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Statuette of Thutmose IV, Dynasty 18 (ca. 14011391 B.C.) Bronze, H. 17 cm. The British Museum, no. 64564 (photo: courtesy of the Trustees of the British Museum)
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... As already mentioned, in the last two decades several researches have been carried out on objects made of artificially black patinated alloys or decorated with inlays made of this particular material (Giumlia-Mair and Craddock 1993Craddock , 1993bCraddock and Giumlia-Mair 1993;Giumlia-Mair 1995;Craddock and La Niece 1995;Demakopoulou et al. 1995;Giumlia-Mair 1996, 1996bGiumlia-Mair and Quirke 1997;Giumlia-Mair 1997;Hill and Schorsch 1997;Giumlia-Mair and Lehr 1998;Giumlia-Mair and Riederer 1998;Giumlia-Mair 2000a;Giumlia-Mair et al. 2000;La Niece et al. 2002;Mathis 2005;Delange 2007;Giumlia-Mair et al. 2009; Giumlia-Mair and Mrav in press; Giumlia-Mair in press). ...
يتناول البحث بالدراسة تمثيل الوضع الجاثي في التماثيل الملكية منذ بداية الدولة القديمة حتى نهاية الدولة الحديثة و ما هو الغرض من تمثيل الوضع الجاثي في التماثيل الملكية و كذلك التأصيل لظهور هذا الوضع الفني في صناعة التماثيل الملكية و ظهور اول تمثال ملكي بهذا الوضع ، بالإضافة الى الاشكال المختلفة للتماثيل الملكية الجاثية
كما سيتناول البحث بالتحليل الانماط المختلفة للأقدام و الأيدي و التقديمات التي ظهرت مع هذا الوضع في التماثيل الملكية
و كذلك اهم القرابين المصاحبة للتماثيل الملكية الجاثية التى ظهرت فى معظمها مثل تقديم اوانى الـNw و ماهيتها
This paper presents the studies carried out on the silver cup found in Enkomi (Cyprus), now part of the collections of the National Museum of Nicosia (Cyprus, inv. nr. 4207). The piece has been first published by Claude Schaeffer and later discussed by several scholars, notably by Robert Laffineur. In the 50's the Enkomi cup has been restored in the British Museum by Harold Plenderleith. For this study the materials have been analysed, the object has been examined under the microscope and the production techniques employed for the silver cup and the polychrome decorations have been determined. The black decoration of the cup is mentioned in all archaeology works dedicated to this period, as one of the earliest examples of niello. The analyses have now shown that the black material is not niello, but an artificially black patinated inlay similar to the materials known in other contexts as the Roman Corinthian Bronze, the Egyptian hmty km and the more recent Japanese alloy shakudo.
Heracleion-Thonis is a submerged site off the coast of Egypt, which in recent years has yielded amazing finds, both large and small scale. Some of the most interesting are the lead objects, as lead is a category of material that is frequently overlooked in Egyptology. In this chapter I examine the lead statuettes and amulets, of which over 100 have been recovered. I first describe the main subject types, and then discuss the ways in which these objects were used. Based on these patterns, I explore a variety of reasons why lead may have been used for these votives and amulets, beyond its modest cost, and I briefly remark on how these patterns of usage at Heracleion affect assumptions regarding personal piety in relation to small scale and inexpensive dedications.
This chapter provides a highly selective glimpse into what modern science has been able to contribute to the understanding of ancient Egyptian culture. An exemplary instance of a comprehensive study of ancient Egyptian painting technique (and the materials) focuses on the eleven wall-painting fragments from the Dynasty 18 tomb-chapel of Nebamun. The major advance in faience technology over the course of Egyptian history, aside from the expansion of techniques by which the glazing was done, was the introduction of other colors. Experiments with reproducing the ancient technology are now an important part of research on faience, providing insights that are crucial to interpreting what is found in artifacts. The examples in the chapter indicate that modern scientific analysis can provide many insights into the materials and techniques used by the ancient Egyptians to make their artifacts.
This analytical study has produced new evidence for polychrome finishes on Egyptian bronze statuettes. Eleven statuettes were examined using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray fluorescence analysis, Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis. Computer generated images have been used to reconstruct their original appearance. The conclusion from this work is that polychromy on Egyptian bronzes is far more widespread than was suspected. This has implications with regard to cleaning and conservation of these objects as well as for our perception of their original colour values.
This review makes a comprehensive survey of microbial amylases, i.e. alpha-amylase, beta-amylase and glucoamylase. Amylases are among the most important enzymes and are of great significance in present-day biotechnology. Although they can be derived from several sources, such as plants, animals and micro-organisms, the enzymes from microbial sources generally meet industrial demands. Microbial amylases could be potentially useful in the pharmaceutical and fine-chemical industries if enzymes with suitable properties could be prepared. With the advent of new frontiers in biotechnology, the spectrum of amylase application has widened in many other fields, such as clinical, medicinal and analytical chemistries, as well as their widespread application in starch saccharification and in the textile, food, brewing and distilling industries. In this review, after a brief description of the sources of amylases, we discuss the molecular biology of amylases, describing structures, cloning, sequences, and protoplast fusion and mutagenesis. This is followed by sections on their production and finally the properties of various amylases.
