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Stem rot symptoms caused by Fusarium proliferatum observed in the fields. (A) Circular symptom, (B) brown lesion symptom, (C) lesion became darker with age and (D) infected stems became rotted.
Source publication
During a series of sampling in 2008 and 2009, stem rot disease was detected in Hylocereus polyrhizus plantations in Malaysia, with symptom appeared as circular, brown sunken lesion with orange sporodochia and white mycelium formation on the lesion surface. Eighty-three isolates of Fusarium were isolated from 20 plantations and were morphologically...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... The sam- pling locations were selected based on the accessibility to the plantations for observation and collection of samples. During the observation in each dragon fruit plantations, most of H. polyrhizus plants showed typical stem rot symptoms consisting of circular, brown sunken lesion covered with orange sporodochia and white mycelium (Fig. 1). Symptomatic stems of H. polyrhizus were ran- domly sampled from each plantation for further ...
Citations
... mays), rice (Oryza sativa L.), and sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) [12]. Fusarium proliferatum is also regarded as an important pathogen in the fruit industry, causing significant economic losses in bananas [13] and red-fleshed dragon fruit [14]. In Canada, F. proliferatum has been reported to cause crown and stem rot and pith necrosis in greenhouse-grown cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.) [15], as well as the root rot of soybeans (Glycine max L.) [16], with similar reports from the United States [17]. ...
Fusarium proliferatum is associated with the root rot of many plant species, but knowledge of its impact on western Canadian field crops is limited. This study assessed the host range of this fungus and its effect on plant emergence, plant height, and shoot and root dry weights in repeated greenhouse experiments with wheat, barley, faba beans, peas, lentils, canola, lupine, and soybeans. Infection was confirmed via PCR, and principal component analysis determined the utility of different parameters in assessing host responses. All crops were at least partly susceptible, developing mild to severe disease at the seedling and adult stages, and showing significant reductions in growth. In general, the barley and wheat demonstrated higher tolerances to infection, followed by the faba bean and the pea. The soybean, canola, lupine, and lentil were most susceptible. The canola and the soybean were particularly vulnerable to F. proliferatum at the pre-emergence stage, while infection greatly reduced the lentil’s biomass. Reductions in the barley’s emergence and other growth parameters, however, occurred only under a high inoculum concentration. Variability in root rot severity among cultivars of the same crop indicated some diversity in host reactions within species. Nonetheless, the absence of fully-resistant crops may pose challenges in managing F. proliferatum in western Canadian cropping systems.
... Information on the sampling and isolation of the fungal isolates, as well as the morphological and molecular characteristics used for identification, have been described in detail by Masratul Hawa et al. (2013Hawa et al. ( , 2017. For mycotoxin analysis, 44 F. proliferatum and F. fujikuroi isolates were selected based on sampling locations from 10 states in Malaysia (Table 1). ...
Fusarium proliferatum and Fusarium fujikuroi are the causative pathogens of stem rot in red-fleshed dragon fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus). Both species are toxigenic fungi that produce several mycotoxins, including fumonisin B1 (FB1), moniliformin (MON), and beauvericin (BEA). These mycotoxins exert phytotoxic effects and are involved in pathogenesis in the host plants. In this study, we investigated the ability of F. proliferatum and F. fujikuroi to produce FB1, MON, and BEA. Polymerase chain reaction amplification using FUM1-specific primers detected the gene in all 44 isolates tested, indicating that all isolates produced FB1. Isolates of F. proliferatum and F. fujikuroi produced variable concentrations of FB1, ranging from 11.97–236.80 μg/g. MON and BEA were also produced at 0.48–174.84 μg/g and 0.28–70.02 μg/g, respectively by isolates of F. proliferatum and F. fujikuroi. These results suggest that the three mycotoxins play roles in stem rot disease development and symptom manifestation, as all isolates tested were pathogenic and led to stem rot in H. polyrhizus.
... Pitaya stems are succulent and susceptible to various fungi such as Alternaria alternata [144], Aureobasidium pullulans [145], Neoscytalidium dimidiatum [146,147], Colletotrichum gloeosporioides [148][149][150], Bipolaris cactivora [151][152][153], Nigrospora sphaerica [154], Gilbertella persicaria [155,156], Botryosphaeria dothidea [157,158], Curvularia lunata [159], Fusarium solani [160], Fusarium proliferatum [161], Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium lateritium, and Aspergillus niger [32,162]. ...
Pitaya (Hylocereus spp.) is a member of the cactus family that is native to Central and South America but is now cultivated throughout the sub-tropical and tropical regions of the world. It is of great importance due to its nutritional, ornamental, coloring, medicinal, industrial, and high consumption values. In order to effectively utilize and develop the available genetic resources, it is necessary to appreciate and understand studies pertaining to the usage, origin, nutrition, diversity, evaluation, characterization, conservation, taxonomy, and systematics of the genus Hylocereus. Additionally, to gain a basic understanding of the biology of the plant, this review has also discussed how biotechnological tools, such as cell and tissue culture, micropropagation (i.e., somatic embryogenesis, organogenesis, somaclonal variation, mutagenesis, androgenesis, gynogenesis, and altered ploidy), virus-induced gene silencing, and molecular marker technology, have been used to enhance pitaya germplasm.
... It is still unknown what function fumonisins play in the life cycle of fungi or their pathogenicity. For instance, F. andiyazi produces no fumonisins or gibberellins (Masratul Hawa et al., 2013). Mycotoxin production by F. commune is still unclear (Niehaus et al., 2017). ...
Rice production is severely hampered by the bakanae disease (Fusarium fujikuroi), formerly recognized as Fusarium moniliforme. F. moniliforme was called the F. fujikuroi species complex (FFSC) because it was later discovered that it had some separate species. The FFSC's constituents are also well recognized for producing phytohormones, which include auxins, cytokinin, and gibberellins (GAs). The normal symptoms of bakanae disease in rice are exacerbated by GAs. The members of the FFSC are responsible for the production of fumonisin (FUM), fusarins, fusaric acid, moniliformin, and beauvericin. These are harmful to both human and animal health. This disease is common around the world and causes significant yield losses. Numerous secondary metabolites, including the plant hormone gibberellin, which causes classic bakanae symptoms, are produced by F. fujikuroi. The strategies for managing bakanae, including the utilization of host resistance, chemical compounds, biocontrol agents, natural goods, and physical approaches, have been reviewed in this study. Bakanae disease is still not entirely preventable, despite the adoption of many different tactics that have been used to manage it. The benefits and drawbacks of these diverse approaches are discussed by the authors. The mechanisms of action of the main fungicides as well as the strategies for resistance to them are outlined. The information compiled in this study will contribute to a better understanding of the bakanae disease and the development of a more effective management plan for it.
... Similar to most other crops, the cultivation of dragon fruit faces problems caused by several fungal pathogens that have been scientifically documented, such as Bipolaris cactivora, Botryosphaeria dothidea, Colletotrichum capsici, C. gloeosporioides, C. truncatum, Curvularia lunata, Fusarium semitectum, Gilbertella persicaria, Neoscytalidium dimidiatum and Monilinia fructicola [4,[6][7][8][9][10]. In Thailand, dragon fruit is cultivated in all regions-especially the southern region, in which the weather is suitable for plantations. ...
During 2020–2021, cultivated red-fleshed dragon fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus) in Phatthalung province, southern Thailand, was infected with canker disease in all stages of growth. Small, circular, sunken, orange cankers first developed on the cladodes of H. polyrhizus and later expanded and became gray scabs with masses of pycnidia. The fungi were isolated using the tissue transplanting method and identified based on the growth of the fungal colony, and the dimensions of the conidia were measured. Their species level was confirmed with the molecular study of multiple DNA sequences, and their pathogenicity was tested using the agar plug method. Morphological characterization and molecular identification of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), translation elongation factor 1-α (tef1-α) and β-tubulin (tub) sequences revealed the fungal pathogen to be a new species. It was named Neoscytalidium hylocereum sp. nov. The biota of the new species, N. hylocereum, was deposited in Mycobank, and the species was assigned accession number 838004. The pathogenicity test was performed to fulfil Koch’s postulates. N. hylocereum showed sunken orange cankers with a mass of conidia similar to those observed in the field. To our knowledge, this is the first report of H. polyrhizus as a host of the new species N. hylocereum causing stem cankers in Thailand.
... As lesões podem surgir em vários pontos dos cladódios e dos frutos, mas geralmente iniciam em tecidos lesionados e por isso é comum serem observadas próximo à linha do solo, desenvolvendo de forma ascendente até afetar toda a base do cladódio (WRIGHT et al., 2007). Com o avanço da doença, as lesões aumentam e ficam moles e aquosas evoluindo para o apodrecimento do cladódio (MOHD et al., 2013a;MOHD et al., 2017;HAFIFI et al., 2019). Com o aumento da disseminação, as lesões afetam o processo de fotossíntese pela extensão das manchas e podridões na superfície dos cladódios. ...
... A incidência da doença chegou a 30% sob condições de 22+ 2°C (WRIGHT et al., 2007), mas pode variar dependendo das condições climáticas do local de cultivo e dos cuidados adotados no manejo do pomar. O processo infeccioso das plantas é favorecido em condições de temperaturas diurna de 30°C a 35°C e noturna de 23°C a 30°C (MOHD et al., 2013a;MOHD et al., 2017). ...
... : A, B e C -Pierangeli (2019); D -os autores (2020); E e F -Mohd et al. (2013a) ...
O manejo integrado de pragas (MIP) é uma filosofia de controle de megapopulações
de organismos capazes de promover danos econômicos em sistemas cultivados. O
MIP consiste na adoção, pelos agricultores, de um sistema de tomada de decisões
implementando procedimentos que visam incrementar a mortalidade natural de insetos praga ou utilizando, de forma harmoniosa e integrada, métodos de controle selecionados com base em parâmetros econômicos, ecológicos e ambientais.
Em cultivos de espécies de plantas anuais existem muitas informações científicas que relatam a associação entre níveis populacionais de insetos-praga e as perdas de produção, o que permite que os agricultores utilizem os parâmetros do MIP para manejar os cultivos. Entretanto, em fruticultura, esse tema ainda é pouco estudado, sendo necessários mais resultados de pesquisa e discussões entre os técnicos envolvidos na atividade. Em relação aos pomares de pitaia, embora essas frutas façam parte da dieta humana há mais de 9 mil anos e sejam muito utilizadas, desde épocas remotas, pelos povos indígenas das Américas, as informações relacionadas à ocorrência e ao manejo de insetos-praga são escassas. No entanto, os cultivadores atuais da fruta enfrentam vários problemas de produção em escala comercial que contribuem para a redução do rendimento. Entre as limitações na produção de pitaia estão as pragas (insetos e ácaros) e as doenças que podem ser devastadoras nas áreas de cultivo ou durante o armazenamento. Por ser uma espécie de cultivo recente no Brasil, não existem moléculas inseticidas
registradas para uso em pitaia no país, com exceção apenas daqueles para controle das formigas cortadeiras.
Assim, a compilação de informações sobre as espécies de pragas, injúrias e recomendações alternativas ao controle com inseticidas sintéticos é de grande importância para pesquisadores, estudantes, produtores e a indústria interessada nesse setor.
... Symptoms on infected Hylocereus polyrhizus (=Hylocereus monacanthus) include brown circular sunken lesions and etiological symptoms in the form of white mycelia and orange sporodochia. The causal pathogens include two Fusarium species, namely Fusarium proliferatum and Fusarium fujikuroi [37,38]. Fusarium proliferatum and Fusarium fujikuroi causing the stem rot of dragon fruit produce fumonisins, moniliformin, and beauvericin, and these mycotoxins contribute to the development and symptom expression of stem rot disease [186]. ...
... Fusarium oxyporum causes stem blight [47]. Stem necrosis is caused by Curvularia lunata [16] and stem canker by Neoscytalidium dimidiatum [37]. Two species of Nigrospora, namely Nigrospora lacticolonia and Nigrospora sphaerica, cause reddish brown spot [27]. ...
Minor tropical fruits are grown on a small scale and provide income to smallholder farmers. The cultivation of these fruit crops indirectly contributes to the economy of producing countries as well as to food and crop security. Dragon fruits, guava, passionfruit, lychee, longan, mangosteen, durian, and rambutan are common minor fruit crops. In recent years, the international trade of some of these minor tropical fruits, particularly dragon fruit, passionfruit, guava, and lychee, has increased due to their nutritional value, with various health benefits. Similar to other crops, minor fruit crops are susceptible to fungal and oomycete diseases. These diseases negatively affect the yield and quality of fruit crops, leading to substantial losses. In this context, the knowledge of disease types and causal pathogens is fundamental to develop suitable disease management practices in the field as well as appropriate post-harvest treatments.
... L. Lombard and Crous; and F. proliferatum (Matsush.) Nirenberg ex Gerlach and Nirenberg, a species in the F. fujikuroi species complex (FFSC) [9,[18][19][20][21]. There are also reports of F. oxysporum as a pathogen of succulents, such as Agave tequilana F.A.C. Weber (family Asparagaceae sensu lato), Aloe barbadensis Miller (family Aloeaceae), Echinopsis oxygona Link. ...
... Fusarium proliferatum, a polyphagous species whose host range spans from plants to animals [56,57], was already known as a pathogen of Cactaceae, having been reported as causal agent of stem rot and soft rot of Hylocereus polyrhizus (Weber) Britton and Rose and Echinopsis chamaecereus H. Friedrich and Glaetzie, respectively [18,58]. In this study, F. proliferatum was recovered from symptomatic plants of A. myriostigma, E. grusonii, F. gatesii, M. prolifera, M. vetula, and N. rutilans. ...
Infections by Fusarium and Fusarium-like species on cacti and other succulent plants cause the syndrome known as Fusarium dry rot and soft rot. There are only few records of Fusarium species as pathogens of cacti and other succulent plants from Iran. The objective of this study was the identification and characterization of fusarioid species recovered from ornamental succulents in Shiraz County, Iran. Three fusarioid species, including F. oxysporum, F. proliferatum, and Neocosmospora falciformis (formerly F. falciforme), were recovered from 29 diverse species of cacti and other succulents with symptoms of Fusarium dry rot and soft rot. The three fungal species were identified on the basis of morphological characters and the phylogenetic analysis of the translation elongation factor1-α (tef1) nuclear gene. The F. oxysporum isolates were identified as F. oxysporum f. sp. opuntiarum. The pathogenicity of the three fusarioid species was tested on a range of economically important ornamental succulents, mostly in the Cactaceae family. The three species showed a broad host spectrum and induced different types of symptoms on inoculated plants, including soft and dry rot, chlorosis, necrotic spots, wilt, drying, root and crown rot. This is the first report of N. falciformis as a pathogen of succulent plants worldwide.
... points in the cladodes as an early symptom of the disease, reported that it was caused by Botryosphaeria dothidea. However, many recent studies findings have reported that N. dimidiatum is a causal agent with some describing the disease as black rot or stem canker (Chuang et al., 2012;Ezra et al., 2013;Lu et al., 2015;Masratul Hawa et al., 2013;Sanahuja et al., 2016;Xu et al., 2018;Yi et al., 2015). The present study also separated and identified the causal agent of stem brown spot disease based on DNA sequencing using the ITS region and confirmed it to be N. dimidiatum. ...
The use of the supernatant from a Bacillus subtilis culture mixed with sodium bicarbonate was explored as a means of controlling stem brown spot disease in dragon fruit plants. In in vitro experiments, the B. subtilis supernatant used with sodium bicarbonate showed a strong inhibition effect on the growth of the fungus, Neoscytalidium dimidiatum, the agent causing stem brown spot disease and was notably effective in preventing fungal invasion of dragon fruit plant. This combination not only directly suppressed the growth of N. dimidiatum, but also indirectly affected the development of the disease by eliciting the dragon-fruit plant's defense response. Substantial levels of the pathogenesis-related proteins, chitinase and glucanase, and the phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathway enzymes, peroxidase and phenyl alanine ammonia-lyase, were triggered. Significant lignin deposition was also detected in treated cladodes of injured dragon fruit plants in in vivo experiments. In summary, B. subtilis supernatant combined with sodium bicarbonate protected dragon fruit plant loss through stem brown spot disease during plant development in the field through pathogenic fungal inhibition and the induction of defense response mechanisms.
... The variability within F. proliferatum isolates might be due to the species causing various types of diseases and differences in the hosts infected or substrates occupied (Leslie, 1995) as well as their ability to adapt and evolve in various environmental conditions (Medina et al., 2017). Fusarium proliferatum has also been reported to cause diseases on various crops including cereal grains (Mielniczuk & Skwarylo-Bednarz, 2020), corn (Scarpino et al., 2015;Wang et al., 2021), asparagus (Stepien et al., 2016;Djalali Farahani-Kofoet et al., 2020), dragon-fruits (Masratul Hawa et al., 2013), pineapple (Nurul Faziha et al., 2016), garlic (Mondali et al., 2021, mango (Omar et al., 2018) and even infected humans (Herbrecht et al., 2004;Sun et al., 2018). ...
Fusarium proliferatum is a well-known plant pathogenic fungus-infected many crops. The present study was carried out to molecularly identified and characterized morphologically identified F. proliferatum from various hosts and substrates. The species identity of the isolates was verified as F. proliferatum based on TEF-1α sequences and phylogenetic analysis indicated high intraspecific variations. RFLP-IGS analysis also indicated high intraspecific variations of which the isolates were clustered into three RFLP Groups (I, II, and III) comprising 67 IGS haplotypes. Seventy isolates were crossed-fertile and proven to be members of mating population D (MP-D) of Gibberella fujikuroi while four isolates were infertile. A high level of intraspecific variations is vital for F. proliferatum adaptation and survival in the host and environment. Correct species identification of F. proliferatum is important as the fungus is a well-known plant pathogen and mycotoxin producer. Correct species identity is also essential to strategize suitable disease control methods as well as to predict their host range and mycotoxin production.
