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Staurogyne with infundibular corolla. A–C. S. euryphylla. D. S. fastigiata. (A–C photed by the authors; D photoed by R. Sartin)
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Twenty-eight species of Staurogyne are recognized from the Neotropics, where the genus is distributed from Mexico to southern Brazil. The study of herbarium specimens, especially from Brazil and other South American countries, including historical collections from many European herbaria, resulted in the recognition of numerous new geographical reco...
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Citations
... That said, the years since Scotland Version of Record & Vollesen's (2000) classification have witnessed major strides in our understanding of species diversity in Acanthaceae in many parts of the world, from monographic and floristic perspectives in addition to the aforementioned phylogenetic advances. Progress has been most notable in Africa (e.g., Balkwill & Welman, 2000;Darbyshire & Harris, 2006;Ensermu, 2006;Hedrén & Thulin, 2006;Vollesen, 2006Vollesen, , 2007Vollesen, , 2008Vollesen, , 2013Darbyshire & Vollesen, 2007;Champluvier & Darbyshire, 2009, 2012Daniel & Figueiredo, 2009;Darbyshire, 2009;Darbyshire & al., 2009Darbyshire & al., , 2010Darbyshire & al., , 2011Darbyshire & al., , 2019cBalkwill & al., 2017;Magnaghi & Daniel, 2017;Breteler & Wieringa, 2018;Steyn, 2018), the Americas (e.g., Durkee, 2001;Ezcurra, 2002Ezcurra, , 2018Daniel & Acosta, 2003;Daniel, 2004Daniel, , 2005Daniel, , 2010Daniel, , 2015bDaniel, , 2016Wasshausen & Wood, 2004;McDade & Tripp, 2007;Indriunas, 2011;Wasshausen, 2013;Franck & Daniel, 2015;Côrtes & al., 2016a;Braz & Monteiro, 2017;Da Silva Monteiro & al., 2018;Daniel & Tripp, 2018;Tripp & Luján, 2018;Da Costa-Lima & de Oliveira Chagas, 2019;McDade & al., 2019;Zanatta, 2019;Burgos-Hernández & Castillo-Campos, 2020;McDade, 2020;Braz & al., 2021) and, to a lesser extent, in tropical Asia (e.g., Moylan & al., 2002;Wood & al., 2003;Deng & al., 2006;Wood & Scotland, 2009;Shendage & Yadav, 2010;Hu & al., 2011;Wood, 2014;Gnanasekaran & al., 2016;Bongcheewin & al., 2019;Deng, 2019;Rueangsawang & al., 2020), as well as in groups that are wide-ranging (e.g., Vollesen, 2000;Daniel & McDade, 2014). These works have, in turn, increased the knowledge base for classification of this diverse and complex family. ...
Acanthaceae are among the most taxonomically diverse, geographically widespread, and morphologically and ecologically variable lineages of flowering plants. Most modern workers have estimated more than 4000 species and potentially more than 5000 species worldwide, thus placing Acanthaceae among the 12 or so most diverse families of angiosperms. This diversity is marked by exceptional morphological variation, particularly with respect to floral forms, growth forms, and pollen types. The present work represents a synthesis of knowledge generated over the past two decades on the taxonomy and systematics of this complex plant family. We place all 191 accepted genera within a revised classification of the family. Dichotomous keys (nine in total) to recognize the major lineages of Acanthaceae are presented together with geographically partitioned keys to all genera, covering (a) Africa, Madagascar, the Mediterranean region, and Arabia; (b) Asia and Australasia; and (c) the Americas. Finally, we validate several new tribes, subtribes, and genera, and provide new combinations for species where generic delimitation has changed. Our hope is that the present contribution serves to benefit future research on the systematics of Acanthaceae and provides a foundation upon which future classification efforts can be built.
... (14 species, mostly in the Northern Hemisphere; Daniel and McDade 2014), and Staurogyne Wall. (28 species mainly in Brazil; Braz and Monteiro 2017). Additional species of these genera occur in the Old World. ...
... Braz and Daniel (2018) applied the name S. nitida (S.Moore) Braz and T.F.Daniel to the species previously known as S. carvalhoi Profice (Profice 2000). This species (as S. carvalhoi) was excluded from Staurogyne by Braz and Monteiro (2017) and further studies reveal it to be sufficiently distinct from Staurogyne to warrant status as a new genus. . Specimens received on loan were studied at the Herbarium HRCB of the Instituto de Biociências, UNESP, Rio Claro, SP, where laboratory activities were conducted. ...
... Although originally described in Staurogyne, several morphological characteristics distinguish A. nitida from that genus in the New World. For example, Neotropical species of Staurogyne have well-developed stems, terminal or axillary inflorescences, strongly differentiated calyx segments, a much reduced staminode, and a symmetrical gynoecium (Braz and Monteiro 2017). Furthermore, while always present in Neotropical Staurogyne (Braz and Monteiro 2017), stipitate and multicellular glandular trichomes are not found in any of the vegetative and reproductive structures in Aymoreana. ...
A species previously treated in Staurogyne (S. nitida) is elevated to the category of a new genus of Acanthaceae, subfamily Nelso-nioideae, based on morphological and molecular data. The sole species, Aymoreana nitida, occurs in the Atlantic Forest of eastern Brazil, from southern Bahia to northern Espírito Santo. Aymoreana differs from other genera of Nelsonioideae by the combination of the calyx with subequal segments, the slightly zygomorphic corolla, the four didynamous stamens, and the asymmetric gynoecium. Morphological information is accompanied by a molecular phylogenetic tree, ecological data, a preliminary conservation assessment, and illustrations.
... Staurogyne Wallich (1831: 80) (Nelsonioideae, Acanthaceae) comprises 145 species distributed in Asia, Africa and the Americas (Champluvier 1991, Daniel & McDade 2014. In the Neotropics the genus is represented by 28 species (Braz & Monteiro 2017), most of which have been described in the genus Ebermaiera Nees von Esenbeck (1832: 75), which was treated as a synonym of Staurogyne by Kuntze (1891). ...
... This species shows some morphological differences with other species of the genus, as noted by annotations on the type of Ebermaiera nitida (Fig. 1) and by Braz & Monteiro (2017). Several of the annotations indicate that the plant does not pertain to Staurogyne. ...
Staurogyne carvalhoi is a later heterotypic synonym of Ebermaiera nitida. The new combination Staurogyne nitida, based on the older name, is herewith proposed.
... (14 species, mostly in the Northern Hemisphere; Daniel and McDade 2014), and Staurogyne Wall. (28 species mainly in Brazil; Braz and Monteiro 2017). Additional species of these genera occur in the Old World. ...
... Braz and Daniel (2018) applied the name S. nitida (S.Moore) Braz and T.F.Daniel to the species previously known as S. carvalhoi Profice (Profice 2000). This species (as S. carvalhoi) was excluded from Staurogyne by Braz and Monteiro (2017) and further studies reveal it to be sufficiently distinct from Staurogyne to warrant status as a new genus. . Specimens received on loan were studied at the Herbarium HRCB of the Instituto de Biociências, UNESP, Rio Claro, SP, where laboratory activities were conducted. ...
... Although originally described in Staurogyne, several morphological characteristics distinguish A. nitida from that genus in the New World. For example, Neotropical species of Staurogyne have well-developed stems, terminal or axillary inflorescences, strongly differentiated calyx segments, a much reduced staminode, and a symmetrical gynoecium (Braz and Monteiro 2017). Furthermore, while always present in Neotropical Staurogyne (Braz and Monteiro 2017), stipitate and multicellular glandular trichomes are not found in any of the vegetative and reproductive structures in Aymoreana. ...
We used DNA sequence data from five genic regions (nrITS; chloroplast trnL-F, trnT-L, rps16, trnS-G) to study phylogenetic relationships of the Tetramerium lineage (Acanthaceae: Justicieae). From a sample of 70 species (representing 25 genera) previously affiliated with the Tetramerium lineage, 68 are included therein. Our analyses excluded Papuasian Calycacanthus and Neotropical Streblacanthus monospermus from the Tetramerium lineage; however, two species described in Justicia (J. gonzalezii and J. medranoi) and a Malagasy species of uncertain generic affinities are nested within the lineage. A monophyletic Tetramerium lineage consists of 23 currently recognized genera with at least 168 species, more than 70% of which occur in the New World. Old World Chlamydocardia and Clinacanthus are serially sister to all other members of the lineage. Other Old World taxa consist of: Ecbolium clade (all sampled species of Ecbolium plus Malagasy Populina richardii), Megalochlamys clade (Megalochlamys, Trichaulax and the unidentified Malagasy species), and two isolated taxa (Angkalanthus and Chorisochora). All analyses strongly support monophyly of the New World Tetramerium lineage. The basal clades of New World plants, all with nototribic flowers, are: 1) the taxonomically heterogeneous but palynologically consistent Mirandea clade, and 2) the Pachystachys clade + the South American Anisacanthus clade. The second is sister to all other NW plants, referred to here as the core Tetramerium lineage. We recognize five clades within the core Tetramerium lineage related as follows: (Henrya clade (Carlowrightia parviflora clade (North American Anisacanthus clade (core Carlowrightia clade + Tetramerium)))). Macromorphological synapomorphies are unknown for the Tetramerium lineage and for many of its constituent clades. However, we propose sternotribic flowers as synapomorphic for the core Tetramerium lineage, and flowers with the lower-central lobe of the corolla modified into a keel as a synapomorphy for a lineage consisting of Tetramerium and the core Carlowrightia clade. Palynological characters provide putative synapomorphies for some clades (e.g. Ecbolium clade, Mirandea clade) and autapomorphies for several species (e.g. Mexacanthus mcvaughii, Trichalux mwasumbii). An Old World origin is postulated for the Tetramerium lineage, and we posit a single dispersal event to America and subsequent extensive radiation there, especially in arid zones of Mexico and adjacent regions. Taxonomic implications of our results are extensive. Notably, many traditionally recognized genera (e.g. Anisacanthus, Carlowrightia, Mirandea) are not monophyletic and emphasis on floral form often has been phylogenetically misleading; for example, floral adaptations to pollination by hummingbirds have evolved at least eight times in the New World Tetramerium lineage.
This study presents a taxonomic survey of the species of Acanthaceae in the Cuiabá lowlands, an area encompassing several habitats, from rock outcrops in Chapada dos Guiamarães to the periodically flooded forest areas in the Pantanal. Herbarium collections were analyzed and 13 field expeditions were carried out to visit different phytophysiognomies and ecosystems. The family is represented by 31 species and 12 genera, the most diverse being Justicia (10 species) and Ruellia (eight species). Additionally, Dicliptera squarrosa, Dyschoriste schottiana, Ruellia blechum, R. jussieuoides, and R. trachyphylla are newly recorded in the state of Mato Grosso. The number of species is higher if compared with other taxonomic studies of Acanthaceae in Central-Western Brazil. Despite the area being overlooked by the botanical community, we expect our results will instigate further taxonomic studies in the area. This study provides an identification key, short descriptions, comments on taxonomy and distribution, and photographs.
Two new species of Staurogyne , S. yamokmehong J.R.I.Wood & K.Armstr. and S. filisepala J.R.I.Wood & K.Armstr. from Hkamti District, Sagaing Region in northern Myanmar, are described and illustrated. Notes on their affinities, conservation status and habitat are included. Attention is drawn to the medicinal uses of S. yamokmehong by Shan Ni communities living in Hkamti District.
This treatment includes the following taxa: Acanthaceae, Anisacanthus, Aphelandra, Asystasia, Avicennia, Brillantaisia, Chamaeranthemum, Clistax, Dicliptera, Dyschoriste, Elytraria, Encephalosphaera, Eranthemum, Fittonia, Graptophyllum, Harpochilus, Hemigraphis, Herpetacanthus, Hygrophila, Hypoestes, Justicia, Kalbreyeriella, Lepidagathis, Megaskepasma, Mendoncia, Nelsonia, Odontonema, Pachystachys, Peristrophe, Poikilacanthus, Pranceacanthus, Pseuderanthemum, Pulchranthus, Ruellia, Sanchezia, Schaueria, Sebastianoschaueria, Stachyacanthus, Staurogyne, Stenandrium, Stenostephanus, Suessenguthia, Thunbergia, Thyrsacanthus, Trichanthera.
How to cite: Braz, D.M., Chagas, E.C.O., Fernandes, U.G., Costa-Lima, J.L., Zanatta, M.R.V., Kameyama, C., Côrtes, A.L.A., Indriunas, A., Silva, F.A., Monteiro, F.K.S., Azevedo, I.H.F., Zuntini, A.R., Rodrigues, M.C., Paglia, I., Souza, V.C., Pioner, N.C., Melo, J.I.M., Gil, A.S.B., Ezcurra, C., Pessoa, C.S., Hirao, Y.V., Fernando, E.M.P. 2020. Acanthaceae in Flora of Brazil 2020. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. Available at: http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/reflora/floradobrasil/FB33.
With 119 species distributed in 19 genera, most species of the subtribe Lychnophorinae are endemic to the Espinhaço Range in central eastern Brazil. This region is characterized especially by the campos rupestres, a grassland mosaic associated with vegetation on rock outcrops, which display a high level of endemism. The present work aims to identify distribution patterns, collection density, species richness and research bias in collections. Ten geographic distribution patterns were identified: Chapada Diamantina, Chapada dos Veadeiros and adjacent mountains, Pico da Aliança, Extension of the Espinhaço Range, Central-South Arc of Minas Gerais, Espinhaço Range and Brasília Arc, Campos Rupestres and Restinga, Chapada Diamantina and Caatinga, Northwest-Southeast Diagonal and East Triangle. Other Angiosperm families present similar distribution, mainly in the Espinhaço Meridional, where higher collecting efforts are present. Species richness is higher in sites with higher collection intensity, however, the northeast of Goiás shows the opposite pattern. Spearman correlation analysis shows a strong correlation between collection density and species richness, with an exponential asymptotic model that is quite significant for the total variation of species richness. The cluster analysis presented five clusters correlated with five distribution patterns in Lychnophorinae.
