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Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), skin, dog, case No. 7. a. The red color indicates a positive signal for periostin mRNA (fast red). The periostin mRNA was expressed in fibroblasts surrounding cancer (100 ×). Inset: high-power magnification view of periostin mRNA positive cells (arrow). In situ hybridization (ISH) for periostin. b. The brown color indicates positive staining for the periostin protein. Periostin protein expression was prominent in the peripheral stroma (100 ×). Immunohistochemistry (IHC) for periostin. c. No periostin mRNA signal was observed with the sense probe (100 ×). ISH (sense probe). d. No staining was observed with non-immune rabbit IgG in neoplastic stroma (100 ×). IHC using non-immune rabbit IgG.
Source publication
Canine squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) shows highly invasive and locally destructive growth. In animal models and human cancer cases, periostin plays a critical role in the enhancement of cancer growth; however, the mechanism of involvement in canine cancers remains unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the involvement of periostin in the pat...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... signals for periostin mRNA were detected in fibroblasts in the stroma (Fig. 2a) together with protein expression (Fig. 2b). No signals were detected in tissues hybridized for the sense probe or the ISH solution without the probe (Fig. 2c). No staining was observed with non-immune rabbit IgG instead of anti-periostin antibody in cancer stroma (Fig. ...
Context 2
... signals for periostin mRNA were detected in fibroblasts in the stroma (Fig. 2a) together with protein expression (Fig. 2b). No signals were detected in tissues hybridized for the sense probe or the ISH solution without the probe (Fig. 2c). No staining was observed with non-immune rabbit IgG instead of anti-periostin antibody in cancer stroma (Fig. ...
Context 3
... signals for periostin mRNA were detected in fibroblasts in the stroma (Fig. 2a) together with protein expression (Fig. 2b). No signals were detected in tissues hybridized for the sense probe or the ISH solution without the probe (Fig. 2c). No staining was observed with non-immune rabbit IgG instead of anti-periostin antibody in cancer stroma (Fig. ...
Context 4
... signals for periostin mRNA were detected in fibroblasts in the stroma (Fig. 2a) together with protein expression (Fig. 2b). No signals were detected in tissues hybridized for the sense probe or the ISH solution without the probe (Fig. 2c). No staining was observed with non-immune rabbit IgG instead of anti-periostin antibody in cancer stroma (Fig. ...
Citations
... O carcinoma de células escamosas (CCE) é uma neoformação maligna epitelial que apresenta diferenciação em queratinócitos, demonstra caráter localmente invasivo, podendo se propagar para a derme e tecidos próximos. Apesar de possuir baixo potencial metastático, quando este ocorre, afeta primeiramente os linfonodos regionais, pulmões e ossos [8]. ...
... Por isso, quando há falta deste pigmento associada à fatores como baixa densidade pilosa, a radiação ultravioleta atinge diretamente a pele provocando reações fotoquímicas que ativam as vias inflamatórias, ocasionando um efeito imunossupressor e lesando diretamente o DNA, resultando em mutações nos genes reguladores, com conseguinte crescimento por clonagem de células pré-malignas [8]. A cronicidade na exposição à luz solar origina na pele alterações actínicas, que podem progredir para um carcinoma in situ e por fim se tornar um carcinoma invasivo [13], a radiação UV também causa danos específicos no gene p53, que é um supressor tumoral, células com essa alteração genética são incompetentes na reparação do dano no DNA e se multiplicam de maneira anormal, favorecendo o desenvolvimento neoplásico. ...
Background: The skin and its appendages are among the main organs susceptible to neoplasms in cats. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a malignant neoplasm that affects the epidermis, is locally invasive, and presents with low metastases; however, when it occurs, it spreads to the regional lymph nodes, lungs, and bone tissue. It can present in both proliferative and ulcerative forms. Its etiopathogenesis has not been fully established; however, it is associated with chronic sun exposure, papillomavirus infection, immunosuppression, and chronic skin diseases. This tumor mainly affects white-coated cats but also dark cats with hypopigmented areas, which are uncommon in dark animals and in those with good coat coverage. The objective of this study was to report a case of cutaneous SCC in a cat with black fur. Case: A 14-year-old, 4.5-kg, mixed-breed cat with black fur and a history of an ulcerated wound in the periocular region that did not heal even after previous treatment was treated with 30 mg/kg cephalexin twice a day for 15 days, 1 mg/kg prednisolone once a day for 5 days, and daily cleaning of the wound with 1% chlorhexidine twice a day for 15 days. In order to obtain a definitive diagnosis, cytological and histopathological examinations were performed. First, fine needle aspiration, an imprint, and a swab of the periocular lesion were taken. Immature or dysplastic squamous epithelium cells were observed, with keratinized polygonal angular cytoplasm, oval nuclei and coarse chromatin, a high nucleus:cytoplasm ratio, a large amount of red blood cells, and a moderate amount of segmented neutrophils, macrophages, and cocci-shaped bacteria. Fragments of malignant neoplasms invading the muscle tissue were also observed, characterized by "islands" of epithelial cells with large pleomorphic nuclei, multiple nucleoli, numerous mitotic figures, and formation of corneal pearls, leading to a diagnosis of SCC. Importantly, the animal's blood count remained unchanged. Treatment was established with the use of gabapentin [10 mg/kg-twice daily for 10 days], clindamycin [25 mg/kg-twice daily for 14 days], and piroxicam [0.3 mg/kg-every other day for 20 days]. For topical use, a cream was prepared with 5% papain, 4% hydroviton, and sunscreen (SPF 50) for use twice a day, as well as ointment based on gentamicin sulfate, sulfanilamide, sulfadiazine, urea, vitamin A palmitate, 2-3 times a day for 15 days. However, the neoplasm was already invasive, and the animal died before the treatment was completed. Discussion: Although the etiopathogenesis is not well understood, it is known that the occurrence of SCC in animals with dark fur and good coat coverage is slightly associated with chronic exposure to sunlight, which mostly affects cats with light fur or those with hypopigmented areas, as well as hair scarcity. However, in addition to ultraviolet radiation, papillomaviruses and other factors can cause SCC. The best form of diagnosis for this pathology is cytopathological examination , and if this is inconclusive, it is followed by confirmation with histopathological examination. There are several ways to treat this neoplasm, among them are surgical removals, chemotherapies, radiotherapies, photodynamic therapies, cryosurgeries, cyclooxygenase-2 and tyrosine kinase receptor inhibitors, electrochemotherapy and the use of antineoplastic agents therefore, it is important to individualize treatment according to the case and the financial status of the owner. The importance of early diagnosis is emphasized so that the tumor does not become invasive and metastasize over time, thus increasing the chances of a cure.
... Tumor stroma, a significant component of the tumor microenvironment, has recently been shown to play an essential role in tumor progression. Tumor microenvironments also contain numerous factors, including cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), extracellular matrix, inflammatory cells, vasculature, and extracellular molecules [10,13,15,28]. CAFs have been demonstrated to increase cancer cell invasion and proliferation, promote angiogenesis, modulate inflammatory cell infiltrates and the expression of extracellular matrix proteases, and decrease cancer cell death [2,17]. ...
... We previously showed that canine cutaneous SCC cells expressed high levels of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) mRNA using in vitro assay [13]. In addition, recombinant TGF-β1 induced periostin mRNA expression from cultured dermal fibroblasts. ...
... In addition, recombinant TGF-β1 induced periostin mRNA expression from cultured dermal fibroblasts. These results indicated that periostin produced by stromal fibroblasts may be involved in the pathophysiology of canine cutaneous SCC [13]. Hence, periostin is intricately involved in the pathogenesis of human cancers and canine cutaneous SCC; however, its expression in feline cancer is unknown. ...
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (oSCC) is a highly invasive malignant neoplasm in cats. Recently, tumor stroma, known as tumor microenvironments, have been considered to play an essential role in tumor progression. However, their role in feline squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) remains unclear. This study aimed to reveal the cancer microenvironment of feline oSCC and evaluate the pathological mechanisms of progression. We used 19 samples from 17 cats with oSCC, which were examined using light microscopy, immunohistochemistry, and in situ hybridization (RNAscope). Feline oSCCs had two types of stroma, namely fibrotic and myxoid stromal reaction patterns, which were easily distinguished using hematoxylineosin staining. The myxoid stroma was rich in hyaluronic acid, which seems to be produced by neoplastic cells. Furthermore, the presence of myxoid stroma was correlated with histological parameters, including the appearance of cancer-associated fibroblasts and tumor budding. Periostin protein expression was also frequently observed in the stroma of feline oSCC and was significantly more common in the myxoid stromal reaction pattern group than in the fibrotic group. Positive signals for periostin mRNA were detected in stromal cancer-associated fibroblasts. This study indicates that the interaction between neoplastic cells and stromal reaction pattern components, such as hyaluronic acid and periostin, may be involved in tumor malignancy. Therefore, we propose that focus be placed not only on the tumor tissue but also on the characterization of the stroma for analyzing feline oSCC.
... The expression of this marker has been poorly investigated in canine-bearing tumors. Only two studies focusing on canine mammary tumors (22,23), one on squamous cell carcinoma and one on osteosarcoma, are present in the literature (24,25). One of the two studies regarding canine mammary tumors (22) demonstrated a positive correlation between the expression of POSTN in CAFs in mammary carcinomas, the tumor grade, and the expression of the Ki-67 proliferative antigen, suggesting a role of POSTN in the pathogenesis of canine mammary tumors as in humans. ...
The tumor microenvironment is considered one of the main players in cancer development and progression and may influence the behavior of cancer cells. Periostin (POSTN) is an extracellular matrix protein, and its main functions are induction of fibrillogenesis, fibroblastic cell proliferation and migration, enhancing regeneration in normal tissue, and promoting metastasis in case of neoplasia. POSTN has already been studied in humans in several normal tissues, inflammatory processes, and neoplasms, revealing an important role in tumor progression in various types of cancer, such as colon, lung, head and neck, breast, ovarian, and prostate. In these latter, high levels of POSTN are usually associated with a more aggressive tumor behavior, tumor advanced stages, and poor prognosis, while in human bladder urothelial carcinoma (BUC), unlike in most tumors, POSTN expression seems to be downregulated. The expression of this marker has been poorly investigated in veterinary medicine; thus, this study aimed to immunohistochemically investigate the presence and the intensity of POSTN expression in canine BUCs and to determine a possible relationship between POSTN expression and histopathological features such as mitotic count and muscular and vascular invasions. For the present retrospective study, archived samples from 45 canine BUCs and 6 non-neoplastic canine bladders were considered for histological evaluation and immunohistochemical examination for the expression of POSTN. POSTN expression was semi-quantitatively assessed considering both the percentage of the neoplastic stroma positive for POSTN and the intensity of the immunohistochemical labeling. Histologically, 38 out of 45 tumors were papillary and 7 out of 45 were non-papillary. All tumors were infiltrating, being that 21 were muscle-invasive, and a significant correlation between this feature and vascular invasion emerged (P = 0.0001). In normal bladder tissue, as reported in humans, a thick and strongly positive belt of POSTN was visible, and in canine BUCs, stating that the expression is comparable with human benign as well as malignant bladder tissue, a general decrease in POSTN expression was observed except for a strongly labeled ring of POSTN observed around some neoplastic nodules infiltrating the muscle layer. Moreover, POSTN expression and mitotic count were significatively inversely correlated (P = 0.0015). The fact that POSTN protein is less expressed in urothelial carcinomas than in the normal bladder supports what was reported in human BUCs and, together with the negative correlation between mitotic count and protein expression that emerged in the present retrospective study, encourages further prospective follow-up studies to verify the possible role of POSTN in canine BUCs as a prognostic marker, and also as a possible target for the development of future anticancer therapies.
... Os principais locais de metástase são os linfonodos regionais, os ossos e os pulmões (Mineshige et al., 2018;Tillmann et al., 2017). O CCE é responsável por 4% a 10% de todas as neoplasias de pele na espécie canina (Daleck et al., 2016;Willcox et al., 2019). ...
O carcinoma de células escamosas (CCE) é um neoplasma cutâneo maligno originário dos queratinócitos. Sua casuística é muito comum na clínica de animais de companhia e o médico veterinário deve ter amplo conhecimento a respeito de como esta enfermidade se comporta e evolui para evitar o comprometimento da vida de seus pacientes. O presente estudo teve como objetivo realizar uma revisão bibliográfica sobre o carcinoma de células escamosas cutâneo na espécie canina. Foram levados em consideração dados relevantes a respeito da etiopatogenia do CCE (radiação ultravioleta, infecção por herpesvírus, perda de moléculas de adesão celular e imunossupressão), da epidemiologia, dos sinais clínicos, da macroscopia, das características microscópicas dos subtipos tumorais (bem-diferenciado, diferenciado e indiferenciado), da graduação histopatológica (grau I, II e III), do diagnóstico, do prognóstico, do tratamento e da prevenção.
... Additionally, other interesting features, such as stromal reaction, were evaluated within the TCBGS, although did not play a role in the total score or final grading. This fibrovascular scaffold, which includes fibroblasts, vasculature, extracellular matrix and other extracellular molecules, set the tumor-microenvironment that favors tumor growth and expansion through different mechanisms [31]. Taking into account this particular morphological feature within the grading may be a representation of the tumor microenvironment, thus becoming more prominent in those less differentiated with, hypothetically, more aggressive behavior. ...
Canine digital squamous cell carcinomas (CDSCC) are particularly aggressive when compared to their occurrence in other locations. Although these neoplasms are more frequently seen in dark-haired dogs, such as Giant Schnauzers, there are no data checking whether these tumors are histologically different between breeds. We histologically evaluated DSCC from 94 dogs. These were divided into two groups, namely, (1) dark-haired (N = 76) and (2) light-haired breeds (N = 18), further subdividing Group 1 into three subgroups, 1a) black breeds (n = 11), 1b) Schnauzers (n = 34) and 1c: black & tan breeds (n = 31). Adaptations from two different squamous cell carcinomas grading schemes from human and veterinary literature were used. Both systems showed significant differences when compared to Groups 1 and 2 in terms of final grade, invasive front keratinization, degree of invasion, nuclear pleomorphism, tumor cell budding, smallest tumor nest size and amount of tumor stroma. Group 2 was consistently better differentiated CDSCC than Group 1. However, there were no significant differences among the dark-haired breeds in any of the features evaluated. This study represents the first attempt to grade CDSCC while taking into account both phenotypical and presumptive genotypical haircoat color. In conclusion, CDSCC are not only more common in dark-haired dogs, they are also histologically more aggressive.
... However, in ovarian and pancreatic cancer, POSTN expression is almost exclusively found in the tumour stroma (16,21,23). Currently, POSTN is a protein also used in scientific research in veterinary medicine and its high levels have been described in squamous cell carcinoma stroma, myocardium and periodontal ligament in dogs (36)(37)(38). Furthermore, increased expression of POSTN was also observed in skin fibroblasts of dogs with chronic inflammation, hence the assumption that POSTN may be involved in the pathomechanism of atopic dermatitis in dogs (39). ...
... Furthermore, increased expression of POSTN was also observed in skin fibroblasts of dogs with chronic inflammation, hence the assumption that POSTN may be involved in the pathomechanism of atopic dermatitis in dogs (39). It is also believed that POSTN produced by fibroblasts may be involved in the pathogenesis of squamous cell carcinoma in dogs (37). Similarly to human cancers, in squamous cell carcinomas in dogs, POSTN expression was found mainly in the tumour stroma, and in tumour cells no expression or only low levels were observed (37). ...
... It is also believed that POSTN produced by fibroblasts may be involved in the pathogenesis of squamous cell carcinoma in dogs (37). Similarly to human cancers, in squamous cell carcinomas in dogs, POSTN expression was found mainly in the tumour stroma, and in tumour cells no expression or only low levels were observed (37). In our research, we also observed high levels of POSTN expression mainly in CAFs of mammary cancer, and thus in the neoplastic stroma. ...
Background/aim:
Mammary neoplasms, like breast neoplasms in women, are one of the most common tumours in female dogs. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) found in the tumour stroma play a role in angiogenesis and increase cell migration, contributing to tumour growth and progression, as well as metastasis. The aim of our work was to determine the level of periostin (POSTN) expression in CAFs in mammary tumours of female dogs.
Materials and methods:
The research material consisted of 77 carcinomas and 24 adenomas of the mammary ridge in female dogs. Immunohistochemistry tests were performed using antibodies directed against the antigens POSTN, Ki-67, ERB-B2 receptor tyrosine kinase 2 (HER2), vimentin, and alpha smooth muscle actin (αSMA). Expression of POSTN at the mRNA level was determined using real-time polymerase chain reaction methods in 20 cases of mammary neoplasms.
Results:
Expression of POSTN in CAFs was observed in 92% of mammary cancer samples and in 25% of mammary adenoma samples in female dogs. A statistically significant increase in POSNT expression in CAFs was found in the carcinomas compared with mammary adenomas in female dogs. Expression of POSTN in CAFs in mammary carcinomas in female dogs positively correlated with the histological malignancy grade of tumours and the expression of Ki-67 proliferative antigen.
Conclusion:
Our results suggest a role of POSTN on the pathogenesis of mammary tumours in female dogs. Moreover, POSTN may prove to be a useful marker in the evaluation of cancerous stroma of mammary tumours in female dogs, and may have prognostic significance.
... The four isoforms were identified from different tissues (isoform 1 from human osteosarcoma, isoform 2 from human placenta, isoform 3 from epithelial ovarian carcinoma, and isoforms 2 and 4 from normal and cancerous human bladder tissues). The isolation of different periostin isoforms from different tissues indicates that their expression processes are tissue-specific (10,26,27). ...
Accumulating evidence suggests that periostin is frequently upregulated in tissue injury, inflammation, fibrosis and tumor progression. Periostin expression in cancer cells can promote metastatic potential of colorectal cancer (CRC) via activating PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Moreover, periostin is observed mainly in tumor stroma and cytoplasm of cancer cells, which may facilitate aggressiveness of CRC. In this review, we summarize information regarding periostin to emphasize its role as a prognostic marker of CRC.
The purpose of this study was to compare the amounts of serum amyloid a, haptoglobin, fibrinogen, and periostin in calves with respiratory system disease complex before and after treatment. Three groups were used in the study: an acute group (n=10) made up of calves with acute respiratory system disease complex symptoms, a chronic group made up of calves with chronic respiratory system disease complex symptoms, and a control group made up of disease-free, healthy calves. Before and after therapy (day 0, 7 and 14), clinical examinations were performed and blood samples were taken from the acute and chronic groups. Calves in the control group only had one clinical evaluation and blood sample collection. Results showed that both the acute and chronic groups exhibited clinical improvement after treatment. Before treatment, the concentrations of fibrinogen, serum amyloid A, and haptoglobin in the acute and chronic groups were significantly higher than those in the control group (p0.05).Based on the findings, it can be concluded that haptoglobin, serum amyloid A, and fibrinogen values, rather than periostin, play an important role in supporting the diagnosis and prognosis of respiratory system disease complex in calves.
