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Source publication
Background
Due to a rapid urbanization process in the Metropolitan Region of Santiago de Chile (MRS), the amount of municipal solid waste (MSW) generated has increased considerably within the last years. MSW should be managed properly in order to achieve sustainable development. The purpose of this study is to analyze MSW management in MRS on the b...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... management of municipal solid waste (MSW) is essential for the health of urban residents, for the pro- tection of the environment and the conservation of resources, and therefore for the sustainability of any city. In its widest sense, the activities associated with the management of MSW include waste handling, collection and transport, treatment, recovery of materials and en- ergy, and final disposal ( Figure 1). In most developed countries, each of these stages, mainly due to legal regu- lations, occurs as part of the system. ...
Citations
... Many countries are looking for an appropriate waste management system to reduce the volume of waste and the related environmental impacts [8]. A capable and sustainable waste management system is vital both for human health and environmental protection [9]. Undoubtedly, sustainable waste management is an innovative solution for solid waste treatment to improve practicality and to meet the goals of reduction, reuse, recycling, and treatment strategies with the lowest environmental damage cost [10]. ...
This study aims to develop a comprehensive model for life cycle assessment and environmental damage cost calculations considering avoided emissions in different waste management scenarios using the system dynamics (SD) approach. Our analysis reveals that under the business-as-usual (BAU) scenario for the period 2020–2050, the total net greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reach 12.5 Mt, with the highest environmental damage cost being USD 689 million. In contrast, an integrated management strategy encompassing recycling, composting, anaerobic digestion, and incineration results in a 195% reduction in net GHG emissions compared to the BAU Scenario. Concurrently, the environmental damage cost drops to USD 277 million, incorporating USD 347 million in savings, leading to a net environmental damage cost of USD −71 million. The findings affirm that accounting for emissions avoided across various treatment methods offers a more accurate estimate of environmental damage costs. Additionally, policies centered on integrated waste management are more likely to achieve sustainability. The study also demonstrates the utility of the SD approach in providing a holistic view of waste management systems and in evaluating the effectiveness of various policy strategies for sustainable waste management.
... The amount of MSW produced increased from approximately 294.6 kg/(cap) in 2000 to approximately 439.7 kg/(cap) in 2017, with a total generation of 7.5 million tons in 2017, where the Metropolitan Region accounts for 41.8%, followed by the Valparaiso Region with 11.5%, and 97% of MSW is disposed of, with only 3% collected for recovery [46]. In the country, the treatment of MSW is mainly limited to final disposal, without any kind of separation, composting and generation of energy from waste [47]. There is a strong informal waste management activity, which includes some type of waste recycling or reuse of electronic parts [48]. ...
Due to the increasing volume of waste and the increasingly complex administration of its collection and disposal, solid waste management is quickly becoming a demanding issue for municipalities all over the world. Benchmarking the effectiveness of municipal solid waste management is critical for assessing municipalities’ resource management performance and developing public policies for improvement. The main contribution of this article is an analysis of the efficiency of municipal collection services in Chile focusing in house solid waste. This study estimates the economic and technical efficiency using Stochastic Frontier Models for socio-economic, technical and human geography data from 2014 to 2019 for a sample of 280 municipalities, as well as an analysis of the internal and external factors that influence the efficiency levels shown by municipalities using an econometric model with 2017 socio-economic data. In addition, the spatial distribution of efficiency is investigated, with the Moran index used to identify clusters of towns to see if there is any spatial autocorrelation. The findings show that there are considerable disparities depending on whether the collection is private, public or mixed, and that rural municipalities are inefficient. The efficiency is not distributed evenly throughout space. The findings and recommendations of this study are intended to aid in the improvement of municipal and public policies relating to MSW management efficiency.
... Table 1 shows that the extraction of biogas from garbage is a relevant issue in South American countries. This is also emphasized by various Chilean authors on issues such as: the design of networks of biogas [26], environmental sustainability [27] and municipal waste management [28]. Therefore, this chapter continues and deepens these works taking advantage of the challenges and opportunities of biogas production. ...
This research evaluated the technical and economic feasibility of a biogas plant in the south of Chile to generate energy (WtE) for the plant's own consumption, energy for sale to the country's electricity grid and produce biofertilizer from municipal solid waste (MSW). In the town of Panguipulli, 26 tons of solid waste are produced daily, of which 12 tons correspond to household organic waste. These arrive directly to a landfill, wasting their potential to generate products and energy. To study the economic feasibility, an analysis was carried out on the investment, costs and income that make up the cash flow of the project evaluated at 15 years. The results gave an NPV of 214.099.637 CLP and an IRR of 15% at a real discount rate of 10%, with a payback period of 6 years. The research concluded that it is feasible to design a biogas plant that works from household organic waste in Panguipulli. This will contribute to the mitigation of climate change and will promote circular economy actions and the sustainable management of MSW in the south of Chile.
... In Chile, a theoretical scenario analysis has been conducted for assessing the production of SRF and its use as a secondary fuel in cement kilns, suggesting to contribute to about 25% to total energy consumption for cement production (Martínez et al., 2012). In Brazil, a system dynamic modelling analysis was implemented to estimate the availability of potential recyclable waste streams from municipal and industrial sectors for SRF production, discussing possible policy interventions (de Lorena Diniz Chaves et al., 2021). ...
Solid recovered fuels (SRF) can provide another treatment option to the solid waste management (SWM) sector. However, in developing countries, to date, this system approach has not found considerable application. In Bolivia, SRF is not deemed within the national regulation and the final disposal in open dumping areas is still a reality. This research article provides the first attempt in evaluating the SRF characteristics and its potentialities in Bolivia, taking La Paz as a case study. Laboratory analysis of the rejects produced after selective collection and sorting has been conducted, focusing on non-hazardous and non-recyclable waste fractions. The international standards related to EN 15359:2011 for the classification of the SRF were employed, assessing the most feasible mix of materials to provide the highest classification of SRF in terms of low calorific value (LCV), chlorine, and mercury concentration. Results reported that the SRF made of 80% plastics (85% PE and 15% PP) and 20% cellulosic (blend 2), as well as 30% plastics (50% PP and 50% PE) and 70% cellulosic (blend 1), can be considered an alternative fuel in Bolivia. On balance, it has been estimated that the use of non-recyclable plastics and cardboard from municipal solid waste can provide, on average, about 0.9–2.7 billion MJ of energy for cement kilns, solving about 1.4–5.3% of the SWM issues and covering about 8–23.4% of the energy demand for cement production in Bolivia. These results are novel for the scientific literature for estimating the potentialities of SRF in Latin America.
... Not all cities and regencies in Indonesia have solved waste management issues in Indonesia, especially in landfills at the Municipal Solid Waste Landfill (MSWLF) [1]. Waste management includes collection, transportation, processing, and final disposal [2]. In Indonesia, most of the waste management includes storage, collection, final transportation, and landfill in MSWLF [3][4] [5]. ...
At Troketon’s Municipal Solid Waste Landfill (MSWLF), waste management adopts the controlled landfill method. The solid waste that enters the MSWLF of Troketon is increasing every day. Without processing, the incoming waste is directly dumped into a landfill. It causes the landfill capacity in the active zone to decrease so that the landfill’s service life decreases faster. This study aimed to calculate the capacity of the used landfill to determine the useful life of the landfill. It also aimed to compare the service life of MSWLF with the processing and composting process. This research took place from January 2019 to May 2021. This research conducted interview techniques, and literature studies. Estimating the waste generation rate projections were based on data in 2020 by using an excel program to calculate waste reduction and its service life. The average rate of the waste generation entering MSWLF of Troketon was 0.07% per year with 48% biodegradable waste composition. The results revealed that these operating landfill zones could extend their service life by composting process. MSWLF with the composting process saves capacity by 136.99 m ³ /day and 712 days’ longer service life than without composting.
... The atmospheric impact of the oxidation initiated by OH radicals from AMS and AES could become important in megacities where the generation of organic waste material (garbage) is quite high, which can lead to significant concentrations of VOSC's (Jha et al., 2008;Martínez et al., 2012;Takaoka et al., 2014). ...
Relative rate coefficients of the OH radical -initiated oxidation of allyl methyl sulfide (AMS, H2C=CHCH2SCH3) and allyl ethyl sulfide (AES, H2C=CHCH2SCH2CH3) have been measured at atmospheric pressure of synthetic air and 298 K: kAMS= (4.98 ± 1.42) and kAES= (6.88 ± 1.49) × 10-11 cm3 molecule-1 s-1 by means of “in situ” FTIR spectroscopy. In addition, the molar yields of the main reaction products of AMS with OH radicals formed in the absence and presence of nitric oxides (NOX) were determined to be the following: sulfur dioxide (95 ± 12) % and (51 ± 12) % and for acrolein (50 ± 9) % and (41 ± 9) %. In the reaction of AES with OH radicals, the following molar yields were obtained: for sulfur dioxide (88 ± 13) % and (56 ± 12) % and acrolein (36 ± 9) % and (41 ± 9) %. The present results suggest that the abstraction at C3 plays an important role in the oxidation mechanism as the addition to the double bond. This work represents the first study of the OH radical interaction with AMS and AES carried out under atmospheric conditions. The atmospheric implications were discussed in terms of the atmospheric residence times of the sulfur-containing compounds studied and the products formed in the presence and absence of NOx. SO2 formation seems to be the main fate of the gas-phase allyl sulfides oxidation with significant acidifying potentials and short-chain aldehydes production like formaldehyde and acetaldehyde.
Keywords: unsaturated sulfides reactivity, FTIR, atmospheric chemical mechanisms, SO2 formation.
... An efficient waste collection system is crucial not only for the health of the population, the protection and renewal of natural resources (González Martínez et al., 2012), but also for the economic development of a territory (Estay-Ossandon and Mena-Nieto, 2018). A large number of studies show how mismanagement in a waste collection system may negatively affect local economic drivers, such as tourist flows, thereby leading to financial problems in municipalities (Wilson et al., 2015;Xing and Dangerfield, 2011). ...
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to show how the changing interrelationships between fleet management, human resources and outsourcer capacity areas are likely to counterbalance managerial policies, thereby generating a performance decay. The use of system dynamics modelling in a waste collection company offered an effective contribution to support decision makers to overcoming myopic decisions.
Design/methodology/approach
Literature review and a case study analysis (including interviews with company actors and data gathering) offered the basis to build a system dynamics model. The model built was then used to run simulations sessions to assess alternative investments decisions.
Findings
Simulation results show that understanding cause-and-effect relationships between company sub-systems can help managers to shift the focus of their decision process from a single department to the whole business system. Further, the paper offers three alternative scenarios (myopic, reactive and proactive) from which to learn how to design effective long-term sustainable policies.
Research limitations/implications
The simulation model was developed based on a literature review and a single-case study. Although it offers a useful contribution in the investigated case, to generalise its results, additional application to waste collection companies would be desirable.
Practical implications
The findings of the study have implications for public decision makers and those scholars investigating how to discourage the adoption of myopic decisions in complex environments.
Originality/value
To the best of our knowledge, only few studies investigated how the fleet management is likely to impact on the performance of waste collection companies. This study offers a contribution in this direction.
... Regarding organic matter, the high content of this waste flow in MSW of LA&C, around 50%, is ideal for composting. However, waste separation at source is not a common practice in the region, so MSW streams contain increasing quantities of glass, plastics, metals and hazardous materials, which can contaminate the finished compost, diminishing its quality (Hoornweg et al., 1999;González-Martínez et al., 2012). Table 3 analyses waste management practices in LA&C countries. ...
... (González-Martínez et al., 2012), Brazil (dos Santos et al., 2019 and, to a less extent, Colombia (Alzate-Arias et al., 2018). Although a significant potential to foster anaerobic digestion in the region exists, only timid efforts have arisen in other countries such Nicaragua, Peru and Costa Rica(Garfí et al., 2016). ...
Waste remains a serious environmental and human health hazard in developing nations, including those in Latin America and the Caribbean (LA&C). Despite important breakthroughs in waste management in LA&C, the region still faces many challenges that require special attention, such as the existence of uncontrolled open dumpsters (33%) or the low recovery rates of waste fractions (below 4%). Moreover, the adoption of sophisticated waste management technologies, such as incineration or anaerobic digestion, is still lagging. This review paper provides environmentally-sound and relevant policy support for municipal solid waste management stakeholders through a critical review of the current situation of the waste management sector in LA&C from an environmental perspective. Thereafter, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) bibliography linked to waste management, namely collection, sorting, recycling and landfilling applications and technologies worldwide, is used in order to understand potential alternative waste management strategies in LA&C, as well as the potential environmental benefits that could be attained. Finally, based on the holistic review and analysis, the adoption of more sophisticated technologies in landfill sites (e.g. landfill gas flaring), waste-to-energy, as well as higher recycling rates, would enhance waste management in the region and mitigate environmental impacts. A holistic view to support policy formulations, including climate action, for the adoption of integrated waste management strategies in LA&C is imperative.
... Therefore, although agriculture use of sewage sludge is allowed by law in Brazil, illegal discharges of industrial wastewater into sewage systems represent an environmental risk of this practice. In Brazil, as well as in Latin America in general, incineration for energy recovery is not a common practice, especially due to high costs of the process and the need for skilled labour [10]. In addition, the distance between sludge generation and incineration points can be a limiting factor due to transportation, because it can increase costs and release secondary emissions [11]. ...
Adding chemicals that alter the microbial metabolism and reduce cell growth, without affecting organic matter removal, is an alternative technology to reduce sludge production. This study was intended to determine the best initial conditions to conduct a rapid test (4 h), which evaluates the potential of chemicals to reduce microbial growth and chemical oxygen demand removal. A commercial biosurfactant was used as model product and a central composite design (face centered) was performed using substrate/inoculum ratio and rhamnolipid/inoculum ratio as independent variables, and cellular yield coefficient, substrate consumption rate, and specific oxygen uptake rate for exogenous respiration as response variables. Lower values of substrate/inoculum ratio permitted larger reductions of cellular yield coefficient with lower rhamnolipid concentrations. The best condition was 1.06 g chemical oxygen demand/g total suspended solids and 25 mg rhamnolipid/L or 25 mg rhamnolipid/g total suspended solids, which achieved a reduction of 50-75% in cellular yield coefficient.
... Estos residuos contienen restos de materia orgánica, textiles, papel y cartón, madera, plásticos, etc. Se pretende lograr la integración de los sistemas de gestión de residuos con el normal funcionamiento de plantas de tratamiento de residuos e industrias, de manera que se logren los objetivos indicados anteriormente, es decir una reducción y un En las sociedades avanzadas, la continua generación de residuos ha generado un problema de tal envergadura que su reducción, bien por re-utilización o reciclaje a cualquier nivel es necesaria, como puede inferirse de los diferentes programas que se han implementado a tal efecto en España: Plan Nacional Integrado de Residuos (PNIR), 2008-2015, y Plan Estatal Marco de Gestión de Residuos (PEMAR), 2014-2020, o a través de leyes europeas como la Directiva 2008/98/CE. Siendo el objetivo de estos programas nacionales y leyes europeas convertir a los países de la Unión Europea en "sociedades del reciclaje", pudiendo reducir los residuos generados y usarlos como fuente para diferentes procesos [12][13][14][15][16][17][18]. En este contexto, las estrategias de gestión de residuos se centran en un incremento de la recogida selectiva, por ejemplo: implementando sistemas de recogida de residuos por vacío, que mejoran la eficiencia en la gestión de residuos [19,20]. ...
... La transformación de residuos en un combustible con un cierto valor añadido puede llevarse a cabo mediante procesos biológicos, producción de etanol o metano, o a través de procesos termoquímicos, que permiten obtener combustibles gaseosos, líquidos y sólidos, a partir de los cuales se pueden obtener una amplia variedad de productos secundarios, lo cual denota que las tecnologías de conversión térmica pueden ser empleadas de cara a la producción de productos secundarios, más allá de la mera generación de calor y electricidad [66]. 16 La producción de enrgía a través de procesos térmicos (gasificación, combustión y pirolisis) reducen el impacto ambiental que otros procesos de producción de energía ocasionan [67]. Por tanto, el aumento de la demanda energética, unido a la necesidad de reducir la contaminación ambiental y limitar la formación de gases de efecto invernadero, ha provocado que las energías renovables hayan experimentado un auge, y en particular aquellas que emplean combustibles sólidos para generar un gas producto destinado a la obtención de calor y energía [68]. ...
... 16 Curvas TG para las mezclas combustible rechazo/lodo 20 ͦ C/min. Interior: Curva DTG. ...
