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Mammary neoplasms are the most common neoplasm in female dogs. This article describes the embryologic development, normal anatomy, and histology of the canine mammary gland from the onset of first estrous and the changes that occur in the mammary gland during the estrus cycle. The clinical features of canine mammary gland tumors and their relation...
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Surgery is the treatment of choice for regional control of mammary neoplasms in female dogs. Various surgical techniques may be used, as long as mammary gland anatomy, lymphatic drainage, and known prognostic factors are respected. The purpose of this study was to compare surgical stress-including duration of surgery, nociception and hematological...
Mammary tumors research in bitches is important due to their high incidence. The aim of this study was to evaluate the importance of the axillary lymph node as a sentinel lymph node for mammary neoplasms in female dogs. Forty-nine bitches with mammary neoplasia were submitted to total unilateral mastectomy, and the axillary lymph node was identifie...
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... Canine mammary tumors (CMTs) are the most common in female dogs [2,3], with over 50% of cases being malignant [4] and often metastatic [5]. Additionally, its occurrence and development are associated with dog breed, age, gender, and neutering status [6][7][8][9]. Notably, CMTs and human breast cancer (HBC) share a significant number of similarities in pathogenic factors, histological characteristics, molecular phenotypes, biological behaviors, and modes of metastasis [10,11], such as acquired chemotherapeutic All cells were maintained in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium with high glucose (DMEM, Gibco, Waltham, MA, USA) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and 1% antibiotic (penicillin and streptomycin) at 37 • C in a 5% CO 2 incubator. Cells in the logarithmic growth phase were harvested for further analysis and digested when they were in the logarithmic growth phase for all experiments. ...
Canine mammary tumors (CMTs) are the most common type of tumor in female dogs. In this study, we obtained a metastatic key protein, Fascin-1, by comparing the proteomics data of in situ tumor and metastatic cell lines from the same individual. However, the role of Fascin-1 in the CMT cell line is still unclear. Firstly, proteomics was used to analyze the differential expression of Fascin-1 between the CMT cell lines CHMm and CHMp. Then, the overexpression (CHMm-OE and CHMp-OE) and knockdown (CHMm-KD and CHMp-KD) cell lines were established by lentivirus transduction. Finally, the differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in CHMm and CHMm-OE cells were identified through proteomics. The results showed that the CHMm cells isolated from CMT abdominal metastases exhibited minimal expression of Fascin-1. The migration, adhesion, and invasion ability of CHMm-OE and CHMp-OE cells increased, while the migration, adhesion, and invasion ability of CHMm-KD and CHMp-KD cells decreased. The overexpression of Fascin-1 can upregulate the Tetraspanin 4 (TSPAN4) protein in CHMm cells and increase the number of migrations. In conclusion, re-expressed Fascin-1 could promote cell EMT and increase lamellipodia formation, resulting in the enhancement of CHMm cell migration, adhesion, and invasion in vitro. This may be beneficial to improve female dogs’ prognosis of CMT.
... За ходом внутрішньочасточкові протоки сполучаються у єдину протоку часточки. З неї молоко надходить у соскову протоку, яка в ділянці соска молочної залози розширюється у молочний синус (Sorenmo et al., 2011). ...
... У собаки окремі гілки латеральних шкірних гілок 3-го грудного і 2-го поперекового нервів досягають молочної залози латерально, а вентральних шкірних гілок 3-10-го грудних нервів -медіально. Пахова молочна залоза іннервується статево-стегновим нервом (Sorenmo et al., 2011). У кішки шкірні гілки 2-го грудного -3-го поперекового нервів, а також статевостегнового нерва беруть участь в іннервації молочної залози. ...
The mammary gland is a target organ for hormones in the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, and ovaries. In the postnatal period of animal ontogenesis, breast growth, and development are determined by the estrous cycle and pregnancy. One of the most pressing problems in morphology, mammology, and reproductology of animals is the study of the structure of the breast at the macro and microscopic levels. However, modern studies on the morphology of animals' breasts are mainly devoted to the features of pathomorphological changes in the breast during carcinogenesis. The work aims to conduct a scientific review of the study of normal breast morphology in domestic carnivores. Electronic publication searches have been conducted in the Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases over the past 20 years. The principles of objectivity and a comprehensive attitude to studying the chosen problem are used. The authors of the review article review the current scientific literature and summarize current knowledge on the features of dog and cat breast morphology. The anatomical structure of the breast of animals is presented with an emphasis on its topography. According to the description of the microscopic structure of the breast, its main structural components are characterized by secretory parts (alveoli and tubes) and intraparticle excretory ducts. Anatomical characteristics of the nerves, blood, and lymphatic vessels of the mammary glands of dogs and cats are presented. Morphological changes in the mammary gland of dogs and cats at different stages of the estrus cycle and during pregnancy are described; in particular, the mammary gland is at rest (inactive) during proestrus and estrus. According to diestrus, due to an increase in progesterone levels, successive morphological changes occur, in particular, stromal and ductal proliferation; early development of lobules with branching ducts and proliferation of alveoli; the dominance of glandular tissue with large lobules containing secretory material; early regression, an increase in interparticle connective tissue, eosinophilic protein secretion in dilated ducts and alveoli. Complete involution of the alveoli and tubes of the breast is recorded at the end of the anestrus. The described anatomical and microscopic features of the structure of the mammary glands of dogs and cats are relevant for the comparative morphology of carnivores at different stages of the sexual cycle and during pregnancy. Data on blood supply, lymphatic drainage, and innervation of the breast are essential for its functional characteristics in normal and pathological conditions, particularly for developing a reasonable model of breast extirpation in malignant tumors.
... The caudal and inguinal abdominal breasts drain into the ip-silateral superficial inguinal lymph node . Drainage to the contralateral lymph node has already been described and may occur through lymphangiogenesis induced by the neoplasia (Sorenmo et al. 2011). ...
... According to Sorenmo et al. (2011) some differences can be observed in the drainage of mammary glands without neoplasms when compared to neoplastic mammary glands (Table 1). ...
... Despite the epidemiological importance of breast tumours in bitches in Brazil, medical records of the care for these animals are often incomplete (Biondi et al. 2014), missing important information about the reproductive life such as castration, occurrence of illnesses reproductive disorders (pseudocyesis, Sorenmo et al. (2011) https://doi.org/10.17221/4/2024-VETMED abortion and others) and use of contraceptives which are often related to the aetiology of these tumours in bitches (Ribas et al. 2012;Toribio et al. 2012). ...
With the increase in the life expectancy of domestic animals and their increasingly affectionate relationship with their owners, it is possible to observe an increase in cases of neoplasms in these animals. Mammary neoplasia mainly affects older females who have not been castrated, due to hormonal dependence for the development of the tumour. The main form of treatment is surgery. This study aims to carry out an updated review on mammary neoplasms in female dogs covering the anatomy, physiology, prevalence, causes, diagnoses, treatments, prevention and prognosis, based on scientific articles by renowned researchers.
... Contra-wise, there are very often mixed CMTs (carcinosarcomas), which originate from both mesenchymal and epithelial components. Approximately two-thirds of dogs have multiple tumours, which means that different types of tumours occur within one animal [2,4,5]. ...
Cell cultivation has been one of the most popular methods in research for decades. Currently, scientists routinely use two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures of commercially available cell lines and primary cultures to study cellular behaviour, responses to stimuli, and interactions with their environment in a controlled laboratory setting. In recent years, 3D cultivation has gained more attention in modern biomedical research, mainly due to its numerous advantages compared to 2D cultures. One of the main goals where 3D culture models are used is the investigation of tumour diseases, in both animals and humans. The ability to simulate the tumour microenvironment and design 3D masses allows us to monitor all the processes that take place in tumour tissue created not only from cell lines but directly from the patient’s tumour cells. One of the tumour types for which 3D culture methods are often used in research is the canine mammary gland tumour (CMT). The clinically similar profile of the CMT and breast tumours in humans makes the CMT a suitable model for studying the issue not only in animals but also in women.
... Canine mammary tumours are a heterogenous group of tumours and are the most common oncological disease in bitches (Rezaie et al. 2009;Sleeckx et al. 2011;Sorenmo et al. 2011;Cassali et al. 2014;Furuya et al. 2015;Salas et al. 2015). Canine mammary tumours (CMTs) represent 25-50% of all tumours (Novosad 2003) and more than 82% of tumours of the genital apparatus in bitches (Ettinger and Feldman 2010). ...
The histological grade is usually used as a prognostic factor in canine mammary gland carcinomas, but the actual biological behaviour is not always in accordance with this available tool. Disrupted expression of cell adhesion molecules is a very promising way how to predict possible tumour spread. The goal of this study was to detect and quantify the expression of adhesion molecule E-cadherin and β-catenin by means of immunofluorescence and relate the findings with the histological grade in 18 samples of canine mammary gland carcinomas. There is a disruption of β-catenin and E-cadherin expression in canine mammary carcinoma. Significantly positive correlation was found between the expression index of E-cadherin and β-catenin with the histological grade. A significant difference ( P < 0.05) in the membrane index (MI) of β-catenin expression was found between groups of canine mammary carcinomas (CMCs) grade I and II, grade I and III, grade II and III. A significant difference ( P < 0.05) in the MI of E-cadherin expression was also found between groups of CMCs grade I and II, grade I and III, grade II and III. A significant difference ( P < 0.05) in the cytoplasmic index (CI) of β-catenin expression was found between groups of CMCs grade I and II, grade I and III. In the case of CI expression of E-cadherin, no significant difference was found in the expression of E-cadherinin CMCs of different grade. The results of the study show that these adhesion molecules could be promising markers in determining the prognosis of patients with CMCs.
... Here, we report on a reproducible and functional xenotransplantation model that uses cryopreserved mammary tissue fragments from equine or canine donors. These mammals were selected based on (i) availability of tissues from research animals, (ii) their status as sentinel species, i.e., large mammals that share human environments [7], (iii) similarities to humans regarding mammary morphology [31,32], and (iv) variation in their natural mammary cancer incidence, with horses and dogs representing mammals with a low and high mammary cancer incidence, respectively [7,33]. Importantly, the mammary tissue fragments used for xenotransplantation were isolated via an antibody-free mechanical and enzymatic digestion method, making this approach universally applicable to virtually any mammal. ...
... (CK14)) and luminal cells (i.e., cytokeratin-18 (CK18)) were evaluated (Fig 3b). Similar to what is observed in equine and canine mammary glands [31,32] (S2b(ii) Fig), α-SMA and CK14 labeling was restricted to the outer myoepithelial cell layer and CK18 labeling was restricted to the inner luminal cells of the xenografts, indicating a bilayered architecture (Fig 3b). Presence of estrogen receptor-alpha (ERα) was also assessed, as mammary gland responsiveness to mammotropic hormones (e.g., estrogens) is a defining feature of mammary gland growth and functionality [46]. ...
... Presence of estrogen receptor-alpha (ERα) was also assessed, as mammary gland responsiveness to mammotropic hormones (e.g., estrogens) is a defining feature of mammary gland growth and functionality [46]. As expected, we observed ERα presence in the nuclei of luminal cells of both equine and canine xenografts (Fig 3b), mirroring characteristics of the donor glands [31,32] (S2b(ii) Fig) and indicating that these mammary xenografts may be responsive to hormonal stimulation. ...
Although highly conserved in structure and function, many (patho)physiological processes of the mammary gland vary drastically between mammals, with mechanisms regulating these differences not well understood. Large mammals display variable lactation strategies and mammary cancer incidence, however, research into these variations is often limited to in vitro analysis due to logistical limitations. Validating a model with functional mammary xenografts from cryopreserved tissue fragments would allow for in vivo comparative analysis of mammary glands from large and/or rare mammals and would improve our understanding of postnatal development, lactation, and premalignancy across mammals. To this end, we generated functional mammary xenografts using mammary tissue fragments containing mammary stroma and parenchyma isolated via an antibody-independent approach from healthy, nulliparous equine and canine donor tissues to study these species in vivo . Cryopreserved mammary tissue fragments were xenotransplanted into de-epithelialized fat pads of immunodeficient mice and resulting xenografts were structurally and functionally assessed. Preimplantation of mammary stromal fibroblasts was performed to promote ductal morphogenesis. Xenografts recapitulated mammary lobule architecture and contained donor-derived stromal components. Mammatropic hormone stimulation resulted in (i) upregulation of lactation-associated genes, (ii) altered proliferation index, and (iii) morphological changes, indicating functionality. Preimplantation of mammary stromal fibroblasts did not promote ductal morphogenesis. This model presents the opportunity to study novel mechanisms regulating unique lactation strategies and mammary cancer induction in vivo . Due to the universal applicability of this approach, this model serves as proof-of-concept for developing mammary xenografts for in vivo analysis of virtually any mammals, including large and rare mammals.
... Dessa forma, o presente estudo se justifica pela escassez de informações sobre as principais alterações hematológicas e hemostáticas em cadelas com neoplasia mamária.Assim, tem como objetivo conduzir uma revisão de literatura minuciosa, demonstrando sua relevância na oncologia veterinária e incentivando mais estudos.Em relação à etiologia da neoplasia mamária em cadelas, estudos evidenciam a existência de diversos fatores que podem influenciar no desenvolvimento desse tumor, sendo a idade e a exposição hormonal os mais importantes deles, além da raça, predisposição genética, dieta e obesidade(SORENMO et al., 2011).Os hormônios ovarianos, estrógeno e progesterona, influenciam de forma expressiva no desenvolvimento de tumores mamários, em vista de seu efeito mitogênico sobre as células deste tecido. Dessa forma, a realização da ovário-histerectomia é considerada um método preventivo por reduzir o risco do surgimento dessa neoplasia (DE NARDI; FERREIRA; ASSUNÇÃO, 2016; ALVES; HEBLING, 2020; MIRANDA et al., ...
As neoplasias mamárias têm grande incidência nas cadelas, representando maior porcentagem de ocorrência em comparação com outros tumores na espécie canina. Entretanto, embora seja uma afecção constantemente estudada, a abordagem das alterações hematológicas e hemostáticas ainda é pouco explorada na oncologia veterinária. Essa falha implica principalmente na baixa adesão aos exames laboratoriais de hemostasia na rotina, o que resulta na subestimação de inúmeros distúrbios de coagulação que raramente são diagnosticados. Além disso, a literatura descreve que tais anormalidades podem estar fortemente relacionadas ao tipo e grau histopatológico do tumor, o que reforça ainda mais a importância de sua investigação para estabelecer o tratamento e prognóstico do paciente. Dessa forma, objetivou-se com o presente estudo conduzir uma revisão de literatura minuciosa abordando as principais alterações hematológicas e hemostáticas relacionadas à neoplasia mamária em cadelas, a fim de demonstrar sua relevância e incentivar novas pesquisas a respeito.
... The second measurement made using the elastography recordings in the study was the strain ratio. The muscle was chosen as the reference tissue because, from the literature it is known that there is a difference between the adipose density in the thoracic, abdominal and inguinal mammary glands of female dogs (SORENMO et al., 2011). Thus, it was ensured that the results obtained from the strain ratio measurements were not affected by the gland density difference. ...
... Diagnosis and treatment of various neoplasms have an important place in clinical studies in veterinary medicine. Neoplasms of the mammary gland are the most common neoplasms in female dogs (SORENMO et al., 2011). In the literature, it was reported that the frequency of malignant mammary tumors is higher than benign ones (ATALAY VURAL and AYDIN, 2001;EŽERKYSTE et al., 2011;NUNES et al., 2019). ...
... The tissue volume of abdominal and inguinal mammary glands is higher than for thoracic mammary glands. Neoplasia occur more frequently in abdominal and inguinal mammary glands due to their increased tissue density (SORENMO et al., 2011). When the occurrence of mammary tumors was evaluated in relation to the anatomical location of the mammary glands, it was reported that neoplastic lesions were more frequently diagnosed in the abdominal and inguinal mammary glands (ATALAY VURAL and AYDIN, 2001;EŽERKYSTE et al., 2011;NUNES et al., 2019). ...
The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic performance of strain elastography in the assessment of mammary neoplasms. Twenty-three dogs and a total number of 57 mammary neoplasms were included in this study. The elasticity score and strain ratio were measured using elastography recordings for comparison of histopathology results in mammary neoplasms. The mean elasticity scores were 1.66±0.15 for the benign neoplasms and 3.33±0.16 for the malignant tumors (P<0.001). The optimal cutoff value was found to be between 2 and 3 (2.5), with values of 71.4% sensitivity and 93.3% specificity. The mean strain ratios were calculated 1.85±0.21 for the benign neoplasms and 3.76±0.23 for the malignant tumors (P<0.001). In the analysis of strain ratio measurements, the optimal cutoff value was found to be 2.15 with 90.5% sensitivity and 80.0% specificity. Analyses with both methods of the malignant epithelial tumors in different grade groups were not statistically different (P>0.05). There was no significant difference found in distinguishing malignant mixed tumors and malignant epithelial tumors (P>0.05). The results of this study showed that, strain elastography is a highly valuable tool in differential diagnosis of mammary neoplasms in bitches.
... Canine mammary gland tumour is a common neoplasm in female dogs, with approximately 50% of cases revealed to be malignant on histopathology [1][2][3]. Canine mammary gland cancer (CMGC) and human breast cancer share many epidemiologic and pathologic features, including marked histologic and molecular heterogeneity [1]. In particular, certain types of CMGCs have similar histological features to human breast cancer originating mainly from epithelial cells [2,4]. ...
Background
Canine mammary gland cancer (CMGC) is a common neoplasm in intact bitches. However, the benefit of adjuvant chemotherapy is unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-proliferative effects of paclitaxel on CMGC in in-vitro and in-vivo settings.
Results
Paclitaxel dose-dependently inhibited viability and induced G2/M phase cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in both primary and metastatic CMGC cell lines (CIPp and CIPm). In animal experiments, the average tumour volume decreased significantly in proportion to the administered oral paclitaxel dose. By examining tumour tissue using a TUNEL assay and immunohistochemical staining with anti-CD31 as a marker of endothelial differentiation, respectively, it was confirmed that oral paclitaxel induced apoptosis and exerted an anti-angiogenetic effect in tumour tissues. Further, downregulation of cyclin D1 in tumour tissues suggested that oral paclitaxel induced cell cycle arrest in tumour tissues in-vivo.
Conclusions
Our results suggest that paclitaxel may have anti-cancer effects on CMGC through cell cycle arrest, induction of apoptosis, and anti-angiogenesis. This study could provide a novel approach to treat CMGC.
... A classificação histopatológica das neoplasias mamárias ocorre de acordo com o tipo celular (epitelial, mioepitelial ou mesenquimal), e de acordo com os critérios de malignidade, sendo classificadas em alterações epiteliais não neoplásicas, tumores benignos e tumores malignos (Cassali et al., 2020). As vias de metástase das neoplasias mamárias em cães são principalmente através dos vasos linfáticos, capilares e veias (Sorenmo et al., 2011), sendo o sistema linfático a principal via de metástase em tumores malignos (Cassali et al., 2014). O estadiamento clínico dos pacientes deve ser realizado através do sistema TNM (T = tamanho do tumor; N = comprometimento de linfonodos regionais; M= presença de metástase a distância), que confere informações importantes para o prognóstico da doença e proporciona o planejamento do tratamento adequado (Cassali et al., 2020). ...
Na cirurgia de remoção de neoplasias mamárias a obtenção de margens livres é importante para predizer a eficácia do procedimento. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a relação das margens com os achados clínicos e histopatológicos de cadelas com neoplasia mamária submetidas à exérese cirúrgica. Foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo, no período de 2016 à 2020, de 169 cadelas diagnosticadas com neoplasia mamária maligna, onde foram obtidas informações quanto: avaliação das margens, localização, tamanho, apresentação clínica, grau de aderência, graduação e classificação histopatológica das neoplasias e o comprometimento de linfonodos regionais. As margens estavam comprometidas em 11 (6,5%) pacientes. As neoplasias malignas mais frequentes foram carcinoma em tumor misto (n=83; 29,64%). Pacientes com carcinoma anaplásico (n=6; 2,14%) apresentaram mais probabilidade de ter as margens comprometidas (p= 0,050), e os pacientes com adenomioepitelioma maligno (n=13; 100%), maiores chances de apresentarem as margens livres (p=0,021). Os pacientes que apresentaram os linfonodos com metástases, possuíram mais chance de as margens estarem comprometidas (p=0.041). Podemos concluir que os achados histopatológicos possuem relação com as margens cirúrgicas, enquanto os parâmetros clínicos como: localização, o tamanho, a apresentação não interferiram. Nesse estudo os pacientes acometidos com carcinomas anaplásicos apresentam uma maior chance de as margens estarem comprometidas, enquanto os acometidos por adenomioepitelioma maligno tenderam a apresentar as margens cirúrgicas livres de neoplasia.
