-based studies have confirmed that combining the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gpd) regions could help resolve Stemphylium to species level (Câmara et al., 2002;Wang et al., 2010). More than 90 Stemphylium species have been isolated from different host plants (Poursafar et al. 2016). However, understanding of phylogenetic relationships within the genus has evolved. ...
... Isolate NB683 from the present collection was identified as S. lycii and was found to be pathogenic on tomato. This species was described for the first time on leaves of Lycinum chinense leaves (Pei et al., 2011), and then identified on Cucurbita moschata, Apium graveolens, Pistacia vera, Protea cynaroides, Triticum sp. and Hordeum vulgare (Poursafar et al., 2016;Woudenberg et al., 2017), but not previously on tomato. The present report is therefore the first for S. lycii infecting tomato. ...
Leaf blight and spot caused by Stemphylium spp. and Alternaria spp. are the most common destructive tomato diseases in north-western Algeria. During 2018
growing seasons, more than 30% of samples collected from plants grown in greenhouses
or open fields were infected with Stemphylium. Initial symptoms were small, multiple, irregular to oval, yellow leaf spots, which enlarged to brown lesions later. In these lesions, Stemphylium mostly co-occurred with Alternaria spp. Twenty nine Stemphylium isolates were characterized based on morphological features, and multi-locus phylogenies using ITS, gpd, and cmdA genomic loci. Five Stemphylium species (S. lycopersici, S. gracilariae, S. eturmiunum, S. vesicarium, S. lycii) were associated with tomato leaf spot, of which S. lycii is a new report for tomato. Pathogenicity tests on healthy 2-months-old tomato seedlings reproduced symptoms similar to those observed in tomato rops. The tested fungus isolates differed in pathogenicity. Two isolates of S. lycopersici were more aggressive than those of the other species, causing major lesions on tomato plants. The five identified Stemphylium species are reported for the first time as new pathogens for tomato in Algeria, and S. lycopersici, S. gracilariae, S. eturmiunum, and S. lycii as new species of Algerian mycoflora.
... Stemphylium vesicarium is also a widespread pathogen, causing leaf spot on alfalfa in Peru (Diaz-Valderrama et al. 2020), blight of onion in Ethiopia (Gedefaw et al. 2019), head mould of wheat in Iran (Poursafar et al. 2016), and brown spot of pear in Europe (Llorente and Montesinos 2006;Kohl et al. 2009) and North America (Foster et al. 2019). In Canada, it has been recovered from onion, asparagus and pear, and there is evidence that rye can serve as a reservoir for overwintering perithecia (Foster et al. 2019). ...
Cannabis (Cannabis sativa L., marijuana) plants grown at indoor and outdoor production sites in British Columbia (BC) and Ontario with stem canker symptoms were sampled and affected tissues were surface-sterilized and plated onto potato dextrose agar. Isolates were identified by colony and spore morphology as well as PCR amplification and sequencing of the ITS1-ITS2 rDNA, beta-tubulin, and actin gene regions. The most frequently isolated fungi were Alternaria alternata, Neofusicoccum parvum, and Lasiodiplodia theobromae. In addition, A. alternata was recovered from cannabis inflorescences in BC as well as surface-sterilized hemp seed. Stemphylium vesicarium was isolated from hemp seeds for the first time. The pathogenicity of all these fungi to cannabis plants was confirmed by inoculation of leaves, stems, buds, rooted cuttings and mature plants. Disease ratings varied depending on both tissue type and pathogen. Both L. theobromae and N. parvum produced extensive stem cankers on mature cannabis plants as well as extensive lesions on leaves. All pathogens showed optimal colony growth in culture at 25-30ºC. A comparison of the susceptibility of five cannabis genotypes to foliar infection by N. parvum indicated there were significant differences (p < 0.05) in lesion size, with some genotypes showing high susceptibility and others showing resistance. This is the first report of L. theobromae, N. parvum, A. alternata, and S. vesicarium causing stem canker and leaf spot symptoms on cannabis in Canada. The recovery of these fungi adds to the growing list of pathogens that cause infection and loss of quality in cannabis production.
... Before the progress of the molecular methods in fungal taxonomy, species were identified mainly upon morphological characterization including colony growth characters; shape, size and color of conidia and conidiophore; number, arrangement, and constriction of conidial septa; length-width ratio; surface ornamentation, etc. (Poursafar et al., 2016;Pryor and Gilbertson, 2000). Stemphylium and its related genera Alternaria, Ulocladium, Macrosporium produces phaeodictyosporic conidia (Camara et al., 2002). ...
... There are more than 200 species of Stemphylium identified that causes different disease in more than 43 genera (Brahamanage et al., 2018). Chiefly, the species are saprophytic, endophytic, or epiphytic in nature (Poursafar et al., 2016). Some species such as S. botryosum and S. globuliferum or S. eturmiunum and S. vesicarium seem morphologically similar and misidentified using morphology alone (Olsen et al., 2018). ...
... However, the overlapping of morphological traits between the species and their dependence on environmental factors such as temperature and substratum type has created complication in taxonomic study. That is why, the molecular methods are embraced in fungal taxonomy (Poursafar et al., 2016). Very limited studies have been done on Stemphylium at the molecular level. ...
... Additionally, Stemphylium eturmiunum belongs to dematiaceous hyphomycetes (Das et al. 2019), which are morphologically identical to the morphotype isolates from tomato fruits in New Zealand (Simmons 2001). Owing to saprophytic nutrition, Stemphylium eturmiunum can infect vegetables, fruits, and cereals, including onion, pepper, tomato, cherry, wheat, and barley (Andersen and Frisvad 2004;Fernandez and Riveravargas 2008;Poursafar et al. 2016;Spadoni et al. 2020;Woudenberg et al. 2017;Zhao et al. 2019). ...
Garlic leaf blight (GLB) caused by Stemphylium eturmiunum is first reported in Jiangsu Province of China. The dicarboximide fungicide (DCF) procymidone is reported to possess broad-spectrum action in inhibiting filamentous fungi and widely used to control leaf disease of various plants. In current study, of 41 S. eturmiunum isolates collected from commercial garlic farms in Pizhou and Dafeng Counties of Jiangsu Province, eight isolates were resistant to procymidone. Three phenotypes were categorized according to the in vitro responses to dicarboximide fungicides: S (sensitive), S+ (LR to iprodione and procymidone), and R2 (HR to all iprodione and procymidone). The fitness of all the resistant isolates was decreased in accordance with the data of mycelial growth, conidiation and virulence. After treated with 10µg/ml procymidone for 4 h, mycelial intracellular glycerol concentrations of resistant isolates were significantly lower than those of sensitive isolates. Positive cross-resistance was observed between dicarboximides and phenylpyrroles, but no cross-resistance between dicarboximides and fluazinam or difenoconazole in the two resistant phenotypes. Nucleotide sequence alignment results of the two-component histidine kinase genes from the sensitive and resistant isolates indicated that amino acid mutations were located at the histidine kinase, adenylyl cyclase, methyl-accepting chemotaxis protein, and phosphatase (HAMP) domain of N-terminal region, and response regulator domain (Rec) of C-terminal region. To our knowledge, the DCF-resistance in S. eturmiunum is first reported, and the findings are helpful to establish the rational strategy to manage the DCF-resistant populations of S. eturmiunum in field.
... Host range and geographical distribution: Stemphylium eturmiunum was originally described by Simmons (2001) on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) in New Zealand, with Pleospora eturmiuna designated as its sexual morph. It has thus far been reported to be associated with postharvest rot on tomato (Andersen and Frisvad 2004), leaf blight on onion (Fernandez and Rivera-Vargas 2008), and black head mould symptoms on wheat (Poursafar et al. 2016 Notes: All three isolates isolated from Trifolium subterraneum grouped within the S. simmonsii clade. The ITS sequences of all these isolates were identical to the exholotype isolate of S. simmonsii (CBS 133518), while there was one and four nucleotide variability at the GAPDH and CMD loci, respectively. ...
This study was initiated to elucidate the taxonomy and host range of Stemphylium species associated with leaf spot of faba bean in Australia. A three-locus phylogenetic analysis of 41 isolates collected from faba bean and other Fabaceae and Brassicaceae crops was constructed employing the internal transcribed spacers and the intervening 5.8S region of the nuclear ribosomal DNA, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and calmodulin sequences. The results indicated that more than one Stemphylium species occurs on faba bean (Vicia faba), chickpea (Cicer arientinum), lentil (Lens culinaris), and narrow-leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius) in Australia. Five Stemphylium species (S. astragali, S. beticola, S. eturmiunum, S. simmonsii, and S. vesicarium) were found associated with legume crops, of which S. astragali is a new report for Australia. Although isolates obtained from faba bean were retrieved within S. eturmiunum and S. vesicarium clades, those pathogenic to faba bean belonged to S. eturmiunum, a species not previously reported on faba bean. Interestingly, some S. eturmiunum isolates obtained from faba bean and other legumes were unable to infect faba bean, which indicated the potential presence of formae speciales within this species. The ability of S. eturmiunum isolates to cause plant death in susceptible faba bean varieties within only a few days emphasises the need for incorporation of Stemphylium blight resistance into faba bean breeding programs. Also, further research into the biology and epidemiology of the disease is warranted.
... Although the genus Stemphylium is described as pathogenic mainly to legumes (Bradley et al., 2003), some of its species, including S. eturmiunum, have been reported on several food products (Olsen et al., 2018). For example, this fungus has been reported as a causal agent of postharvest rot of tomato (Andersen and Frisvad, 2004), garlic sprout , blight and leaf spot of onion (Fernandez and Rivera-Vargas, 2008), and sooty black head of wheat and barley (Poursafar et al., 2016). However, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of S. eturmiunum causing postharvest rot on sweet cherries in Italy. ...
Italy is the first producing country of sweet cherries in Europe. In June 2019, sweet cherry fruit showing rot symptoms were collected from retailers located in Apulia (Southern Italy). Marginal pieces of rotted tissue of surface-sterilized fruit were plated onto semi-selective PDA medium. Colonies were further purified and grown on Potato Carrot Agar (PCA), looking initially whitish and then turning pale olive green to light brown. Conidia were septate and broadly ovoid or ellipsoid. Based on its micro- and macro-morphological features, the pathogen was identified as Stemphylium eturmiunum E.G. Simmons. A multi-locus approach was applied to confirm the identification. ITS-rDNA region and portion of genes coding for the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and the calmodulin were sequenced. Both nBLAST homology and phylogenetic analysis confirmed the pathogen as S. eturmiunum. To fulfil Koch's postulates, surface-sterilized sweet cherry fruit, cv. Ferrovia, were inoculated with the strain. Typical disease symptoms were recorded after 7 days and the pathogen's identity was confirmed by re-isolation and characterization. Because of the resemblance with the symptoms caused by Alternaria spp., reasonably the incidence of S. eturmiunum infections might have been underestimated. This is the first report of S. eturmiunum as causal agent of postharvest rot of sweet cherries in Italy.
... In the continuation of studies on fungi associated with black (sooty) head mould symptoms of wheat and barley in Iran (Poursafar et al. 2016(Poursafar et al. , 2018, several Stemphylium isolates were obtained. Based on morphological and molecular characteristics, these isolates were identified as S. amaranthi. ...
... Total genomic DNA was extracted from purified cultures according to Zhong & Steffenson (2001). ITS-rDNA region and a part of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) gene were amplified and sequenced according to Poursafar et al. (2016). The newly generated sequences were edited in BioEdit v. 7.2.5 (Hall 1999) and supplemented with the sequences listed in Woudenberg et al. (2017) (Table 1). ...
Stemphylium amaranthi was originally described from the leaves of Amaranthus retroflexous in China based only on asexual morphological characteristics. New collections of S. amaranthi from wheat and barley plants with symptoms of black (sooty) head mould in Golestan and Qazvin Provinces, Iran, revealed abundant formation of a sexual morph. The morphological identification was confirmed by sequences obtained from ITS-rDNA and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) genomic loci. New information on the sexual morph of S. amaranthi is provided and the species circumscription is emended. Wheat and barley are reported as new substrates for S. amaranthi, and this species is recorded for the first time in Iran.
... The fungus causes brown spot disease on leaves and fruits of pear (Köhl et al. 2009), leaf blight on onion or garlic (Simmons 1969) and leaf/purple spot on asparagus (Graf et al. 2016). Stemphylium vesicarium has previously been reported as leaf blight on broad bean (Sheikh et al. 2015), onion (Ershad 2009), Helianthus annuus (Arzanlou et al. 2012), and black (sooty) head mold of wheat and barley (Poursafar et al. 2016) in Iran. Recently, Kee et al. (2018) reported S. lycopersici as the cause of leaf spot on S. trifasciata in Malaysia and estimated disease severity and incidence at 25 and 30% (total of 30 plants), respectively. ...
Leaves of Sansevieria trifasciata with leaf blight symptoms were collected from greenhouses of Miyandoab, West Azerbaijan province, Iran, during the summer of 2016. Leaf blight symptoms were large, elongated and gray to pale brown with brown margins. Three single spore isolates were obtained from diseased leaves and the pathogenicity of each isolate to plants was confirmed by inoculation tests based on Koch’s postulates. The pathogen was identified as Stemphylium vesicarium, based on both morphological characteristics and sequencing of the Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) gene. This is the first report of Stemphylium vesicarium causing leaf blight on Sansevieria trifasciata in Iran and the world.
