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![Standard uncertainty associated with nonreproducibility (logarithmic units). Comparison between exact and approximated absolute maximum values (Δ rm s ) M A X and between exact and approximated average values (Δ rm s ) AV E. Both absolute maximum and average are calculated over the domain of k. Exact values are plotted with continuous curves; the approximated ones are with dashed curves. The two curves close to the text "Max." are obtained by using the results derived in Section VII [see (50) and (51)], and those close to the text "Ave." are based on the results derived in Section VIII [see (59) and (60)]. The frequency is that in Table I (maximum of the phase of the AMN impedance). Case of the 50 Ω/50 μH + 5 Ω AMN.](profile/Carlo-Carobbi/publication/241705333/figure/fig6/AS:667857541140489@1536241054400/Standard-uncertainty-associated-with-nonreproducibility-logarithmic-units-Comparison.png)
Standard uncertainty associated with nonreproducibility (logarithmic units). Comparison between exact and approximated absolute maximum values (Δ rm s ) M A X and between exact and approximated average values (Δ rm s ) AV E. Both absolute maximum and average are calculated over the domain of k. Exact values are plotted with continuous curves; the approximated ones are with dashed curves. The two curves close to the text "Max." are obtained by using the results derived in Section VII [see (50) and (51)], and those close to the text "Ave." are based on the results derived in Section VIII [see (59) and (60)]. The frequency is that in Table I (maximum of the phase of the AMN impedance). Case of the 50 Ω/50 μH + 5 Ω AMN.
Source publication
Closed-form formulas are derived permitting us to evaluate the nonreproducibility of conducted emission measure-ments due to the imperfect realization of the artificial mains net-work impedance. Since this is the dominant contribution to the combined standard measurement instrumentation uncertainty, the availability of such formulas permits us to t...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... comparison between (35) (exact, continuous line) and (38) (approximated, dashed line) is shown in Fig. 6 (see the upper couple of curves, those close to the text "Max."). The calcu- lation is done in the specific case where k is given by (48) in the following, the AMN is of the 50 Ω/50 μH + 5 Ω type, the frequency is that in Table I, and ρ M varies between 0 and 0.2. We observe that the deviation between the exact result and the ...
Context 2
... (58) The comparison between the value of (Δ rms ) AVE obtained through the numerical computation of (57) and the approx- imate closed-form solution (58) is represented in Fig. 6 (50 Ω/50 μH + 5 Ω AMN) and in Fig. 7 (50 Ω/50 μH AMN). The behavior as a function of ρ M , ranging from 0 to 0.2, is rep- resented in both the plots. The frequency where r O is evaluated is that of the maximum of the phase of the AMN impedance (see Table I). It is seen that the discrepancy between the values calculated through the ...
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Citations
... This work is in the vein of others devoted to the investigation of the measurement reproducibility of basic test methods in electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). In particular, in papers [3][4][5] the reproducibility of radiated emission measurements is quantified, [6] analyses the reproducibility of conducted emission measurements of voltage disturbances, [7][8] are focused on the reproducibility of radiated immunity tests, [9] concerns the reproducibility of immunity tests against currents induced at radiofrequency, [10] deals with the reproducibility of immunity tests to impulse (surge) phenomena. In the next section 2 we provide a general description of the activity. ...
... Key factors promoting this process are, together with advancements in RF technology, the publication of the Guide to the expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (briefly the GUM, [1]) and the increasing number of testing and calibration laboratories accredited to ISO/IEC 17025 [2]. This is witnessed by several recent papers of the same author devoted to the quality of testing and calibration in the specific sector of electromagnetic compatibility [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]. ...
... An important set of papers concerning conducted emissions repeatability is [3] - [5]. ...
... A paper from 2012 deals with the problem of the influence of the artificial mains network on conducted emissions measurement, and concluded that nonreproducibility is maximum at the frequency where the phase of the coupling/decoupling network impedance is maximum [3]. ...
... This work is in the flow of others from the same author intended to provide EMC testing laboratories the tools to support evidence of their competence through participation in proficiency tests [6][7], calculation of measurement uncertainty [8][9][10][11][12] and rigorous conformity assessment [13][14][15][16]. ...
... The risk of false acceptance for the decision rules (8), (9) and (10) is 5 %. Note that the theoretical assumption behind these formulas is that the calibration results reported in two calibration certificates can be modelled as two jointly normal random variables v1 and v2 with expected values vm1 and vm2 and variance 2U2 that, for the same antenna at the same frequency, the antenna factor is 11.8 dB(1/m). ...
... This standard requires that measurement uncertainty is evaluated for each test and calibration in the scope of accreditation and also participation in interlaboratory comparisons and proficiency tests (not to mention traceability of measurement results). See the standards [3][4][5], the scientific papers of this author [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17] and their references. A similar trend has been occurring in other measurement and testing sectors for the same reasons. ...
... Obviously, this margin cannot be too large. A large effort has been undertaken by standards committees and the scientific community (see for example the papers [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8] from one of the authors) to improve the reproducibility of EMC test methods. This contribution is in the same vein. ...
... The same reasoning applies to other quantities which can be interpreted as deterministic from the physical point of view, in the sense that their value is determined by physically stable boundary conditions but that, to some extent, are indeterminate due to the inability and/or inconvenience to predict their actual value. Some examples are the imperfection of a semi-anechoic chamber, quantified by the deviation between the measured normalized site attenuation and the ideal tabulated values (deviation that is characterized by a triangular PDF in [19]), the mismatch correction in a power measurement (characterized by a U-shaped PDF [19]- [21]), the artificial mains network impedance correction in a conducted emission measurement (again characterized by a triangular PDF [19], [22]), and the E-field strength inside a mode-stirred reverberation chamber (characterized by a Rayleigh PDF [23]). Many other examples can be made. ...
The scope of this study is to introduce the reader to Bayesian inference applied to the evaluation of measurement uncertainty and conformity assessment in the field of radiofrequency (RF) and electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) measurements and testing. The advantages stemming from the use of Bayesian inference with respect to the consolidated theoretical framework provided by the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (widely known as the “GUM”) are emphasized, also in order to appreciate the reasons behind the ongoing revision of the same GUM. An important result of Bayesian inference has been already implemented in two guides to the evaluation of EMC measurement uncertainty, namely, the IEC TR 61000-1-6 and the standard ANSI C63.23. Further, it is here shown that through Bayesian inference mathematical tools can be derived for the assessment of conformity of distribution of values, such as the electric field over a surface, taking into proper account both the intrinsic variability among the values of the distribution and the measurement uncertainty of each value. The theoretical background is first introduced and then two applications of Bayesian inference to measurement uncertainty and conformity assessment in the field of RF and EMC measurements and testing are thoroughly described.
... As shown in Figure 5, the distribution power network composed of the artificial mains network (AMN) [17], power cables, the base unit, the switch control module, the noise generating device, and so forth and the device (0-N) are EUT (equipment under test); K is the control module of switch; a denotes attenuator/noise signal from noise generator/wireless sensor network module/collection/PLC terminal and so forth. Through the smart grid distribution/electric test network, we can simulate the real aircraft equipped with grid structure. ...
Smart grid adopts wildly various sensors for lots of applications to sense work environment, monitor production process and realize the automation control, and so forth. However, due to the wireless and open communication, the electromagnetic phenomena in the communication and the electric network of the sensor network usually produce the mutual interference. Meanwhile, electrical equipment and sensors are usually in high pressure electromagnetic environment. Therefore, it is very necessary and important to ensure the reliability and stability in smart grid applications. And the sensing and communication device must be after equal parameter simulation environment under strict evaluation and verification can be put to use in actual production operation system. In this paper, we analyze the application of wireless sensor network in smart grid and propose the test method of the interaction between WSN and smart grid.
... 11 For example, height and polarization of the receiving antenna and angle of the rotating table which maximize radiated emission. 12 The repetition frequency of the disturbance is assumed to be smaller than the impulse bandwidth of the receiver, so that the transient response of the IF amplifier is nullified in the time interval between each impulse and the next one. 13 For Gaussian IF filters, which is an acceptable approximation of the actual shape of their frequency response, we have B 6 = √ 2B 3 and B imp = 1.064B 6 . ...
... 12 Basic structure of the current probe (left), and its equivalent circuit model (right). ...
This chapter introduces the fundamental electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) measuring instrumentation and measurement methods, defined by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), for compliance assessment of commercial products. It describes the essential metrological requirements specified for the EMC measuring instrumentation and test sites, and discusses the relevant methods of verification of such requirements. EMC tests are classified as emission or immunity (susceptibility) tests. Emission and immunity tests are said to be conducted if the disturbance energy is generated in the form of voltage, current, or power. Emission tests are indirect measurements. The building blocks of the quasi-peak measuring receiver, or electromagnetic interference (EMI) receiver, are also discussed in the chapter. Conducted emission tests consist in the measurement of the RF disturbance voltage generated by an equipment under test (EUT) connected to a power outlet. Finally, the chapter considers radiated emission measurements.
