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Statistics of the Reported Consistency, Predictability, Incidents per Week, Timing, and Use of Explanation Before Punishment According to Gender of Parent.
Source publication
The potential impacts of corporal punishment continue to be debated among scholars and policy makers, yet no clear picture has emerged. This study examined the relationship between parental corporal punishment and psychological adjustment among young adults (n = 271) aged 19 to 25 years at a Malaysian public university. Participants completed measu...
Citations
... and extreme parental control had adolescents with lower self-efficacy and were prone to mental health problems (Noordin et al., 2020;Wu et al., 2023). Earlier studies among Malaysian late adolescents found that despite parents practising corporal punishment (e.g., "hitting" and "ear twisting"), they had fair to good psychological adjustments (Chong & Yeo, 2018) mainly due to their belief that corporal punishment is equivalent to parental care (Kumaraswamy & Othman, 2011). These findings suggest that there exist cultural differences in parenting practices between Western and Asian parents. ...
... As demonstrated in the distribution of median scores, the practice of harsh discipline parenting among Malaysian parents is still relatively higher as compared to warmth parenting. Previous study among late adolescents in Malaysia perceived corporal punishment as neither positive nor negative parenting behaviour since the adolescents self-reported to have fair psychological adjustment outcome as a result from their parents' parenting behaviour during their earlier adolescence (Chong & Yeo, 2018). This conforms that Malaysian parents may deem strict discipline as a form of parental care (Kumaraswamy & Othman, 2011), as opposed to negative parenting behaviour. ...
The impact of parental characteristics on mental health outcomes of early adolescents have been robustly examined in the West. However, the extent to which two salient parental characteristics, specifically parental self-efficacy (PSE) and parenting behaviours (PB) influence early adolescents’ mental health particularly emotional-behavioural problems and competence are scarcely explored among Asian households. Hence, this study examined the linkages between PSE, PB (i.e., warmth, monitoring, harsh discipline, and indigenous), and early adolescents’ mental health (i.e., emotional-behavioural problems and competence) from the perspective of Malaysian parents. The mediating role of PB on the relationships between PSE and early adolescents’ mental health was also examined. Sample comprised 478 Malaysian parents of children aged between 10 and 14 years old. Parents completed a self-report online survey regarding their PSE and PB as well as child’s mental health. Structural equation modelling (SEM) analysis indicated that PSE was positively related to parental warmth, monitoring, and indigenous parenting which predicted better early adolescents’ mental health, but negatively related to parental harsh discipline that predicted poorer early adolescents’ mental health. Results also show that high PSE is related to less emotional-behavioural problems and more competence among early adolescents. Finally, the role of warmth, monitoring, and harsh discipline parenting was established as the mediators between the relationships between PSE and early adolescents’ mental health. The findings imply that parents’ belief in their ability to perform their parenting roles and the way they behave in their parenting could have a direct and indirect impact on their offspring’s mental health.
... Although there is vast evidence of the negative effects of ineffective parenting practices, IPP like corporal punishment remains widely used by other ethnic groups such as African American [18], Arab [19], and Asian parents [20,21]. This could be because, while the link between IPP and poor adolescents' mental health is widely found in Western families [9,16], research from the East [20,22,23] and other ethnic groups [18,24] appears to yield contradictory results. ...
... Although there is vast evidence of the negative effects of ineffective parenting practices, IPP like corporal punishment remains widely used by other ethnic groups such as African American [18], Arab [19], and Asian parents [20,21]. This could be because, while the link between IPP and poor adolescents' mental health is widely found in Western families [9,16], research from the East [20,22,23] and other ethnic groups [18,24] appears to yield contradictory results. For example, Chao [24] found that authoritative parenting benefits European American adolescents while authoritarian parenting is more beneficial to Asian American adolescents. ...
... In Malaysia, guan parenting was found to correlate positively with adolescents' development whereby adolescents reported higher life satisfaction when parents use guan parenting [28]. Chong and Yeo [20] found Malaysian young adults to be psychologically well-adjusted even though they experienced IPP such as corporal punishment during childhood. Such contradictions in findings could be because Malaysian adolescents themselves perceive IPP (i.e., corporal punishment) as a form of parental care [29]. ...
Parenting practices are essential in promoting children’s mental health, especially in effective and ineffective parenting. The use of ineffective parenting practices is no longer encouraged in the west; however, it remains a common practice among Asian households. Ineffective parenting consists of inconsistent discipline, corporal punishment, and poor monitoring which may result in mental health consequences. Thus, this study assessed the mediating effects of adolescents’ self-efficacy and parental acceptance-rejection on the relationship between ineffective parenting practices and adolescents’ mental health. The current study involved a total of 761 school-going Malaysian adolescents aged 13–18 (38.5% males; Mage = 15.65; SDage = 1.43). This study utilized a cross-sectional design where it measured adolescents’ mental health, ineffective parenting practices, parental acceptance-rejection, and adolescents’ self-efficacy. Both paternal and maternal parenting practices and acceptance-rejection were measured independently. Adolescents’ self-efficacy and perceived paternal and maternal acceptance-rejection were found to be significant mediators for ineffective parenting practices and adolescents’ mental health. Our findings suggest that ineffective parenting practices will result in perceived parental rejection and lower self-efficacy which in turn resulted in poorer mental health among adolescents. It means parents should be mindful of their parenting approaches as they have a direct and indirect impact on the mental health of their offspring.
... The most common punishments of the parents obtained from the data are caning, flicking, knocking the head, pulling the ear, pinching, not allowing to eat and to assign work in their farm. According to a study by Chong & Yeo (2018) (Matri,Int 3:118,(120)(121) "Yes. Boys are stubborn and hard to be adviced. ...
Today, many KadazanDusun children who live in rural areas, whose parents are without educational background and earn a living as farmers, have successfully entered public tertiary level education institutions (IPTA) or private tertiary level education institutions (IPTS). This development has prompted this study to identify the parenting styles involved in ensuring the success of children in school and thus succeeding in furthering to tertiary level. For data collection, this study choses the qualitative approach. Thus, to obtain the required data, interviews were carried out with parents who have more than one child studying at IPTA/IPTS, self-employed in their hometown and had no opportunity to formal education. The respondents were chosen through purposive and snowball selection. The findings show that both authoritarian and authoritative parenting styles are practiced by the KadazanDusun parents in ensuring that children are successful in school. The children who were also interviewed agreed these styles are practiced because of the difficulties in the parents’ lives due to the lack of good education. Therefore, the parents want to ensure their children to succeed in their education for a better future. The parents do not want their economic problems which they are facing now to be inherited by their children.
... Several types of research showed that corporal punishment is not only physically but also emotionally painful. It has an adverse effect on mental health and cognitive development of the children (Chong & Yeo 2018). It carries multiple risks of harm and has no benefits. ...
The present study investigates the attitude of parents and teachers towards the implementation of the punishment-free zone at the elementary level and the use of corporal punishment. This paper follows a descriptive survey. For the present study, we use a five-point attitude scale for the teachers and interview schedule for the parents. For the present study 10 govt. elementary schools of Bhatli Block were selected randomly. From each school, five parents and five teachers were selected. So, 50 parents and 50 teachers were taken into account as the sample of the present study. The investigator visited the selected schools personally and selected the samples randomly. The data collected from the teachers' sample group was analyzed and interpreted by the simple percentage while the data collected from the sample of parents were analyzed descriptively. The result showed that there is the favorable attitude of most of the teachers towards the punishment-free zone and there is a partly favorable and partly unfavorable attitude of parents towards the punishment-free zone and use of corporal punishment.
The implementation of caning law in Aceh Province is still sporadic due to a lack of coordination among the government institutions involved in caning law. Then, the prison infrastructure to impose the canning law is also not ade-quate, and socialization has also not been fully carried out. Besides, in deter-mining the location of the caning, Islamic law requires the fulfillment of two principles namely “open space” and “visible” to the public. Furthermore, the law that guides the implementation of sharia in Aceh does not regulate detail of where the caning can be executed. Hence, the issues that need to be scruti-nized in this study are about shifting the norm from “open space" to “prison space” and why there is a disparity in determining the place of caning sentenc-es. This study uses a normative legal method by relying on secondary data. All collected data were analyzed by using qualitative analysis. The results show that there has been a shifting norm from "open space" to “prison space” in the application of the caning sentences in Aceh. This shift starts from the open area in the courtyard of the mosque to the prison area as a place to execute a caning sentence. This shifting also allows the people who meet certain criteria to wit-ness the execution of a caning sentence. In addition, there is also a disparity among the sharia courts due to the lack of facilities available in certain the sha-ria courts in Aceh. Hence, the Aceh government needs to improve the facilities of the sharia courts to be able to execute caning sentences.
Background
Exploring the cultural context of intergenerational continuity of warm and harsh parenting informs parents motivations to adopt specific parenting behaviours.
Objective
Parents’ perceptions of being parented in the past and their current parenting as well as adolescents’ perceptions of current parenting were explored applying a multi-method approach.
Methods
Following written informed consent, a total of 24 interviews with 10 families (dyads of 14 parents and ten adolescents) from Udupi taluk in southern India was conducted. In the first stage, in-depth interviews were conducted with parent participants (Generation 1 (G1)) and in the second stage, adolescents (Generation 2 (G2)) participated in the photovoice component. Multiple forms of data including photographs, journals and interviews facilitated using the SHOWeD model were collected and were analysed thematically using ATLAS.ti(v.8).
Results
Subtle changes in reinforcing culture-specific gender norms between generations were elicited. Differences in communication, granting autonomy to female adolescents, and in disciplining methods between G1 and G2 were observed. Warm parenting was transmitted between generations while harsh parenting in G1 in the presence of external social support was discarded in favor of warm parenting in G2.
Conclusion
We provide evidence for perceptions of parenting and adolescent behaviors across two generations. Transmission of warm parenting and interruption in the cycle of harsh parenting in the presence of external social support were significant findings. Related theoretical and methodological applications are discussed.
Physical and emotional punishment of children is highly prevalent in the Asia-Pacific region. These actions predict a range of physical and emotional harms, prompting a worldwide effort to eliminate them. A key strategy in this effort is to change parental beliefs regarding the acceptability of physical and emotional punishment. The Positive Discipline in Everyday Parenting (PDEP) program was designed to change those beliefs by teaching parents about child development and strengthening their problem-solving skills. A sample of 377 parents in the Asia-Pacific region completed the program: 329 mothers and 47 fathers of children ranging in age from infancy to adolescence. The parents lived in Australia ( n = 135), Japan ( n = 172) or the Philippines ( n = 70). In all three countries, parents’ approval of punishment in general, and physical punishment specifically, declined and they became less likely to attribute typical child behavior to intentional misbehavior. By the end of the program, at least 75% of parents in each country felt better prepared to respond nonviolently to conflict with their children.
Cuando se habla de castigo corporal doméstico, otro factor que suele surgir con frecuencia es la noción generalizada que es un tipo de castigo inocuo, que en el mejor de los casos es edificante, y en el peor de los casos, no deja huellas permanentes ni en el psiquismo ni en el cuerpo de los niños.
Sin embargo, numerosas investigaciones han demostrado que el castigo corporal doméstico produce efectos nocivos permanentes tanto en el desarrollo psicológico como físico de los niños, e incluso que se puede considerar una experiencia infantil adversa.
A partir de la información recopilada mediante 114 entrevistas a personas adultas de tres ciudades del Ecuador, se encontró que el haber experimentado castigo corporal durante la niñez es un factor relevante para la construcción de nociones que permiten a las personas adultas reproducir esta práctica con sus propios hijos, y que esta construcción está determinada por la forma en que elaboraron estas experiencias, sea de una manera positiva idealizada o como una experiencia dañina y negativa, y que esta elaboración corresponde al campo de lo traumático.
