FIGURE 4 - uploaded by Nathan Keller
Content may be subject to copyright.
Sport Motivation Scale-6 (SMS-6) sub-scale: Amotivation, before and after the 2-week SPRINT exercise protocol for the VR (dark grey, dashed bar) and No-VR groups (light grey, solid bar) (n = 5). Results show mild trends of decreasing Amotivation for the VR group over time (p = 0.109). Overall differences between VR and No-VR condition in this subscale were mild (p = 0.109).
Source publication
Long duration spaceflight missions will require novel exercise systems to protect astronaut crew from the detrimental effects of microgravity exposure. The SPRINT protocol is a novel and promising exercise prescription that combines aerobic and resistive training using a flywheel device, and it was successfully employed in a 70-day bed-rest study a...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... Processing accuracy trended upward over time in the VR group (p = 0.066). The Sport Motivation subscale Amotivation is shown in Figure 4. Results show mild trends of decreasing Amotivation for the VR group (p = 0.109). ...
Context 2
... seen here in amotivation, felt arousal, physical activity affect, and restorativeness suggest that the VR condition generally augments the effects of exercise alone on these metrics, a finding that supports a 2021 systematic review on the use of VR in exercise rehabilitation (Asadzadeh et al., 2021). Further, the slope of trends seen in Figures 4-7 suggest that a longer-term study with more subjects may yield more significant results, like those seen in a previous VR vs No-VR running study ( Neumann and Moffitt, 2018). It is also possible that some subjects found the presence of a competing boat to be a motivational factor, even if the boat was virtual, an effect also seen previously in VR ( Murray et al., 2016;Parton and Neumann, 2019). ...
Similar publications
During long-duration spaceflight, astronauts are exposed to various risks including spaceflight-associated neuro-ocular syndrome, which serves as a risk to astronaut vision and a potential physiological barrier to future spaceflight. When considering exploration missions that may expose astronauts to longer periods of microgravity, radiation exposu...
![HRV frequency-domain measures [7].](profile/Jose-Reyes-Lagos/publication/364384965/figure/tbl1/AS:11431281090935035@1666237833610/HRV-frequency-domain-measures-7_Q320.jpg)
Continuous health monitoring during a long-duration spaceflight is necessary to understand the psychophysiological effects in individuals exposed to exceptional conditions such as microgravity, hostile environments, circadian cycle disturbance, danger, isolation, and confinement. Heart rate variability (HRV) has provided indirect insight into auton...
Citations
... The VR-simulated spaceflight exercises were no better than the controlled exercises but demonstrated better motivation, affection, and mood restoration. 58 A meta-analysis suggested that extended reality (X-reality) interventions produced equal performance iScience Article enhancement compared to non-virtual environment. 59 Nevertheless, there were a number of positive reports with the integration of VR and high-intensity exercises. ...
This study examined the influence of set-interval and repetition-interval rest time of virtual reality (VR) boxing game in supine-lying posture. Fifty healthy middle-aged adults were randomly assigned into VR and non-VR groups to perform six different exercise protocols with varying set-interval and repetition-interval rest times (S0R0, S0R1/3, S0R2/3, S40R0, S40R1/3, and S40R2/3). Analysis on the non-VR group showed significant differences between exercise protocols for average heartrate (p < 0.001), maximum ventilation volume (p < 0.001), respiratory quotient (p < 0.001), oxygen pulse (p < 0.001), and EPOC (p = 0.003). VR appeared to have no further improvement on physical training effects in middle-aged adults, while the participants reported negative experience that might be associated with the over-exertion. Future study might need to explore game design elements that can accommodate high exertion exercises.
... Choukér and Stahn (2020) mention several research efforts to combine exercise with VR to encourage brain plasticity and provide sensory stimulation during isolation and confinement. Keller et al. (2022) investigated the addition of VR to an exercise device and protocol already tested on the International Space Station and found positive trends for motivation, affect, and mood restoration. Lower negative affect and fatigue levels were reported during VR high intensity interval training. ...
Long duration space exploration is no longer a fantasy, with Elon Musk claiming to launch astronauts to Mars as early as 2029. The substantial increase in spaceflight duration required for a Mars mission has resulted in a stronger focus on behavioural health outcomes at NASA, with increased interest in using virtual reality countermeasures to both monitor and promote psychological wellbeing. From the perspective of a practitioner psychologist, this paper first considers the utility of virtual reality assessment of emerging behavioural health concerns for remote monitoring purposes. Key opportunities include using virtual reality for functional cognitive testing and leveraging the predictive abilities of multimodal data for personalised insights into symptomology. Suggestions are given as to how astronauts can self-monitor usage of virtual leisure activities that facilitate positive emotional experiences. Secondly, the potential to develop virtual reality countermeasures to deliver semi-structured therapeutic interventions such as collaborative cognitive-behavioural formulation in the absence of real-time communication is discussed. Finally, considerations for the responsible implementation of psychological monitoring tools are reviewed within a context of fostering psychological safety and reducing stigma.
... This is an important finding because HIIT protocols have been shown to be an effective method to improve cardiovascular health, neuromuscular functionality, muscle power, with the advantage of being a more efficient time-saving activity than other lower-intensity exercise protocols [33]- [36]. Similarly, Keller et al. [37] showed that a rowing exergame HIIT protocol elicited more positive outcomes for some cognitive and psychological metrics (motivation, affect, mood restoration, visual short-term memory, reaction times) than the control condition (simple physical exercise without VR). Bronner et al. demonstrated that dancing exergames allowed to reach moderate and vigorous metabolic equivalents (MET) with a maximum value of 9.18 (MET levels can range from low values of 2.0 for light activities such as walking, to high values above 10.0 for vigorous activities such as rope jumping), and the users' engagement and flow were positively associated with the intensity level reached during the activity [38]. ...
... Cycling [31], [32], [44] Orbital Cardiovascular, Cognitive, Psychosocial Cardiovascular [31], [32], [44], Cognitive [26], Psychosocial [31], [32] Rowing [37], [40], ...
On Earth, physical activity plays a tremendous role to preserve and improve the physical, psychological, and social well-being of people. The enjoyability, the appreciation, and the variability of the exercises are fundamental factors for the production of lifestyle benefits. Currently, exercise countermeasures for astronauts during long-duration missions focus more on the physiological side, frequently overlooking the relevant psychosocial one. Exergames are a form of physical activity that have taken hold in the last decades on Earth and has been widely accepted as a more enjoyable and engaging rehabilitation, reconditioning, and training tool compared to the previous conventional ones. After a review of the current needs of astronauts and of the positive effects of exergames on people on Earth, we suggest that exergaming should be implemented in space missions to improve physical, psychological, and social well-being of astronauts. We also propose practical methods on how exergames can be effectively implemented.
Many people struggle to exercise regularly, raising the risk of serious health-related issues. Extended reality (XR) exergames address these hurdles by combining physical exercises with enjoyable, im- mersive gameplay. While a growing body of research explores XR exergames, no previous review has structured this rapidly expanding research landscape. We conducted a scoping review of the current state of XR exergame research to (i) provide a structured overview, (ii) highlight trends, and (iii) uncover knowledge gaps. After identifying 1318 papers in human-computer interaction and medical databases, we ultimately included 186 papers in our analysis. We provide a quantitative and qualitative summary of XR exergame research, showing current trends and potential future considerations. Finally, we provide a taxonomy of XR exergames to help future design and methodological investigation and reporting.
This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of potential applications and impacts of Metaverse technologies in the space sector. The work is organized in several sections. The first part provides an overview of the current use of the Metaverse within the space sector resulting from a literature review and a market analysis. Second, this paper analyses existing applications and proposes suggestions for specific use cases spanning from space operations, engineering and design, astronaut training, space medicine, tourism, sustainability initiatives and public outreach. The following part elaborates on ethical aspects and the role of emerging space countries, governments and entrepreneurship. Finally, a road map for future implementation of the Metaverse in the space sector is provided. The paper further delves into the benefits and challenges of Metaverse integration. Benefits include enhanced visualization, efficient collaboration, inspiring educational experiences, and cost-effective training. However, challenges involve hardware limitations, user discomfort, network constraints and regulatory uncertainty. Finally, recommendations are presented for space organizations to incorporate Metaverse solutions into diverse domains through a phased, usercentric approach focused on tangible benefits and continuous improvement. If adopted judiciously, the Metaverse promises to revolutionize how space is explored, experienced, and understood.
Purpose: This study aims to assess the effects of 8-week virtual reality (VR) training on balance and lower extremity muscle strength in adolescents with intellectual disability (ID).
Methods: Thirty adolescents with intellectual disability were randomly divided into the virtual reality group and control group. The participants in the virtual reality group and the control group received the virtual reality training and the physical education (PE) course, respectively, for 8 weeks. The Berg Balance Scale (BBS), Timed Up and Go (TUG) test and lower extremity muscle strength were measured before and after the training.
Results: The between-group results showed that the participants in the virtual reality group increased the muscle strength of hip flexors ( p < 0.001), hip extensors ( p = 0.002), hip abductors ( p < 0.001), knee flexors ( p < 0.001), knee extensors ( p = 0.002) and ankle plantar flexors ( p = 0.042) significantly after training, compared to the control group. However, no significant improvement was found in the berg balance scale and timed up and go scores between the virtual reality group and control group after training ( p > 0.05). The within-group results showed that the strength of all the muscle groups significantly increased after training in the virtual reality group ( p < 0.05) compared to the baseline. However, no significant difference was found in the muscle strength in the control group before and after training. The within-group berg balance scale and timed up and go scores showed no significant improvements in both groups.
Conclusion: Virtual reality training intervention might be effective in improving the lower extremity muscle strength, but no significant improvement was found on balance ability in adolescents with intellectual disability.
