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Statistical Measurements of Height and Head Circumference.
Source publication
Background:
Establishing personal identity is one of the main concerns in forensic investigations. In forensic anthropology, estimation of height from head circumference has a significant role in establishing personal identity.
Objective:
The objective of the present study was an attempt to understand the relationship between height and head cir...
Citations
... Stature is essential in individual identification for forensic and physical anthropologists (1). Previous studies have shown that height of the individual has an association with the dimensions of various parts of human body such as the cranial and facial bones, long bones, trunk, and foot bones etc., (11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24). However, Height assessment from tooth has hardly ever investigated (1). ...
... Previous studies on correlating stature with hand length, tibial length, head length, cephalo-facial measurements, sternum length, coronal sutures and ulna length showed moderate correlation (r= 0.2-0.5) and SEE of 4.7 -7 years (11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24). However, in the present study stature has a good correlation with the tooth length with p-value less than 0.05 and r value ranging from 0.128 -0.812 and SEE varying from 6.3-6.6 years. ...
Introduction and Aim: Stature is the primary tool in personal identification for forensic and physical anthropology for over a period. In the absence of full skeleton, the stature can be estimated from various skeletal components. Utilizing cranium and dentition measurements is simpler as these structures are fixed, grown and straight forward to locate. Few researches had been undertaken to establish the efficacy of teeth dimensions in height assessment. But we could not come across any such studies on tooth length. So, the present research was conducted to estimate the stature from tooth length using Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT). Materials and Methods: Tooth lengths of all 4 canines were measured on digital CBCT using inbuilt software Planmeca Romexis® Software (Helsinki, Finland). Height was considered as measurement of length, from the head to toe using standard height chart. Pearson correlation test and linear regression analysis was used as a statistical tool for co-relation co-efficient and population specific formula for height assessment. Results: There was a very good correlation between tooth length and stature, with r value 0.12-0.81 and p value less than 0.05. The length of the mandibular right canine had better correlation with stature followed by mandibular left canine, maxillary left canine and maxillary right canine. Regression equation was developed from tooth length, to predict stature. Conclusion: Tooth length measuring using CBCT has a very good correlation with the height of the individual, as it is closer to actual length. Combined data, without sex as a parameter provides more accurate prediction. However, predication accuracy was better in females than males, when gender considered as a parameter in the regression analysis.
... This study corresponded to the work done by [5] who studied 252 Koli male adolescents from North India that head circumference were significantly correlated with height. The findings of the present study also corresponded with work done by [35] but disagreed with work of [36]. ...
The development of an anthropometric craniofacial data base is a necessary multidisciplinary initiative. The purpose of this investigation is to obtain average parameters that define the soft tissue facial profile of the investigated population in order to provide an important reference for community, security, social and medical applications. This study determined the mean craniofacial parameters of 500 males and 500 females of Nupe ethnic group in Niger State, Nigeria. Male and female subjects with no anomalies in their craniofacial features were randomly selected from three tertiary institutions in Niger state of Nigeria. The nasal height, maxillary height, mandibular height, facial height, craniofacial height, cranial length and head circumference of age ranged from 20 to 35 years were measured with a sliding caliper and measuring tape. The results of the study showed that that, males had significantly higher values than females for all the craniofacial parameters (P < 0.05), indicating a sexual dimorphism.
Craniofacial measurements of the Nupes were also correlated with height and weight using Pearson’s correlation analysis and only head circumference had statistically significant correlation with height with correlation coefficient of +0.43 for males and +0.37 for females. No any craniofacial measurement was correlated with weight. The data presented in this study could be potentially useful in forensic medicine, craniofacial surgery, and anthropology.
... Under normal clinical circumstances, these variables are not strongly correlated with head circumference in infants (Scheffler et al., 2017). However, there may be a subtle influence in adults (Mansur et al., 2014). Second, it is not possible to generalize our results to women with ASD. ...
Background
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has been repeatedly associated with enlargements of head circumference in children with ASD. However, it is unclear if these enlargements persist into adulthood. This is the first study to investigate head circumference in a large sample of adults with ASD.
Methods
We apply a fully automated magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) based measurement approach to compute head circumference by combining 3D and 2D image processing. Head circumference was compared between male adults with ASD (n = 120) and healthy male controls (n = 136), from the Autism Brain Imaging Data Exchange (ABIDE) database. To explain which brain alterations drive our results, secondary analyses were performed for 10 additional morphological brain metrics.
Results
ASD subjects showed an increase in head circumference (p = .0018). In addition, ASD patients had increased ventricular surface area (SA) (p = .0013). Intracranial volume, subarachnoidal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) volume, and gray matter volume explained 50% of head circumference variance. Using a linear support vector machine, we gained an ASD classification accuracy of 73% (sensitivity 92%, specificity 68%) using head circumference and brain‐morphological metrics as input features. Head circumference, ventricular SA, ventricular CSF volume, and ventricular asymmetry index contributed to 85% of feature weighting relevant for classification.
Conclusion
Our results suggest that head circumference increases in males with ASD persist into adulthood. Results may be driven by morphological alterations of ventricular CSF. The presented approach for an automated head circumference measurement allows for the retrospective investigation of large MRI datasets in neuropsychiatric disorders.
... This study corresponded to the work done by [5] who studied 252 Koli male adolescents from North India that head circumference were significantly correlated with height. The findings of the present study also corresponded with work done by [35] but disagreed with work of [36]. ...
... This science is used to identify decomposed and difficult-to-identify corpses resulting from fires, bomb blasts, airplane/railway accidents, and murders [4]. Height and foot size are also affected by other parameters, such as age, gender, race, heredity, nutritional status, lifestyle, and bone pathologies [5,6]. ...
... Human body height, concerning the other body parts, can be estimated by anatomical and mathematical techniques [5]. In the anatomical technique, measuring various body parts (head circumference, the length of vertebral column, long bones, & phalanges) are used to calculate the height by applying the soft tissues correction factor [6,7]. This technique yields accurate results; however, the inherent drawback of it is the unavailability of the precise measurements of all skeletal components. ...
... Trauma-induced abnormalities, disability, poor nutrition, and lifestyle choices (e.g. footwear type & use, athletic inclinations, etc.) can also affect the relationship between height and foot size [5,6]. Our results were congruent with other studies [15] revealing that the correlation coefficients for all the age groups of African children of different ethnic origins were similar (0.90-0.98); such findings indicate a highly significant (P<0.001) ...
Background: Human height estimation is critical in medicolegal cases. This anthropometric measurement not only reveals racial differences but also aids police investigation to narrow down. Foot size varies in different races and ethnic groups, because of genetic influence on development height. The present study aimed to explore the relationship between foot size and the height of a person in a particular context. The current research also compared log-based function and exponent-based function to explore which best fits the relation between age, foot size, and height.
Methods: This cross-sectional study included foot measurements from 240 participants of 6 different age groups in the age range of 2-21 years. Foot length and height were recorded as per standard methods after obtaining ethical approval from the Institutional Review Board of COMSATs University Islamabad Pakistan and gaining consent from the study participants. Correlation and regression analyses were performed using SPSS V 23. In this study, two mathematical functions of log-based and exponent-based were compared to more accurately predict the behavior of two variables. The appropriateness of these candidate functions was evaluated using statistical parameters, including the Sum of Squared Errors (SSE), R2, adjusted R2, and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE).
Results: The mean height of male participants of the age group of 3-5 years was higher than that of the female participants. Among 6-10-year-olds and 11-15-year-olds, female participants presented a greater height than males. In the age groups of 16-20 and ≥21 years, males were taller than females. The average foot size of males and females of all age groups was 22.09 cm and 20.44 cm, respectively. The exponent-based candidate functions best fitted the relationship between age, foot size, and height, compared to the log-based candidate function.
Conclusion: Foot size indicated the highest correlation with height and minimum standard error in the estimation of stature. Therefore, foot size provided the highest reliability and accuracy in estimating height.
... Head circumference was measured by a non-elastic measuring tape which encircled the head just above the superciliary arch on the anterior aspect, just above the auricle on the lateral aspect, and at the level of external occipital protuberance on the posterior aspect. 17 Umbilical-nipple distance was measured between the 12 o'clock position of the rim of the umbilicus to the right nipple. 16 Intermammary distance was measured between the nipples at the end of expiration. ...
Introduction:
Birth weight is an indicator of a newborn's chances for survival and growth. However, developing countries lack enough weighing scales to identify low birth weight babies. Therefore, finding an alternative to weighing scales is vital.
Objective:
To predict birth weight from neonatal anthropometric parameters at birth in Finote Selam Hospital, Ethiopia.
Methods:
A hospital-based cross-sectional study was carried out from July 13 to October 27, 2020. A total of 424 live-delivered neonates were enrolled. Based on eligibility, birth weight and neonatal anthropometric parameters like crown-heel length, foot length, hand length, mid-upper arm circumference, umbilical-nipple distance, intermammary distance and head circumference were measured within 24 hours of birth. The association between birth weight and neonatal anthropometric parameters was evaluated using correlation analysis. Birth weight predictive regression models were formulated by using simple and multiple linear regression analysis.
Results:
All neonatal anthropometric parameters had positive significant correlation with birth weight at p<0.05. Amongst the neonatal anthropometric parameters, the highest significant correlation with birth weight was observed on mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) followed by foot length (FL), each being r=0.474 and r=0.461, respectively. The best predictive regression models were formulated as birth weight (kg)=0.117+[0.284×MUAC (cm)] and birth weight (kg)=1.137+[0.254×FL (cm)]. As compared to individual neonatal anthropometric parameters, a combination of MUAC, hand length (HL), FL and crown-heel length (CHL) had the highest significant correlation (r=0.661), and a multiple regression equation used to estimate birth weight was formulated as birth weight (kg)=-2.489+[0.192×MUAC(cm)]+[0.078×HL(cm)]+[0.11×FL (cm)]+[0.036×CHL(cm)].
Conclusion:
Using a combination of MUAC, HL, FL and CHL followed by individual MUAC neonatal anthropometric parameters has high significance to identify low birth weight. Prediction of neonatal birth weight from neonatal anthropometric parameters is crucial to minimize the death of neonates due to low birth weight.
... It provides a circumstantial identification, allowing the use of other methods for confirmation [3].A study of the Jatavs, measured the stature, nasal height and breadth, head height and breadth, and ear length found that there is a significant difference in the stature of Jatavs male from Jatavs female [4].The use of three head measurements-stature, head height and circumference and face height concluded that predicted body height are not different from actual body height [5].Using 150 subjects consisting of 107 males and 43 females ranging from 18 -25 years, Tabrej et al. [6]concluded that estimation of body height from facial height is a supplementary approach when useful extremities sample and body part are not available for examination. Mansur et al. [7]reported that head circumference showed highly significant positive correlation with body height. A study on cephalic measurement to estimate stature on 300 subjects (150 males and 150 females) aged 18 -25 concluded that stature could be estimated from crano-facial parameters using linear regression equation [8].Maxillofacial anthropometry in the form of head length and head breadth is a better predictor of stature if cephalofacial remains are brought for examination [1], [9], [10], [11], [12] [13], [14]. ...
... 15 Head circumference was measured by non-elastic measuring tape meter which encircles the head just above the superciliary arch on the anterior aspect, just above the auricle on the lateral aspect and, at the level of external occipital protuberance on the posterior aspect. 16 Foot length was measured with a non-elastic measuring tape meter as the maximum length between the most prominent posterior point of heel and the tip of hallux and the tip of the second toe if it was larger than the hallux. 18 Hand length was measured from the distance between the heel of the hand and the tip of the middle finger. ...
Introduction:
Estimation of gestational age is a key for the identification of a given low birth weight neonate is either preterm or growth retarded.
Objective:
To estimate gestational age from neonatal anatomical anthropometric parameters in Dessie Referral Hospital, Ethiopia.
Methods:
Institutional-based cross-sectional study design was employed in Dessie Referral Hospital from October 2019 to April 2020, with 424 consecutively live-born of 28-42 weeks of gestation. After considering the inclusion criteria, neonatal anthropometric parameters were measured within 3 days of birth. Foot length, hand length, mid-upper arm circumference, head circumference, crown-heel length, intermammary distance, umbilical nipple distance, and birth weight were measured and summarized using descriptive statistics, and the power of association was evaluated using correlation analysis. Regression equations of gestational age (GA) in completed weeks with anthropometric parameters were formulated using simple and multiple linear regression analysis.
Results:
Except for hand length, all other neonatal anthropometric measurements were positively correlated with GA in completed weeks at p< 0.05. Anthropometric parameters individually, mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) and BW (birth weight) were correlated well with GA at correlation coefficient (r) of 0.406 and 0.334, respectively. Regression formula was formulated as GA (weeks) = 26.12+ [1.11×MUAC (cm)] and GA (Weeks) = 33.19 + [1.53×BW (kg)]. Multiple regression contributed correlation with GA and used for prediction of GA as GA (weeks) = 28.12 - [0.393×HL (cm)] + [1.07×BW (kg)] + [0.87×MUAC (cm)] (r= 0.458).
Conclusion:
The overall relative better correlation for prediction of GA, alone and in combination, is found by combined parameters (HL, MUAC, and BW). The relatively better individual anthropometric parameter for GA assessment is MUAC. Hence, using this neonatal parameter as a prediction of gestational age, the death of neonate due to preterm can be minimized.
... We therefore decided to standardise measurements of TMA to the cranium circumference which has previously been demonstrated to correlate to patient height. 18,19 It is also important to mention that images of the masseter were performed at different slice thicknesses. However, this did not appear to have any impact on the assessment of the masseter as it was evaluated consistently at the intended distance below the zygomatic arch, reflected by the narrow interquartile range. ...
Objective
The measurement of muscle area is routinely utilised in determining sarcopaenia in clinical research. However this simple measure fails to factor in age-related morphometric changes in muscle quality such as myosteatosis. The aims of this study were to: firstly investigate the relationship between the masseter area (quantity) and density (quality), and secondly compare the prognostic clinical relevance of each parameter.
Methods
Cross-sectional computerised tomography (CT) head scans were reviewed for patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy. The masseter was manually delineated and the total masseter area (TMA) and the total masseter density (TMD) calculated. Measurements of the TMA were standardised against the cranial circumference. Observer variability in measurements were assessed using Bland-Altman plots. The relationship between TMA and TMD were evaluated using Pearson’s correlation and linear regression analyses. The prognostic value of TMA and TMD were assessed using receiver operator curves and cox-regression analyses.
Results
In total, 149 patients who had undergone routine CT scans prior to a carotid endarterectomy were included in this study. No significant observer variations were observed in measuring the TMA, TMD and cranium circumference. There was a significant positive correlation between standardised TMA and TMD (Pearson’s correlation 0.426, p < 0.001, adjusted R-squared 17.6%). The AUC for standardised TMA in predicting all-cause mortality at 30 days, 1 year and 4 years were higher when compared to TMD. Standardised TMA was only predictive of post-operative overall all-cause mortality (adjusted HR 0.38, 95% CI 0.15–0.97, p = 0.043).
Conclusions
We demonstrate a strong relationship between muscle size and density. However, the utilisation of muscle area is likely to be limited in routine clinical care.
Advances in knowledge
Our study supports the utilisation of muscle area in clinical sarcopaenia research. We did not observe any additional prognostic advantage in quantifying muscle density.
... Also, in another study (Nemade et al. 2015), the correlation of head circumference, length, and width with body height was found to be significant and positive. A significant positive correlation of stature with the head length and width (Agarwal et al. 2014), head length (Chourasia et al. 2014), and head circumference (Mansur et al. 2014) have also been reported. Also, a significant correlation was found between the height and head dimensions (head circumference, length, and width) in another study (Kumar and Gopichand 2013;Singh 2013). ...
... Concerning height, it is known that males attain puberty 2 years later than their female counterparts, affording them additional time to grow (Eboh and Igbigbi 2017); this could be a reason for the gender difference observed in the present study. Significant greater body height in males compared to females have also been reported in previous studies (Marko et al. 2018;Eboh and Igbigbi 2017;Ukoha et al. 2015;Shah et al. 2015;Agarwal et al. 2014;Mansur et al. 2014;Agnihotri et al. 2011;Ilayperuma 2010;Pelin et al. 2010), which also reported that males are significantly taller than females. Structurally, the general appearance of the male skull is such that it tends to be larger and heavier or thicker than that of the female which is smaller and lighter (Gleeson 2016). ...
... The differences in the head circumference between males and females observed in all the ethnic groups in the present study are in tandem with previous studies (Marko et al. 2018;Eboh and Igbigbi 2017;Ukoha et al. 2015, Mansur et al. 2014and Agnihotri et al. 2011). In these studies, they also reported that the head circumference is greater in males than in females. ...
Background
Height estimation is an important stage of forensic investigation to identify an unknown person. The problem of unidentified human remains in the study area, due to local militia activities, kidnapping, and murder, necessitated this study to assess the correlation between the body height and head dimensions and to formulate regression models for estimation of height that are population and gender-specific.
Materials and methods
The study involved 952 subjects (464 males and 488 females), aged 18–30 years, from five ethnic groups and sampled from six universities in South-South Nigeria. Stature, head circumference, head length, and head width were measured using a standard anthropometric method. The data collected were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics 20. Statistical significance was pegged at p < 0.05.
Results
There was a significantly greater head dimension in males compared to females. There was a significant relationship between height and head dimensions in the majority of data. The relationship of the head circumference with stature was strongest in male data among the Bekwara and combined data among the Esan and Urhobo. Regarding the head length, the strongest relationship was in females and combined data among Bekwara, and males and combined data among the Ogbia had the strongest relationship. The relationship of stature with the head width was strongest in males and combined data among the Bekwara, and female data among the Ogbia.
Conclusion
This study showed that head dimensions can be used as tools in the height reconstruction of an individual using simple and multiple regression models, and this has medico-legal implication.
