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Standard Von Neumann architecture (a) and a biomolecular computing system (b). Both architectures are composed by I/O, core, and memory.
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Biomolecular computing is the field of engineering where computation, storage, communication, and coding are obtained by exploiting interactions between biomolecules, especially DNA, RNA, and enzymes. They are a promising solution in a long-term vision, bringing huge parallelism and negligible power consumption. Despite significant efforts in takin...
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... far, the Von Neumann architecture has been proven to be the best architecture for developing computing systems. As displayed in Fig. 1a, this architecture is featuring an input device, a central processing unit, a memory unit, and an output device [16]. Similarly, Fig. 1b displays the architecture for a complete biomolecular computing complete system to be interfaced to already existing technologies. On it, the input is realized by converting the electrical input ...
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... far, the Von Neumann architecture has been proven to be the best architecture for developing computing systems. As displayed in Fig. 1a, this architecture is featuring an input device, a central processing unit, a memory unit, and an output device [16]. Similarly, Fig. 1b displays the architecture for a complete biomolecular computing complete system to be interfaced to already existing technologies. On it, the input is realized by converting the electrical input information into biological or biochemical stimuli. The biomolecular-computing core is again the central processor unit, while the information ...
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... exploited to use a molecule as a logic gate, a computational block, a cryptography key, or a memory cell. An exhaustive and detailed description of all the possible related techniques is out of the scope of this review. Instead, this work provides an overview to demonstrate advantages in building central processing units through biomolecules (see Fig. 1). Three main types of biomolecular computing had shown good results: DNA (Section 2.1), RNA (Section 2.2), and Enzyme (Section 2.3). Then, we briefly review them in terms of their complexity, size, and different mechanism of performing the core ...
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... 2 introduced the advantages of biomolecular computing core and biomolecular memories in comparison to CMOS central processing units and memory units, and Section 2 presents today approaches in building those components. Concerning Fig.1, the I/O devices are still mostly missing in many of the biomolecular architectures proposed so far by the literature. In any biomolecular computation, the input devices are typically composed by stimuli, e.g., electrical or optical, while the output devices need to be a biosensor. ...
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... biomolecular system requires an output device as depicted in Fig. 1. Currently, the output devices are provided by laboratory instruments, methods, and procedures that covert biochemical information from the biomolecular computing core into an electrical signal. To this aim, colorimetry [112,113], fluorescence [114], chemiluminescence [115,116], electrochemiluminescence [117], and electrochemistry ...
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... far, the Von Neumann architecture has been proven to be the best architecture for developing computing systems. As displayed in Fig. 1a, this architecture is featuring an input device, a central processing unit, a memory unit, and an output device [16]. Similarly, Fig. 1b displays the architecture for a complete biomolecular computing complete system to be interfaced to already existing technologies. On it, the input is realized by converting the electrical input ...
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... far, the Von Neumann architecture has been proven to be the best architecture for developing computing systems. As displayed in Fig. 1a, this architecture is featuring an input device, a central processing unit, a memory unit, and an output device [16]. Similarly, Fig. 1b displays the architecture for a complete biomolecular computing complete system to be interfaced to already existing technologies. On it, the input is realized by converting the electrical input information into biological or biochemical stimuli. The biomolecular-computing core is again the central processor unit, while the information ...
Context 8
... exploited to use a molecule as a logic gate, a computational block, a cryptography key, or a memory cell. An exhaustive and detailed description of all the possible related techniques is out of the scope of this review. Instead, this work provides an overview to demonstrate advantages in building central processing units through biomolecules (see Fig. 1). Three main types of biomolecular computing had shown good results: DNA (Section 2.1), RNA (Section 2.2), and Enzyme (Section 2.3). Then, we briefly review them in terms of their complexity, size, and different mechanism of performing the core ...
Context 9
... 2 introduced the advantages of biomolecular computing core and biomolecular memories in comparison to CMOS central processing units and memory units, and Section 2 presents today approaches in building those components. Concerning Fig.1, the I/O devices are still mostly missing in many of the biomolecular architectures proposed so far by the literature. In any biomolecular computation, the input devices are typically composed by stimuli, e.g., electrical or optical, while the output devices need to be a biosensor. ...
Context 10
... biomolecular system requires an output device as depicted in Fig. 1. Currently, the output devices are provided by laboratory instruments, methods, and procedures that covert biochemical information from the biomolecular computing core into an electrical signal. To this aim, colorimetry [112,113], fluorescence [114], chemiluminescence [115,116], electrochemiluminescence [117], and electrochemistry ...
Citations
... In this instance, the presence of one or both inputs caused the PEG corona to separate, which was followed by the assembly of nanoparticles (Figure 17). Aiassa and co-authors [155] proposed an architecture for computer design (similar to Von Neumann architecture [156]) composed on a biomolecular computing system, which included biosensors as output devices and was based on molecular logic gates ( Figure 18); both designs consisted of I/O (Input/Output), core, and memory. Figure 18. ...
... Figure 18. A standard architecture for a computer design (a) and a proposed biomolecular computing structure (b) (reprinted with permission from [155]). ...
In the last few decades, point-of-care (POC) sensors have become increasingly important in the detection of various targets for the early diagnostics and treatment of diseases. Diverse nanomaterials are used as building blocks for the development of smart biosensors and magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs) are among them. The intrinsic properties of MNPs, such as their large surface area, chemical stability, ease of functionalization, high saturation magnetization, and more, mean they have great potential for use in biosensors. Moreover, the unique characteristics of MNPs, such as their response to external magnetic fields, allow them to be easily manipulated (concentrated and redispersed) in fluidic media. As they are functionalized with biomolecules, MNPs bear high sensitivity and selectivity towards the detection of target biomolecules, which means they are advantageous in biosensor development and lead to a more sensitive, rapid, and accurate identification and quantification of target analytes. Due to the abovementioned properties of functionalized MNPs and their unique magnetic characteristics, they could be employed in the creation of new POC devices, molecular logic gates, and new biomolecular-based biocomputing interfaces, which would build on new ideas and principles. The current review outlines the synthesis, surface coverage, and functionalization of MNPs, as well as recent advancements in magnetite-based biosensors for POC diagnostics and some perspectives in molecular logic, and it also contains some of our own results regarding the topic, which include synthetic MNPs, their application for sample preparation, and the design of fluorescent-based molecular logic gates.
... An interesting illustration of how the lab-on-a-chip idea may be coupled with DNA computing is the concept of a molecular inference system [60][61][62]. One more example of an innovative approach to using biomolecular computing is the idea of creating biosensors [63,64]. ...
The branch of informatics that deals with construction and operation of computers built of DNA, is one of the research directions which investigates issues related to the use of DNA as hardware and software. This concept assumes the use of DNA computers due to their biological origin mainly for intelligent, personalized and targeted diagnostics frequently related to therapy. Important elements of this concept are (1) the retrieval of unique DNA sequences using machine learning methods and, based on the results of this process, (2) the construction/design of smart diagnostic biochip projects. The authors of this paper propose a new concept of designing diagnostic biochips, the key elements of which are machine-learning methods and the concept of biomolecular queue automata. This approach enables the scheduling of computational tasks at the molecular level by sequential events of cutting and ligating DNA molecules. We also summarize current challenges and perspectives of biomolecular computer application and machine-learning approaches using DNA sequence data mining.
... MicroRNAs gained consideration due to their importance in early-stage diagnosis [75]. This section is adapted with permission from Springer Nature Customer Service Centre GmbH: [76] © 2020 Springer Science Business Media. ...
General anaesthesia is a challenging medical procedure inducing a reversible state of unconsciousness in patients during surgery to facilitate operations. The sedation is achieved by infusion of a perfectly balanced cocktail of pharmacological compounds. The delivery rate of this cocktail has to be continuously monitored to achieve and maintain the desired level of sedation to avoid complications and side effects related to over-dosage or under-dosage. Today, PharmacoKinetics and PharmacoDynamics (PK/PD) models regulate, via Target Controlled Infusion (TCI) pumps, the delivery of anaesthetics, and the patient is continuously monitored via BiSpectral (BiS)-index, a weighted sum of ElectroEncephaloGraphic (EEG) features. This approach comes with some limitations since PK/PD models are only statistically accurate since they are experimentally derived from observation on a population of individuals, and EEG suffers from measurement artifacts. To overcome these limitations, we propose to close the loop between anaesthesiologist and patient with Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM). Continuous monitoring of anaesthetics infusion helps anaesthesiologists to define personalized dose towards safer surgery. This thesis presents a newly required different part of the system to keep under control the concentration of anaesthetics in the body of the patient, which it was missing up today: the smart electronic pen for continuous monitoring of anaesthetics. Namely, the pen includes in a single device a unique electrochemical sensor, leveraging on new measurement methods, in a custom embedded device. The sensor built is a needle-shaped electrochemical cell fully characterized for direct detection of anaesthetics (propofol) in undiluted human serum. Several methods are specially developed in this thesis, including Sampling Rate Optimization (SRO), Total Charge Detection in Cyclic-voltammetry (TCDC), and Propofol Fouling Machine-learning (PFM) smart processing. The proposed device is a battery-operated single Printed Circuit Board (PCB) with wireless communication. It includes a novel quasi-digital potentiostat in a pen-shaped case for easy use in the surgery room. The proposed smart electronic pen achieves the four primary goals as required towards a closed-loop system for TDM of anaesthetics: portability, real-time detection, automatic smart processing, and continuous monitoring. The developed technology is low-power, wireless, and small size compared to the state-of-the-art to facilitate mobility into the surgery room. The system provides real-time detection with the first needle-shaped propofol sensor. Moreover, and for the first time in this work, machine learning approaches successfully compensated non-linearities of the electrochemical sensor, allowing smart processing. Finally, the sensor, methods, and electronics introduced in this thesis allow continuous monitoring of anaesthetics.
N‐isopropylacrylamide was polymerized on the surface of copper‐plated carbon paper electrode by a novel redox initiation system composed of persulfate and copper nanoparticles, and the PNIPAAm‐Cu NPs@CP film electrode was obtained. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) results showed that the electrode exhibits a reversible temperature, pH and glucose switchable electrical signal response through the ferrocene carboxylic acid (Fc(COOH)). With this basis, a 4‐current output logic gate system consisting of 3‐response inputs of temperature, pH, and glucose was fabricated and a corresponding logic circuit for 3‐input/4‐output ports was established. This work might provide a new avenue for the development of multi‐valued biologic systems.
