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In developing countries, participatory land-use planning is seen as a panacea to mitigate land-use conflicts and enhance land productivity. This assumption has not been thoroughly tested in wildlife corridors. Three villages were selected for this study. Several methods were used to provide indication of the performance of the plans against their s...
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... or even to interpret them. Development of the buffer zone LUP (BUZLUP) frame- work is based on the findings of this study. Also, the BUZLUP framework has taken into account the existing administrative set-ups, sectoral policies ⁄ guidelines and legislation in the country e.g. village administration set- ups, land, wildlife and WMA guidelines. In Fig. 4 six stages for BUZLUP are suggested. The framework is composed of three planning phases: prefield (steps 1 and 2), field (step 3) and postfield (steps 4-6) ( Table 2). DPT meeting with Village Council (VCs) for introduction and discuss objectives of their mission (BUZLUP). If idea is accepted, VC will be asked to propose six to eight ...
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... Insufficient stakeholders' participation, and insufficient transparency of land use planning processes, contribute to lack, or poor implementation, of land use plans. Existing land-use plans also lacked robust implementation strategies and consistent enforcement, which have been identified as a requirement for developing effective land-use plans (Kaswamila & Songorwa, 2009). It should be noted, however, that when effectively established and managed, land-use plans and community conservation are useful tools to integrate conservation and development agendas at the ecosystem and landscape levels for addressing human-wildlife conflict (Giliba et al., 2023;Hoare, 2012), and in this case for sup- interviewees who participated in the present study, very rarely occurs (see also Amwata et al., 2006). ...
In many African countries, anthropogenic pressure and poor governance have led to the degradation of wildlife corridors, which are important for the long‐term viability of wildlife populations. Yet the nature of such degradation is poorly understood, hindering our ability to reverse these trends. We studied a deteriorating wildlife corridor between Katavi and Mahale National Parks in western Tanzania. Using satellite imagery, we found that the corridor still contains large areas of natural vegetation, diverse terrain and numerous water sources. There has nonetheless been increasing encroachment of the corridor by people between 1990 and 2017, exemplified by a 9% reduction in the area covered by miombo woodlands and a fourfold increase in the area covered by settlements and agricultural land. We used three additional methods to assess deterioration over the last three decades: elephants' movement routes, peoples' perception of animal populations and incidents of human–wildlife conflicts. Elephants were primarily found only in the parts of the corridor adjacent to the two national parks. Tracking of elephant spoor revealed a much‐diminished corridor use, suggesting that seemingly ‘healthy’ habitat within a wildlife corridor will not necessarily predict the presence of elephants or perhaps of other species. Other factors particularly the increasing presence of humans in the area are possibly more important for predicting elephant use of a corridor. Interviews with local residents and conservation experts suggested that, although use by some animal species has declined, many ungulates were still seen in the corridor and neighbouring villages, some of which were associated with human–wildlife conflict. All villages around the corridor were affected by the human–wildlife conflict; this comprised crop damage, livestock injury or killing and attacks on humans. We conclude that corridors could be restored if people were restricted from settling, but this would require governments to enact policies that balance the conservation of Natural Capital with survival of human populations; the latter may involve internal migration in response to growing population pressures.
... As a result, they become more involved in creating subdivisions and parceling out residential plots, without coherence or overall plan, to increase their own financial availability like in Butembo in the eastern DR Congo (Kasereka and Mate 2018). Kaswamila and Songorwa (2009) findings indicate that the main causes of failure of sustainable land use planning are insufficient stakeholder participation in the planning process, lack of sound, transparent and accountable implementation strategies, lack of qualified staff and lack of a holistic approach to the planning process. It is therefore important to produce a concerted master plan for the development of the rural and border municipality of Kasenga, with zoning scrupulously applied as suggested by Angel et al. (2011). ...
Migration and the dependence of rural communities on forest resources for subsistence have profoundly altered the composition and spatial structure of the landscapes of the border municipality of Kasenga in the southeast of DR Congo. The spatio-temporal dynamics of anthropogenic effects on forest ecosystems were mapped and quantified in the municipality of Kasenga using Landsat image classification from 1989 to 2022, combined with landscape ecology metrics to analyze spatial patterns. Our results show that the landscape has undergone profound disturbances. The area of large patches of forest that used to dominate the landscape has been reduced by a factor of 4 from 1989 to 2022, thus indicating the anthropogenic impact on the fragmentation of forest ecosystems. If in 33 years (from 1989 to 2022) forest has lost more than a third of their coverage through the dissection, fragmentation and attrition of patches, agriculture, grassland and wetland, and built-up and bare land have recorded a progressive dynamic resulting from the creation and aggregation of patches. These anthropogenic transformations, coupled with a lack of land management planning, will compromise the future of forest ecosystems since the level of landscape disturbance has quintupled from 1.1 to 5.5 in 33 years. There is then an urgent need to develop an integrated and participatory land management strategy to preserve forest resources and guarantee their resilience.
... Several international agencies have promoted the development of land-use plans to achieve sustainable growth. Some examples include the use of land-use planning processes to advance the 2030 United Nations' sustainable development goals [7], and the development of village land-use plans by the African Wildlife Fund and World Wildlife Fund (WWF) [32]. In response to this, during the last two decades, many countries also advanced the agenda for implementing land-use planning policies and regulations [16,[33][34][35][36][37][38]. ...
Land-use planning identifies the best land-use options by considering environmental, economic, and social factors. Different theoretical land-use plan models can be found in the literature; however, few studies focus on its practical application and particular challenges in different contexts, especially in the Global South. We use expert surveys to explore the feasibility and relevance of integrated land-use planning and data acquisition in developing countries using Paraguay as an example. We identify the challenges of developing land-use plans and strategies to navigate these barriers to speed up its implementation. The results show that it might be difficult to develop an integrated land-use plan in the context of developing countries, mainly due to data availability, lack of political will, lack of stakeholder engagement, and insufficient financial and human resources. We also highlight examples of creative ways in which previous land-use planning projects and studies navigated these challenges, including stakeholder consultations, use of simpler models that required less data, prioritization of data collection, and engagement of decision makers throughout the process. We provide crucial information to improve land-use planning processes in Paraguay and across the Global South in areas with similar contexts and challenges that aim to develop in a more sustainable way.
... People must be involved in decision making and should realize benefits from such corridors. Such essential efforts include fortified bomas to protect against lion predation , village game scouts to monitor human and wildlife activities , conservation easements and community designation of grazing areas , and village land-use planning (Kaswamila and Songorwa 2009). The absence of impermeable man-made barriers such as fencing in the TE also remains hugely beneficial to wildlife because movement is still physically possible in many areas despite intensification of human activities. ...
How can humans and wildlife coexist? In the new book "Tarangire: Human-Wildlife Coexistence in a Fragmented Ecosystem", published @SpringerNature, we synthesize interdisciplinary research, highlight challenges & propose solutions that work for humans and wildlife.
... People must be involved in decision making and should realize benefits from such corridors. Such essential efforts include fortified bomas to protect against lion predation (Lichtenfeld et al. 2015;Kissui et al. 2019), village game scouts to monitor human and wildlife activities (Foley and Foley 2014), conservation easements and community designation of grazing areas (Nelson et al. 2010), and village land-use planning (Kaswamila and Songorwa 2009). The absence of impermeable man-made barriers such as fencing in the TE also remains hugely beneficial to wildlife because movement is still physically possible in many areas despite intensification of human activities. ...
A fundamental condition for maintaining viable populations of wildlife is to ensure that animals can access resources. In landscapes where the boundaries of protected areas encompass only a fraction of annual home ranges, animal movement is often curtailed by human activities, often with negative population consequences. In the Tarangire Ecosystem (TE), wildlife generally aggregates in three main protected areas during the dry season (Tarangire and Lake Manyara National Parks, and Manyara Ranch Conservancy) and disperses to several other areas during the wet season. Connectivity between and within seasonal ranges in the ecosystem has generally become more restricted over time, though the apparent effects of these changes have been species-specific. Historical accounts of wildlife movement suggest that animals once moved over much larger areas than they do currently. In this chapter, we review historical information on wildlife movement and distributions in the TE and synthesize data on population genetic structure and individual movements from studies of elephants, giraffes, lions and wildebeests conducted over the past 25 years. Given the continued expansion of agricultural and urban areas, there is a need to coordinate efforts across land management agencies and local governments to ensure that wildlife can continue to move across the landscape.
... People must be involved in decision making and should realize benefits from such corridors. Such essential efforts include fortified bomas to protect against lion predation , village game scouts to monitor human and wildlife activities , conservation easements and community designation of grazing areas , and village land-use planning (Kaswamila and Songorwa 2009). The absence of impermeable man-made barriers such as fencing in the TE also remains hugely beneficial to wildlife because movement is still physically possible in many areas despite intensification of human activities. ...
In the Tarangire Ecosystem, elephants frequently use pastoral areas, where they interact with people and livestock. To characterize the elephant-livestock interface in Manyara Ranch, we used a social-ecological approach to capture the herders’ and the elephants’ perspectives of these interactions. We interviewed cattle herders to assess their perceptions of elephants relative to other wildlife species (n = 117 interviews) and observed how elephants responded to sound playbacks associated with humans and cattle relative to sounds of wildlife species (n = 300 playbacks). Most herders (86%) supported elephant conservation, and reported spatial avoidance of elephants as the main strategy to avoid negative interactions. Among eleven large mammal wildlife species, herders ranked elephants as the fifth most problematic species to cattle. Elephants frequently reacted (e.g., bunching, fleeing, shaking the head and moving the trunk, or approaching) to human-related sound playbacks (79% of playbacks), and reacted less frequently when exposed to sounds of cattle (62%) or wildlife (34%). Playback experiments suggested that while elephants primarily reacted non-aggressively when faced with livestock, aggressive elephant behavior may be triggered by human behavior. Evidence from both the interview data and the behavioral experiments suggest that coexistence between elephants and pastoralists is mostly facilitated by mutual spatial avoidance.
... People must be involved in decision making and should realize benefits from such corridors. Such essential efforts include fortified bomas to protect against lion predation , village game scouts to monitor human and wildlife activities , conservation easements and community designation of grazing areas , and village land-use planning (Kaswamila and Songorwa 2009). The absence of impermeable man-made barriers such as fencing in the TE also remains hugely beneficial to wildlife because movement is still physically possible in many areas despite intensification of human activities. ...
Facilitating coexistence between humans and large carnivores is one of the most complex and pressing conservation issues globally. Large carnivores pose threats to human security and private property, and people may respond to those risks with retaliation which can jeopardize the persistence of carnivore populations. The nature of these interactions can be influenced by several variables including ecological, anthropogenic as well as political dimensions. The Tarangire Ecosystem (TE) of northern Tanzania is a stronghold for multiple large carnivore species. Despite multi-faceted and long-term carnivore conservation efforts being implemented in the ecosystem, the anthropogenic impacts on carnivore populations are pervasive. As only a portion of the TE is fully protected, the wide-ranging nature of carnivores brings them into close contact with people living among a matrix of village lands. Consequently, this ecosystem experiences high levels of human-carnivore conflicts. In this chapter, we synthesize the existing information to characterize the extent, impacts, and spatiotemporal patterns of human-carnivore interactions (which often result in severe conflicts, causing harm to people, livestock, and carnivores), examine the efficacy and challenges of implementing interventions designed to reduce human-carnivore conflict, and explore the socio-economic dimensions of these mitigation efforts.
... People must be involved in decision making and should realize benefits from such corridors. Such essential efforts include fortified bomas to protect against lion predation , village game scouts to monitor human and wildlife activities , conservation easements and community designation of grazing areas , and village land-use planning (Kaswamila and Songorwa 2009). The absence of impermeable man-made barriers such as fencing in the TE also remains hugely beneficial to wildlife because movement is still physically possible in many areas despite intensification of human activities. ...
We synthesize data on the ecology of large carnivores in the Tarangire Ecosystem (TE). Despite anthropogenic pressures, all large carnivore species (lions Panthera leo, spotted hyena Crocuta crocuta, striped hyena Hyena hyena, leopard Panthera pardus, cheetah Acinonyx jubatus, and wild dog Lycaon pictus) have persisted in this fragmented ecosystem consisting of multiple protected areas among a matrix of village lands. The focal species were widely distributed across land-use gradients. While the comparatively abundant spotted hyena permanently occupied village lands, other species only sporadically used these human-dominated areas. Across species, carnivores used village lands more frequently during the rainy season, possibly following seasonal shifts in the movement of prey species. These processes can increase human-carnivore interactions, expanding the potential for conflict. In some areas, leopards, lions, and striped hyenas reached high densities, whereas cheetahs and wild dogs occurred patchily and at low densities. Our review suggests that the existence of diverse protected areas contribute to the persistence of the large carnivore community. The persistence of lions, cheetahs, and wild dogs appears dependent on human-induced mortality and prey depletion. Conserving large carnivores in TE requires the application of interventions that reduce human-induced mortality while simultaneously conserving the spatio-temporal distributions of prey species.
... The incompatible interest results from negative effects (=conflict issues) emitted by the land use unit under question" [33]. Since we focus on planning and governance processes, we also cite Kaswamila and Songorwa's specific understanding of land use conflicts as referring "to disputes over the use of land and other natural resources contrary to designated use(s) in a village land use plan" [34]. ...
... Thus, conflict issues mainly comprised conservational issues and issues of accessibility as well as a tremendous reduction in usage rights for local residents accompanying a radical change in rural livelihood opportunities in the area. In addition to those conflicts on the ground, land use conflicts emerged in accordance with Kaswamila and Songorwa's [34] definition from the planning and governance process, which was characterised by major inconsistencies and discrepancies, particularly with regard to different administrative levels and their land use plans. ...
Coastal areas are particularly sensitive because they are complex, and related land use conflicts are more intense than those in noncoastal areas. In addition to representing a unique encounter of natural and socioeconomic factors, coastal areas have become paradigms of progressive urbanisation and economic development. Our study of the infrastructural mega project of Patimban Seaport in Indonesia explores the factors driving land use changes and the subsequent land use conflicts emerging from large-scale land transformation in the course of seaport development and mega project governance. We utilised interviews and questionnaires to investigate institutional aspects and conflict drivers. Specifically, we retrace and investigate the mechanisms guiding how mega project governance, land use planning, and actual land use interact. Therefore, we observe and analyse where land use conflicts emerge and the roles that a lack of stakeholder interest involvement and tenure-responsive planning take in this process. Our findings reflect how mismanagement and inadequate planning processes lead to market failure, land abandonment and dereliction and how they overburden local communities with the costs of mega projects. Enforcing a stronger coherence between land use planning, participation and land tenure within the land governance process in coastal land use development at all levels and raising the capacity of stakeholders to interfere with governance and planning processes will reduce conflicts and lead to sustainable coastal development in Indonesia.
... Similar observations have been made previously on leadership implementation failure [40,44]. Other studies also have established that unclear implementation roles for stakeholders from the village, district to the national levels had influence in effecting the implementation of the plan as expected [45,46]. ...
Proper implementation of land use planning may contribute to solving land use problems, including land use conflicts. Adherence to land plans depends on many factors which vary according to circumstances of a study area. The present study aims to contribute to knowledge needed to enhance adherence to zones in land use planning. Specifically, the study had two objectives, namely: (1) to examine extent of adherence to village land use plans and, (2) to assess factors that influence adherence to the village land use plans. Data were collected through household survey of 120 respondents from two villages, key informants, focus group discussions, field observation, review of guidelines for land use planning, village land use plans (VLUPs), district land use framework, books and journal articles. GPS points to examine adherence to VLUPs were analyzed using Kappa statistic. Factors influencing adherence to VLUPs were analysed using binary logistical regression and pair-wise ranking. There was moderate adherence with kappa coefficient of 0.47 and 0.49 for Iragua and Kichangani villages. Larger families with higher incomes were more likely not to adhere to land use plans. Immigrants were also more likely not to adhere to plans than residents. Corruption of village leaders, lack of follow up by village leaders on implementation, lack of awareness on land use plans and underestimated population growth were the key prioritised factors that resulted in non-adherence of land use plans. The study recommends a review of the zoning standards to enhance sufficiency of allocated zones; privatization of grazing land; establishment of communal grazing management plans; and involvement of communities in developing complete plans. The study also recommends close monitoring; reviewing of VLUPs; enforcement of good governance; establishing incentive schemes; offering continuous education and developing participatory implementation framework.
