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Sporoschisma juvenile on natural substrate and from MEA. a-b Conidiophore and two setae on the substrate. c Detail of the conidiophore base. d-e mature conidia. f Immature conidia. g Conidiophores in culture. h Conidia in culture. i Conidiophores, one setae and conidia in older culture (3 months), arrow points to septate conidium. Scale bars: 20 μm.
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Aquatic ascomycetes occur in freshwater and marine environments where they facilitate nutrient cycling and energy flow through the water column, and are the foundations of aquatic food webs. This study investigates the diversity and abundance of aquatic ascomycetes on submerged wood in freshwater, estuarine and marine habitats in north-west Scotlan...
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Aspergillus species play a crucial role in terrestrial environments as degraders and are well known for producing various secondary metabolites. Recently, Aspergillus species have been discovered in marine environments, exhibiting adaptability to high salinity and producing diverse secondary metabolites with valuable properties. However, limited re...
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... Send the extracted DNA to Microgene Laboratories in South Korea for further work using the PCR technique with the universal primer [17]. Diagnosis was performed by sequencing and comparing the nucleotide bases with isolates in the gene bank in the ITS-4 region. ...
The survey results conducted in the fields of Basrah, Maysan, and Thi Qar provinces showed varying infection rates of the wheat stripe rust disease. The highest infection rate of Basrah was recorded in Qurna at 59.12%, while the lowest was in Nushwa at 48.37% in Basrah province. In Maysan province, the highest rate was in Qamit at 65.45%, and the lowest was in Qal’at Salih at 39.88%. In Thi Qar province, the highest rate was in Qal’at Sukkar at 30.71%, and the lowest was in Al-Gharraf area at 27.04%. Isolation confirmed the pathogenicity of the fungi Fusarium pseudograminearum, F.graminearum, F. boothii , and F. culmorum from wheat plants. F. boothi is considered the first recorded registration of its kind on wheat in Iraq, and the diagnosis of isolated fungi was confirmed by molecular diagnosis using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique. All fungi showed the ability to infect wheat with head blight disease.
... Within Leotiomycetes, the chalara-like fungi are hyphomycetous anamorphs, and characterized by sporodochial or synnematous conidiomata, or solitary conidiophores, sessile or stalked phialidic conidiogenous cell with a basal venter and a cylindrical collarette bearing a deep-seated conidiogenous locus, and hyaline, cylindrical or obclavate or oblong, aseptate or septate conidia extruded in short or long chain (Nag Raj and Hughes 1974;Nag Raj and Kendrick 1975;Minter et al. 1982Minter et al. , 1983Seifert et al. 2011). In nature they are commonly found as saprobes on decaying plant material such as leaves, branches, stems, barks, woods, and fruits from terrestrial and submerged environments (Willoughby and Archer 1973;Nag Raj and Kendrick 1975;Tsui et al. 2001;McKenzie et al. 2002;Baschien et al. 2008;Koukol 2011;Friggens et al. 2017). However, they were reported as plant pathogens of trees and ferns, fungicolous or lichenicolous, endophytic fungi of plants and lichens, associated with roots of plants and eggs of nematodes, or from soil (Nag Raj and Kendrick 1975;Gams and Holubová-Jechová 1976;Morgan-Jones et al. 1984;Samuels and Rogerson 1990;Christiansen 1993;Etayo and Diererich 1996;Liu and Zhang 1998;Kowalski 2006;Etayo and Sancho 2008;Husson et al. 2011;Koukol et al. 2012;Gross and Han 2015;Guatimosim et al. 2016Friggens et al. 2017;Crous et al. 2020;Etayo and Silanes 2020;Newsham et al. 2020). ...
... In nature they are commonly found as saprobes on decaying plant material such as leaves, branches, stems, barks, woods, and fruits from terrestrial and submerged environments (Willoughby and Archer 1973;Nag Raj and Kendrick 1975;Tsui et al. 2001;McKenzie et al. 2002;Baschien et al. 2008;Koukol 2011;Friggens et al. 2017). However, they were reported as plant pathogens of trees and ferns, fungicolous or lichenicolous, endophytic fungi of plants and lichens, associated with roots of plants and eggs of nematodes, or from soil (Nag Raj and Kendrick 1975;Gams and Holubová-Jechová 1976;Morgan-Jones et al. 1984;Samuels and Rogerson 1990;Christiansen 1993;Etayo and Diererich 1996;Liu and Zhang 1998;Kowalski 2006;Etayo and Sancho 2008;Husson et al. 2011;Koukol et al. 2012;Gross and Han 2015;Guatimosim et al. 2016Friggens et al. 2017;Crous et al. 2020;Etayo and Silanes 2020;Newsham et al. 2020). ...
... clade: the first one consisted of C. herbarum (the type species), C. alstrupii, C. discreta, C. languida, C. lactea, C. populina, C. vulgaris, and 6 chalaralike species, the second one consisted of C. cortegadensis, C. marina, C. claroflava, C. sulfurina and three Bloxamia species, and the last one consisted of C. citrina and C. shangrilana. Similar results were also presented by other researchers (Baral and Rämä 2015;Guatimosim et al. 2016;Friggens et al. 2017;Suija and Motiejūnaité 2016;Crous et al. 2019;Karunarathna et al. 2021;Mitchell et al. 2022). ...
The chalara-like anamorphs of Leotiomycetes are phialidic hyphomycetes with cylindrical collarettes and deeply seated sporulating loci, and hyaline, aseptate or septate, cylindrical conidia. They are commonly found on plant litters in both terrestrial and submerged environments, and with broad geographical distribution. This paper reports our research result of diversity, taxonomy and phylogeny of these fungi in China, which is based on a systematic study by using an integrated approach of literature study, morphological observation and phylogenetic analyses of 153 chalara-like fungal species with diversified morphology in conidiomata, setae, conidiophores, phialides and conidia. The phylogenetic analyses employing different datasets of SSU, LSU and ITS sequences of 116 species showed that these chalara-like fungi were paraphyletic and scattered in 20 accepted genera belonging to five families of Leotiomycetes: Arachnopezizaceae, Hamatocanthoscyphaceae, Helotiaceae, Neolauriomycetaceae and Pezizellaceae. Additional six genera, Ascoconidium , Bioscypha , Chalarodendron , Didonia , Phaeoscypha and Tapesina , all reported with chalara-like anamorphs in literatures, are also accepted as members of Pezizellaceae or Leotiomycetes genera incertae sedis. Among of these 26 accepted genera of chalara-like fungi in Leotiomycetes, 17 genera are asexually typified genera ( Ascoconidium , Bloxamia , Chalara , Chalarodendron , Constrictochalara , Cylindrochalara , Cylindrocephalum , Leochalara , Lareunionomyces , Minichalara , Neochalara , Neolauriomyces , Nagrajchalara , Parachalara , Stipitochalara , Xenochalara and Zymochalara ), and 9 are sexually typified genera ( Bioscypha , Bloxamiella , Calycellina , Calycina , Didonia , Hymenoscyphus , Mollisina , Phaeoscypha and Tapesina ). The phylogenetic significance of conidial septation in generic delimitation was further confirmed; while other morphologies such as conidiomata, setae, conidiophores, phialides, conidial length, and conidial ornamentation have little phylogenetic significance, but could be used for species delimitation. The polyphyletic genus Chalara s. lat. is revised with monophyletic generic concepts by redelimitation of Chalara s. str. in a narrow concept, adaption of the emended Calycina to also include asexually typified chalara-like fungi, reinstatement of Cylindrocephalum , and introduction of six new genera: Constrictochalara W.P. Wu & Y.Z. Diao, Leochalara W.P. Wu & Y.Z. Diao, Minichalara W.P. Wu & Y.Z. Diao, Nagrajchalara W.P. Wu & Y.Z. Diao, Parachalara W.P. Wu & Y.Z. Diao and Stipitochalara W.P. Wu & Y.Z. Diao. Chaetochalara becomes a synonym of Chalara s. str., and the known species are disassembled into Chalara s. str. and Nagrajchalara . The polyphyletic genus Bloxamia is also redefined by introducing the new genus Bloxamiella W.P. Wu & Y.Z. Diao for B . cyatheicola . Five existing species of Chalara s. lat. were excluded from Leotiomycetes and reclassified: Chalara breviclavata as Chalarosphaeria breviclavata W.P. Wu & Y.Z. Diao gen. et sp. nov. in Chaetosphaeriaceae, C . vaccinii as Sordariochalara vaccinii W.P. Wu & Y.Z. Diao gen. et sp. nov. in Lasiosphaeriaceae, and three other Chalara species with hyaline phialides, C . hyalina , C . schoenoplecti and C . siamense as combinations of Pyxidiophora in Pyxidiophoraceae. For biodiversity of these fungi in China, a total of 80 species in 12 genera, including 60 new species, 17 new records and 1 new name, were discovered and documented in this paper. In addition, five species including three new species are reported from Japan. In connection to this revision, a total of 44 new combinations are made. The identification keys are provided for most of these genera. Future research area of these fungi should be the phylogenetic relationship of several sexually typified genera such as Bioscypha , Calycellina , Calycina , Didonia , Phaeoscypha , Rodwayella and Tapesina , and systematic revision of existing names under the genera Bloxamia , Chaetochalara and Chalara .
... Such complexity of conidial shapes is due to convergent evolution to lead planktonic life in aquatic habitats, dispersal and to adhere to the organic matter for proliferation (Webster and Descals 1981, Webster 1987, Descals 2005, Sridhar 2009). About 335 morphospecies of Ingoldian fungi have been recorded with dominance in freshwater habitats in the mid-latitudinal regions (Wood-Eggenschwiler and Bärlocher 1985, Duarte et al. 2016, Friggens et al. 2017. Being an important fungal community in the lotic ecosystem, it is possible to gain insight on their role in decomposition of organic matter, food web and ecosystem functions (Gulis and Bärlocher 2017). ...
Ingoldian fungi are known to occur beyond their preferred lotic habitats. There are many reports on their occurrence in tree canopies (stemflow, through fall and tree holes) and terrestrial leaf litter. This study aims to assess the assemblage and diversity of Ingoldian fungi in terrestrial damp woody litter of five tree species grown in scrub jungles of the southwest India following bubble and damp chamber incubations. Segments of bark and cambium of woody litter were separated and incubated in bubble chambers (2 days) and damp chambers (14 days). Conidia released into water were filtered through Millipore filters, stained and assessed the trapped conidia. A total of 30 species were recorded in both the methods with a higher species richness in bubble chamber than damp chamber incubation (25 vs. 18 spp.). The bark in bubble chambers yielded the highest species than cambium (19 vs. 16 spp.). The bark in bubble chamber incubation also showed the highest number of exclusive species than cambium (8 vs. 6 spp.). Simpson and Shannon diversities were higher in bark than cambium in bubble chamber incubation with low Pielou's equitability. The frequency of occurrence of the top three species (Anguillospora longissima, Flagellospora curvula and Triscelophorus acuminatus) and top two species (A. longissima and F. curvula) were same in bark and cambium in bubble and damp chamber incubations, respectively. Bark of Terminalia paniculata and cambium of Ficus benghalensis showed the highest number of average species in bubble chamber incubation. The bark of Acacia auriculiformis as well as F. benghalensis possess the highest number of average species, while in cambium of Artocarpus heterophyllus in damp chamber incubation. All tree species showed the higher number of average conidia in bark than cambium in bubble chamber incubation with a highest in Anacardium occidentale. The bark of Acacia auriculiformis and cambium of F. benghalensis showed the highest average conidia in damp chamber incubation. Bubble chamber incubation served as a rapid and efficient method of assessment of Ingoldian fungi in damp woody litter.
Keywords: aquatic hyphomycetes, diversity, incubation techniques, scrub jungles
... Our results also point to a general underrepresentation of saprotrophic microfungi, even the common ones, in GenBank. Together with an unfortunate trend in the description of new species from single collections based primarily on sequence similarities without a study of original species descriptions, this may lead to redundant taxonomic novelties (Friggens et al. 2017). This was particularly distinct in the case of Leptosphaeria acuta, a very common species which was not represented by any sequence in GenBank prior to our study, so that the morphologically identical L. urticae was erroneously introduced as new species (Phookamsak et al. 2019). ...
During the informal Spring Micromyco 2019 meeting, we tested how newly obtained molecular barcodes of common or poorly known saprotrophic microfungi from more or less targeted collections may be useful for identification and taxonomic studies. Our aim was to obtain DNA sequences of fungi enabling their phylogenetic placement and routine identification in the future using molecular barcoding. As a result, DNA of four species was sequenced for the first time, among them Leptosphaeria acuta, for which a new synonym L. urticae is proposed. The new combination Koorchaloma melaloma is proposed for a species previously known as Volutella melaloma and its new synonym is K. europaea. This species is accommodated in the Stachybotryaceae. A detailed phenotypic description and phylogenetic placement are provided for Mytilinidion insulare, a resurrected species hitherto considered a later synonym of M. gemmigenum. Chalara insignis was placed in the Helotiales without any clear relationship to other members of this order. For another two helotialean species, a second referencing sequence was obtained. Our study showed that for some microfungi, due to the fundamental lack of molecular data, even a single molecular barcode may provide novel and important information on their phylogenetic and taxonomic placement. The results also illustrate that scientific progress can be made through collaboration between academic and amateur mycologists.
... Namun, beberapa penelitian menyebutkan bahwa ke-empat kapang tersebut dapat ditemukan dari hasil isolasi saluran intestinal cacing Perionyx excavates (Chowdury et al., 2007), Eudrillus eugineae dan Lampiito mauritii (Parthasarathi et al., 2007). Namun beberapa penelitian dari Hongkong dan Skotlandia menyebutkan bahwa Cladosporium, Fusarium, dan Trichoderma ditemukan pada substrat di daerah estuari (Poon & Hyde, 1998;Friggens et al., 2017). Presensi dari keempat jenis kapang pada saluran gastrointestinal cacing nipah tetap berkaitan dengan subtrat atau pakan alami dari cacing tersebut. ...
Indigenous molds from the gastrovascular cavity of nipah worms have been explored and will be applied to nipah worm cultivation in order to increase growth and production through feed. Appropriate feed formula is expected to increase the growth of worms as in their natural habitat. This study aims to explore and identify the types and characteristics of indigenous fungi from the gastrovascular tract of nipah (Namalycastis rhodochorde) which have the potential as probiotics. Isolation was carried out by pour plate method on the Potato Dextrose Agar medium. Enumeration of molds was carried out according to the Standard Plate Count rules of each sample. The selection of isolates was carried out by determining the colony character unequalities to obtain pure culture. Each pure isolate culture was coded based on the type of sample. Characterization and identification of molds was carried out based on the identification guide book by Samson: Outdoor and Indoor Fungi. The total number of mold colonies obtained from coelomal fluid, intestinal tract, and feces were 7 isolates, 7 isolates and 12 isolates respectively. The results of characterization and identification found eight groups of mold isolates from nipah worms that had similarities with members of the genus Penicillium, Aspergillus, Curvularia, Fusarium, Trichoderma, Cladosporium, and Tritirachium.
A comprehensive account of fungal classification from freshwater habitats is outlined and discussed in the present review based on literature of biodiversity studies and recent morpho-phylogenetic analyses. A total of 3,870 freshwater fungal species are listed with additional details on the isolation source, habitat, geographical distribution, and molecular data. The Ascomycota (2,968 species, 1,018 genera) dominated the freshwater fungal taxa wherein Sordariomycetes (823 species, 298 genera) had the largest number, followed by Dothideomycetes (677 species, 229 genera), Eurotiomycetes (276 species, 49 genera), and Leotiomycetes (260 species, 83 genera). Other phyla included in the updated classification of freshwater fungi are: Chytridiomycota (333 species, 97 genera), Rozellomycota (221 species, 105 genera), Basidiomycota (218 species, 100 genera), Blastocladiomycota (47 species, 10 genera), Monoblepharomycota (29 species, 6 genera), Mucoromycota (19 species, 10 genera), Aphelidiomycota (15 species, 3 genera), Entomophthoromycota (6 species, 4 genera), Mortierellomycota (5 species, 3 genera), Olpidiomycota (4 species, 1 genus), Zoopagomycota (3 species, 2 genera), and Sanchytriomycota (2 species, 2 genera). The freshwater fungi belong to 1,361 genera, 386 families and 145 orders. The Pleosporales and Laboulbeniaceae are the largest freshwater fungal order and family comprised of 391 and 185 species, respectively. The most speciose genera are Chitonomyces (87, Laboulbeniomycetes), Verrucaria (50, Eurotiomycetes), Rhizophydium (52, Rhizophydiomycetes), Penicillium (47, Eurotiomycetes), and Candida (42, Saccharomycetes).
Mangroves forests are located in tropical and subtropical regions, its adaptation and distribution in coastal regions is influenced by temperature, humidity, tidal and saline fluctuations. Therefore, there are exposed to multiple environmental fluctuations. Mangroves are inhabited by wildlife but also is supported by a diverse community of microorganisms, including fungi. Several fungi in mangroves have multiple ecological roles as saprotrophs or as an opportunistic pathogen, many of them are also used in the industry, as the genus Aspergillus, that are important in the biomedicine, industrial and environmental applications. In this study we isolated species of fungi from mangrove stems and propagules. They were identified by both morphological and by its molecular characteristics. Here, we report the first isolated of Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus aculeatus from mangrove in Ecuador. Research such as these highlights the importance to determine the role of fungi in mangrove ecosystem.
Freshwater and aero-aquatic hyphomycetes are also known to occur outside their usual aquatic habitats. Thus, this study aims to evaluate their assemblage and diversity in terrestrial damp leaf litters of 10 tree species in scrub jungles of southwestern India. Discs cut from the rinsed leaf litter collected during southwest monsoon were incubated in damp chambers (2 weeks) and bubble chambers (48 hours). Post-incubation at the damp chamber, discs were transferred to sterile, distilled water and shaken on a rotary shaker to release the conidia. Another set of leaf discs from rinsed leaf litter was incubated in sterile distilled water in cotton plugged conical flasks and bubbled through Pasteur pipettes. Released conidia in distilled water were filtered through Millipore filters, mounted on the microscope slides and stained with aniline blue to score the conidia. A total of 31 species of aquatic hyphomycetes were recorded in both methods of incubation. Even though the total number of species (21 vs 20 spp.) and exclusive species (11 vs 10 spp.) were almost equal in both methods, the species composition is varied. Among the nine core-groups (frequency of occurrence, >25%), Flagellospora curvula, Lunulospora curvula and Triscelophous konajensis were common in both methods. The species richness, as well as the conidial abundance were higher for Acacia auriculiformis, Ficus benghalensis and Tectona grandis in litters using both methods. For Artocarpus hirsutus, Careya arborea and Terminalia paniculata, the species richness was high but the conidial output was very low. Despite showing a higher number of species for Artocarpus hirsutus, Eucalyptus tereticornis and Ficus religiosa using both methods, the conidial richness was high only in damp incubation, while it was opposite for the Anacardium occidentale. The species diversity, as well as their equitability, were higher in the damp chamber than bubble chamber incubation. The rarefaction curves for the number of species vs. number of samples and the number of species vs. number of conidia were almost consistent in both methods. Damp chamber incubation, as well as bubble chamber incubation, could be improved to get a more complete picture of colonized mycota in damp leaf litter.
Key words: aquatic fungi, aero-aquatic fungi, bubble chamber, damp chamber, Ingoldian fungi, scrub jungles
The aim of the present study was to assess fungal and oomycete communities in the irrigation water of forest nurseries, focusing on plant pathogens in the hope of getting a better understanding of potential pathogenic microorganisms and spreading routes in forest nurseries. The study sites were at Anykščiai, Dubrava, Kretinga and Trakai state forest nurseries in Lithuania. For the collection of microbial samples, at each nursery five 100-L water samples were collected from the irrigation ponds and filtered. Following DNA isolation from the irrigation water filtrate samples, these were individually amplified using ITS rDNA as a marker and subjected to PacBio high-throughput sequencing. Clustering in the SCATA pipeline and the taxonomic classification of 24,006 high-quality reads showed the presence of 1286 non-singleton taxa. Among those, 895 were representing fungi and oomycetes. The detected fungi were 57.3% Ascomycota, 38.1% Basidiomycota, 3.1% Chytridiomycota, 0.8% Mucoromycota and 0.7% Oomycota. The most common fungi were Malassezia restricta E. Guého, J. Guillot & Midgley (20.1% of all high-quality fungal sequences), Pezizella discreta (P. Karst.) Dennis (10.8%) and Epicoccum nigrum Link (4.9%). The most common oomycetes were Phytopythium cf. citrinum (B. Paul) Abad, de Cock, Bala, Robideau, Lodhi & Lévesque (0.4%), Phytophthora gallica T. Jung & J. Nechwatal (0.05%) and Peronospora sp. 4248_322 (0.05%). The results demonstrated that the irrigation water used by forest nurseries was inhabited by a species-rich but largely site-specific communities of fungi. Plant pathogens were relatively rare, but, under suitable conditions, these can develop rapidly, spread efficiently through the irrigation system and be a threat to the production of high-quality tree seedlings.
