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![Figure 3. Diagrams: ƩREE−Sr (а); ƩREE−Ba (b), ƩREE−Zr/Hf (c), after [5]](publication/335002494/figure/fig3/AS:788952399216640@1565112318797/Diagrams-REE-Sr-a-REE-Ba-b-REE-Zr-Hf-c-after-5_Q320.jpg)
Tens to hundreds of pegmatite veins can accumulate within a pegmatite field. However, only a limited number of pegmatite veins can be practically valued. Hence, there is a problem of identifying rare metal pegmatites at the stage of geological prospecting and appraisal. Geochemical indicators are most impartial, reproducible and highly informative...
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... veins have apophyses, swells and pinches. Ore minerals in pegmatites are represented by spodumene, minerals of the columbite group and beryllium [4,5] (Figure 1). Rare metal pegmatites are studied in different ways; in particular, sources of rare metal mineralization, tectonic settings of their formation, time of rare metal magmatism activation, exclusive geochemical features of rare metal pegmatites, etc. are defined. ...
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We conducted elements and boron isotope studies on tourmalines from a single pegmatite vein of the Altay orogen to investigate its origin and evolution. The pegmatite is composed of border, intermediate and core zones. The border and intermediate zone tourmalines mostly belong to schorl, while the core zone and magmatic hydrothermal tourmalines to...
Citations
... The use of autoclave methods in non-ferrous metallurgy is quite widespread because it significantly simplifies the processing of ores (Chen et al., 2011). Autoclave extraction of lithium from spodumene concentrates from the Zavitinskoye and Kolmozero deposits (Balakina et al., 2015;Morozova, 2019) was recently studied. In laboratory autoclaves, leaching of β-spodumene with aqueous solutions of H 2 SO 4 , CH 3 COONa, Na 2 CO 3 was tested. ...
Recently, there has been a steady increase in demand for lithium (Li) and its compounds, accounting for 10% over the past decade. The level of production and industrial use of lithium currently serves as a development indicator of advanced countries' innovative potential. Although there are large-scale and high-quality lithium deposits in Russia (Kola and Irkutsk regions), Li production is manufacturing mostly from import stock. In modern Russian realities, roasting and hydrometallurgical processing of ores and concentrates using sulfuric acid and lime-soda methods seem to be practically uncontested. The present study provides a thorough review of technologies of Li production from such industrial sources, as spodumene, lepidolite, petalite, and mica. Major large-scale methods, used currently in Russia, Kazakhstan, and Ukraine, are discussed and matched with the world's scientific achievements to shape a complex picture of the current technology level. The latest enhancements of the sulfation method significantly increase its overall technological efficiency: sulfuric acid treatment of spodumene is the most cost-effective for processing of lithium ores containing at least 1.0% Li2O without preliminary enrichment. At the same time, the main advantages of the lime roasting method are versatility, the absence of scarce reagents, and the use of typical equipment. Roasting remains the only known industrial method that allows getting lithium hydroxide directly from raw material, without precipitation of intermediate compounds. However, the roasting scheme also has several disadvantages: the necessity of the use of concentrates with high lithium content; elevated energy consumption; operating complexity. The technology of autoclave leaching of Ukrainian petalite ores being discussed as well. Presumably, autoclave-based methods are optimal for poor raw material processing with high efficiency. In conclusion, technologies of Li-mica processing briefly considered, taking into account the issues of waste disposal and economic background. Altogether, the review summarizes the essential aspects of industrial technologies of lithium ores and concentrates processing, mainly used in Eastern Europe and Russia.
... Th (≤2.5); and Zr (≤22). They demonstrate low fractionation indexes for Mg/Li ≤0.05 and Zr/Hf ≤7.4 (Morozova, 2018(Morozova, , 2019. Rare-metal lithium-caesium-tantalum (LCT) pegmatites from other regions of the world have similar geochemical features (Chachowsky, 1987;Černý, 1991, 1992Lagache, 1997;Černý and Ercit, 2005;Zhu et al., 2006;London, 2008). ...
The paper investigates trace elements and crystal-rich fluid inclusions in spodumene from rare-metal pegmatites of the Kolmozero lithium deposit in the Kola region, Russia. The main lithium mineral in the pegmatites is spodumene, which occurs in three generations, designated as Spd-I, Spd-II and Spd-III. Iron, Na and Mn are the most typical element impurities in spodumene. The Fe/Mn ratio is 7.1 in Spd-I, 12.3 in Spd-II and 13.2 in Spd-III. Spd-II contains fluid and crystal-rich fluid inclusions. The crystal-rich fluid inclusions in Spd-II originally trapped CO 2 -bearing aqueous fluids with dissolved alkali carbonates. The crystal-rich fluid inclusions contain zabuyelite (Li 2 CO 3 ) and cristobalite (SiO 2 ) as solid phases, which have not been reported previously from the Kolmozero rare-metal pegmatites. These minerals are assumed to have resulted from a reaction between a CO 2 -bearing aqueous fluid and host Spd-II and are not related to the mineral-forming system of pegmatites.
The demand for lithium has increased enormously for its application in the energy sector. Pegmatites constitute the second major lithium resource. Spodumene is the key lithium-bearing mineral hosted by pegmatites. The present article comprehensively recapitulates the research investigations and plant practices on various techniques of lithium recovery from pegmatites, other than covering geological occurrences of the spodumene-bearing pegmatites across the globe. The beneficiation of spodumene using Dense Media Separation (DMS) and froth flotation, the most widely adopted techniques, have been appraised. The application of magnetic separation and ore sorting techniques in the processing of spodumene has also been deliberated. The beneficiated spodumene concentrate requires further treatment with or without the application of heat in the presence of acidic or alkaline media to generate lithium-based salts in marketable form. Hence, the different types of pyro and hydrometallurgical routes adopted for the processing of spodumene have been reviewed thoroughly.
