Table 1 - uploaded by Ciscu Sánchez
Content may be subject to copyright.
Source publication
The generation of a subsidence crater on the surface derived from an underground mine exploitation, has been under study since the 70's with works done by Peck (1969), Shandbolt (1978), Kvapil et al (1989) and Flores (2005), among the most famous. All of them were developed using available observations together with the characterization of rock mas...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... data acquired are used to recreate the extraction process of the subsidence crater, taking into account a group of events that cause the modification of the crater edge and the bottom descent. Since the use of InSAR measurements for the subsidence crater of El Teniente mine, the events described in Table 1have developed Images' acquisition and processing covering the period January-April 2011. ...
Similar publications
The settlement (or subsidence) of mine waste dump is likely to cause landslides, thereby imposing threats on the safety of human beings and other local properties. Hence, it is essential to accurately predict the settlement for the early-warning of settlement-induced geohazards. Traditional mechanical methods require in situ mechanical parameters a...
Citations
... The existence of data archives going back to the 1990s initially led to the extensive use of InSAR data to perform historical ground deformation analyses. Successful applications to underground and open pit mines are presented by Carnec and Delacourt (2000), Raucoules et al. (2003), Colesanti et al. (2005), Jung et al. (2007), Herrera et al. (2007), Herrera et al. (2010), Espinosa et al. (2014), Iannacone et al. (2014), Paradella et al. (2015) and Sánchez et al. (2017). Recent advances in the satellite space segment and processing algorithms have significantly reduced computational time and the advent of newer satellites with increased spatial resolution and acquisition frequency have increased information density. ...
Underground cave and longwall mining can produce subsidence of the ground surface. Mapping of the extent and magnitude of ground movement is usually one of the main challenges faced by mine operators and is important for mine planning, operational hazard assessment and to evaluate environmental and socioeconomic impacts. Until now, subsidence prediction was based on complex numerical modelling that typically used a small set of discrete data points as input to calibrate the model. These measurements were both spatially and temporally sparse. The advent of interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) significantly changed this scenario by providing a high density of measurement points with a high sampling frequency in time. Additional beneficial features of InSAR for mine sites include: (i) the provision of information without the need to install ground instrumentation (no need to access remote or hazardous sites), (ii) the capability to perform historical ground deformation analyses thanks to the existence of data archives going back to the 1990s (worldwide coverage is available from at least May 2016), and (iii) millimetric sensitivity to vertical deformation, which allows accurate characterisation of the areas affected by subsidence. Two case studies of InSAR monitoring applied to underground mining operations are presented, highlighting the advantages of combining different InSAR techniques to monitor both slow and fast movements.
... Las grandes explotaciones mineras presentes en áreas montañosas están comúnmente afectadas por un amplio abanico de inestabilidades del terreno debidas por un lado a la propia actividad minera a rajo abierto o por explotación subterránea, y a fenómenos naturales propios de los entornos montañosos. Durante la última década las técnicas de monitoreo radar satelital utilizando metodologías avanzadas basadas en la interferometría de permanent scatterers (PSI) se están aplicando con éxito en los entornos mineros, en el monitoreo de los movimientos del terreno como cráteres de subsidencia provocados por minería subterránea y en el control de las inestabilidades del terreno como deslizamientos de laderas naturales y rajos, ver (Espinosa et al 2014), (Colombo & MacDonald 2015), (Mora et al, 2013) y (Espinosa & Mora 2012) . Además, en comparación con las técnicas convencionales de monitoreo, los métodos basados en el PSI, proporcionan una mayor resolución y cobertura espacial de medidas a un precio menor, especialmente para cubrir grandes extensiones de terreno y zonas de difícil o peligroso acceso. ...
Advanced remote sensing techniques based on satellite mounted Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data have become a significant method for monitoring surface deformation caused by mining operations all over the world. From millimetric to metric displacements, this paper presents ground motion monitoring results obtained by applying radar data processing techniques covering the entire area of the Mina Andina. Specially, high magnitude measurement points were detected at the bottom of the subsidence crater, in slopes near Rajo Sur and eastern waste dumps. Information provided about the general motion behaviour of the mine can be directly linked to other functional or operational aspects of the operation such in situ knowledge about deformation mechanisms and also complement risk control assessment.
... Monitoring also provides essential information for estimating similar effects on the surroundings of the underground mine. Furthermore, it is used to monitor the evolution of cavities and register the decrease of the crater bottom (Espinosa et al. 2014) and the fact that large areas are measured remotely means that there is no need to install reflectors or in situ instruments on the ground and no need to deploy personnel to unsafe areas. ...
Advanced remote sensing techniques based on satellite mounted Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data have become a powerful method for monitoring surface deformation caused by mining operations all over the world. From millimetric displacements to metric displacements, this paper presents different SAR techniques to analyse the dynamics of the slopes of the block cave subsidence crater, landslides, open pit and other surface deformation areas in El Teniente mine in Chile.
Editor’s note: The Geology and Mining series, edited by Dan Wood and Jeffrey Hedenquist, is designed to introduce early-career professionals and students to a variety of topics in mineral exploration, development, and mining, in order to provide insight into the many ways in which geoscientists contribute to the mineral industry.
Abstract
Cave mining methods (generically referred to as block caving) are becoming the preferred mass underground mining options for large, regularly shaped mineral deposits that are too deep to mine by open pit. The depth at which caving is initiated has increased over the past few decades, and operational difficulties experienced in these new mines have indicated the need for a much improved geologic and geotechnical understanding of the rock mass, if the low-cost and high-productivity objectives of the method are to be maintained and the mines operated safely. Undercuts (the caving initiation level immediately above the ore extraction level) are now being developed at depths of >1,000 m below surface, with the objective of progressively deepening to 2,000 and, eventually, 3,000 m. Many of the deeper deposits now being mined by caving have lower average metal grades than previously caved at shallower depths and comprise harder and more heterogeneous rock masses, and some are located in higher-stress and higher-temperature environments. As a result, larger caving block heights are required for engineering reasons; mining costs (capital and operating) are also escalating. In these deeper cave mining environments, numerous hazards must be mitigated if safety, productivity, and profitability are not to be adversely affected. Fortunately, potential hazards can be indicated and evaluated during exploration, discovery, and deposit assessment, prior to mine design and planning. Major hazards include rock bursts, air blasts, discontinuous surface subsidence, and inrushes of fines. These hazards are present during all stages of the caving process, from cave establishment (tunnel and underground infrastructure development, drawbell opening, and undercutting) through cave propagation and cave breakthrough to surface, up to and including steady-state production. Improved geologic input into mine design and planning will facilitate recognition and management of these risks, mitigating their consequences.
