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– Sporocarps: a, Leucocoprinus birnbaumii; b, Lycoperdon utriforme (edible and ectomycorrhizal); c, Macrolepiota rhacodes var. bohemica (edible); d, Marasmius spegazzinii; e, Mycena vitilis; f, Omphalotus olearius; g, Pluteus pulverulentus; h, Pycnoporus sanguineus (medicinal); i, Ramaria pallida; j, Scleroderma citrinum (ecotomycorrhizal); k, Tremella reticulata (edible); l, Xylaria hypoxylon (medicinal).
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This inventory focused on the diversity of macrofungi in an arboretum and three plantations (Acacia, Areca and cashew) of the southwest coast of India during monsoon (JuneSeptember) and early post-monsoon (OctoberNovember) seasons. A total of 79 macrofungi in 53 genera was recovered from 15,000 m2. The macrofungal species richness was higher in a...
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Macrofungi are common and widespread in scrub jungles of southwest India during monsoon season. Assemblage of macrofungi in the vicinity of two tree species Anacardium occidentale (introduced) and Terminalia paniculata (native) were evaluated. Occurrence on different substrates (soil, leaf litter, wood, bark, seeds, live roots and insect) in and ar...
Citations
... Scrub jungles support numerous macrofungi owing to specific climatic conditions, phytogeographic set-up, accumulation of plant detritus and presence of termite mounds (Greeshma et al. 2015). Although reports on the macrofungi in these scrub jungles are scanty, available reports from the west coast of India reveal occurrence of different groups of macrofungi (agarics, jelly fungi, polypores, puffballs, cup fungi, stinkhorns, xylarias and ectomycorrhizas) on different substrates (leaf/bark/woody litter, stubs, standing dead trees, soil and termite mounds) (Karun and Sridhar 2013, 2014a, 2014bGhate & Sridhar 2015a, 2015bPavithra et al. 2015). Some macrofungi occur in scrub jungles are edible (e.g. ...
... and S. commune) are also valuable in soil rejuvenation. The fire-damaged cashew plantation adjacent to the scrub jungle showed preponderance of Gymnopilus sp. on partially burnt woody litter (Karun & Sridhar 2014a). In bamboo thickets, Gymnopilus junonius was predominant on the burnt soil as well as on partially burnt wood (Karun et al. 2014). ...
... In the Northern Thailand, burnt floors of dipterocarp-oak forests showed significant increase in the yield of A. odoratus (Kennedy et al. 2012).Sysouphanthong et al. (2010)opined that Astraeus hygrometricus was stimulated by fire in tea plantations of Thailand. Another ectomycorrhizal fungus, G. triplex, was also often associated with native tree species of scrub jungles in south-west coast of India (Karun & Sridhar 2014a). However, according toSysouphanthong et al. (2010), the yield of edible macrofungi will be lowered in those forests due to fire damage. ...
Fortnightly survey in control and fire-impacted regions of scrub jungle of south-west coast of India during south-west monsoon (50 m2 quadrats up to 10 weeks) yielded 34 and 25 species of macrofungi, respectively. The species as well as sporocarp richness were the highest during the fourth week, while the diversity attained the highest during the second week in control region. In fire-impacted region, the species and sporocarp richness and diversity peaked at sixth week. Seven species common to both regions were Chlorophyllum molybdites, Lepiota sp., Leucocoprinus birnbaumii, Marasmius sp. 3, Polyporus sp., Schizophyllum commune and Tetrapyrgos nigripes. The overall sporocarp richness was higher in fire-impacted than in control region. The Jaccard’s similarity between regions was 13.5%, while fortnights of regions ranged from 0% (10th week) to 11.7% (eighth week). Control region showed single-species dominance by Xylaria hypoxylon, while multispecies dominance by Cyathus striatus and Lentinus squarrosulus in fire-impacted region. Except for air temperature, nine abiotic factors significantly differed between control and fire-impacted regions. The Pearson correlation was positive between species richness and phosphorus content in fire-impacted region (r = 0.696), while sporocarp richness was negatively correlated with pH in control region (r = −0.640). Economically viable species were 12 and 10 without overlap in control and fire-impacted regions, respectively.
Keywords: Mushrooms, diversity, abiotic factors, substrate, disturbance
This study addresses macrofungal composition of coastal habitats (scrub jungles, coastal sand dunes and mangroves) of south west coast of Karnataka. Up to 124 species of macrofungi have been recorded with a highest of 95 species in scrub jungles followed by coastal sand dunes (36 spp.) and mangroves (31 spp.). Ten species were common to all habitats and wood inhabiting Dacaryopinax spathularia was frequent. Edible macrofungi were highest (34 spp.) followed by ectomycorrhizal (26 spp.) and medicinal (21 spp.) macrofungi. Soil inhabiting Lycoperdon utriforme was edible, ectomycorrhizal and medicinal fungus. Many macrofungi were eaten based on traditional knowledge of local people. Habitat degradation is most threatening to macrofungi, which results in soil erosion, substrate depletion and elimination of host tree species. The current status and strategies of habitat conservation in favour of macrofungi have been discussed.
Keywords: Coastal sand dunes, conservation, ectomycorrhizae, mangroves, scrub jungles, traditional knowledge
The edible wild mushrooms are most important in food security of ethnic groups and tribals throughout the world. Various indigenous strategies are followed to trace wild mushrooms suitable for human consumption. Data presented in this article projects ethnic knowledge on 51 edible wild mushrooms (in 23 genera) in the Western Ghats region of India. Information collected with support of ethnic groups/tribals pertains to habitats, substrates, mutualistic association, extent of availability, extent of edibility and method of processing of wild mushrooms. Extensive field visits and interactions with ethnic groups were performed to collect the data on each mushroom. Initially, most of these mushrooms were identified based on the indigenous methods and designated with vernacular names (Are-Gowda, Kodava and Tulu). Based on macromorphology (in field) and micromorphology (in laboratory), each mushroom was identified with its systematic name. Among the 51 wild mushrooms irrespective of extent of availability, the most preferred include Astraeus hygrometricus, Clitocybe infundibuliformis, Fistulina hepatica, Lentinus sajor-caju, Pleurotus (5 spp.) and Scleroderma citrinum and Termitomyces (18 spp.). This data forecasts the importance of documentation of traditional knowledge, protection of habitats, management of resources (tree species and substrates) and sustainable exploitation of wild mushrooms.
The antioxidants derived from biological sources are generally regarded as safe than synthetic ones owing to their less or no adverse effects. Wild mushrooms being potential source of nutrients as well as antioxidants, bioactive properties of uncooked and cooked wood-inhabiting Lentinus squarrosulus and termite mound-inhabiting Termitomyces clypeatus have been compared. Both mushrooms showed appreciable antioxidant potential, which is influenced by their bioactive principles (total phenolics, tannins, flavonoids and vitamin C) and proximal properties (crude protein, crude lipid, crude fibre and carbohydrates). These mushrooms were devoid of trypsin inhibition and hemagglutinin activity. Uncooked as well as cooked mushrooms with adequate nutritional components serve as sources of potential antioxidant to combat many human ailments. The present study and recent perspectives on nutraceuticals of macrofungi denote L. squarrosulus and T. clypeatus as the high-value nutraceutical sources in Southwestern India.
Key words: Antioxidants, Bioactive principles, Macrofungi, Mushrooms, Nutraceuticals, Proximate properties, Wild mushrooms.
This study reports 11 species of macrofungi in the botanical garden and arboretum of Mangalore University. Frequent species include Clathrus delicatus, Entoloma serrulatum and Tetrapyrgos nigripes in the botanical garden, and Collybia aurea and T. nigripes in the arboretum. Five species are edible (Collybia aurea, Lepista sp.,
Russula adusta, R. atropurpurea and Termitomyces microcarpus), one is medicinal (T. microcarpus) and two are ectomycorrhizal (Russula adusta and R. atropurpurea) with critically endangered endemic tree species Vateria indica (Dipterocarpaceae). Some macrofungi grow on bark, woody litter and leaf litter, while others were found on typical lateritic soils with organic matter. Termitomyces microcarpus was common in the faecal pellets of termites in the botanical garden. Brief descriptions of species based on field and laboratory observations, along with their substrates and distribution, are given.
Keywords: Arboretum, ectomycorrhizae, edibility, laterite soil, macrofungi, mushrooms.
The wild mushroom Astraeus hygrometricus is a traditional delicacy during the monsoon season in Southwestern India. Bioactive principles and antioxidant potential of uncooked and pressure-cooked tender mushroom have been evaluated. Seven bioactive principles of mushroom (tannins, flavonoids, vitamin C, phytic acid, lycopene, -carotene and trypsin inhibition) were significantly higher, while total phenolics content was significantly lower in uncooked than in cooked samples. Mushroom was devoid of L-DOPA, whereas only uncooked samples showed haemagglutinin activity against A+ blood group. The principal component analysis of uncooked mushroom showed only two bioactive principles clustered with two antioxidant properties, while in cooked mushroom five bioactive principles clustered with three antioxidant properties depicting the nutraceutical potential of cooked mushroom. Future studies should focus on appropriate thermal treatment, which retain maximum bioactive and antioxidant potential to combat health- and lifestyle-related ailments. The A. hygrometricus is ectomycorrhizal, conservation of its host tree species is utmost importance in improvement and expansion of its yield to sustain food security and economic gains of local tribals.
KEYWORDS: Antioxidant; food security; ectomycorrhizae; gastromycete; nutraceutical value; tribes
Spatial and temporal inventory yielded 64 species of macrofungi belonging to 34 genera in five coastal sand dunes (CSDs) of southwest India. Marasmius was the major genus (7 spp.) followed by Agaricus (5 spp.), Lentinus (4 spp.) and Lepiota (4 spp.). Thirty six species were confined to any one of the CSDs, while only Termitomyces striatus distributed in all dunes. Correlation between biotic (species richness, sporocarp richness and diversity) and nine abiotic (air, 2 factors; soil, 7 factors) factors revealed positive correlation of total species (r = 0.396, p = 0.05) and total exclusive species (r = 0.407, p = 0.043) against humidity. Sandy soil was preferred substrate of macrofungi (34 spp.) followed by woody substrate (22 spp.). Some preferred twigs, grass and herbivore dung, while others grew on dual substrates (soil/leaf litter; soil/wood; leaf litter/twig). Twenty two species of macrofungi are economically valuable as edible, medicinal and ectomycorrhizal. Amanita sp., Termitomyces schimperi and T. striatus are delicacy for coastal dwellers. Major hindrances for perpetuation of macrofungi in CSDs include sand extraction, wood extraction and clearing vegetation and debris by fire. Preservation of virgin dunes and rehabilitation of degraded dunes will provide ample scope to follow assemblage, divesity and ecological services of macrofungi in coastal habitats.
Key words: Abiotic factors, Disturbance, Economic value, Human interference, Mushrooms, Substrate preference
Astraeus is a widespread genus of gasteromycete in tropical, sub-tropical and temperate regions. During mycological survey, two distinct species of Astraeus were recovered from the Southwestern India. Astraeus hygrometricus was frequent in forests of foothill region of the Western Ghats. In fire affected scrub jungles of the west coast, Astraeus odoratus was common and represents second report from the Indian Subcontinent. Astraeus spp. recovered were ectomycorrhizal in a variety of native and exotic tree species growing in sandy loam/gravel/pebble-rich lateritic soils. Tender A. hygrometricus occurring in forests of foothill region of the Western Ghats serve as traditional nutritional delicacy and sold in local markets during rainy season.
Fortysix species of macrofungi (27 genera) were recorded in 25 quadrats (625 m2) in five mangroves of the Southwest India (Paduhithlu, Nadikudru, Sasihithlu, Thokottu and Batapady). A maximum of 20 species occured in Sasihithlu with a highest diversity value. Four species belong to coregroup ( ≥ 10 sporocarps/quadrat), while 29 species were confined to specific mangrove (exclusive species). Out of 1591 sporocarps, Paduhithlu supported the highest number of sporocarps (564) followed by Nadikudru (502). Rarefaction curves showed a steep increase in expected number of species against the number of sporocarps in Sasihithlu. Pearson correlation between biotic factors (species richness, sporocarp richness and species divesity) and edaphic factors (air and soil) was not significantly correlated. Woody litter supported the highest number of macrofungi (26 species) followed by soil (22 species) and least in leaf litter (7 species). Up to one-third of macrofungi recovered in mangroves are economically valuable (edible, medicinal and ectomycorrhizal).
Keywords: Macrofungi, mushrooms, wood rot fungi, mangroves, species richness, diversity, substrate preference
