Fig 4 - uploaded by Gianni Pavan
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-Spectrogram of echolocation sequences of two bat species with main frequency components at about 25 kHz and 108 kHz; the highest is very typical of Rhinolophus ferruumequinum. (x-axis 3 s; y-axis 0-192 kHz) - Spettrogramma di sequenze di ecolocalizzazione di due specie di pipistrelli a circa 25 kHz e 108 kHz; la più alta in frequenza è tipica di Rhinolophus ferruumequinum. (asse x 3 s; asse y 0-192 kHz).
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Bioacoustics and ecoacoustics are emerging tools in biodiversity science and conservation: from the recognition and monitoring of individual species through to soundscape analysis and description, they provide new insights and approaches for science, conservation, and education.
Ecoacoustics is an interdisciplinary science, derived from bioacoustic...
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... a set of new instruments are being developed and tested; among these, a multichannel autonomous recorder dedicated to bat monitoring, and a web-connected acoustic recorder with temperature, humidity and light level logger able to publish in near real-time the spectrographic images of recorded sounds (audio range) and ultrasounds up to 120 kHz (Fig. 4). Depending on the wireless connection speed, the transfer of recordings to a central server is also allowed. Specific software to analyze long recordings [17] has been improved to provide the spectrographic image of the acoustic environment in 10 minutes, 1 hour, 6 hours, 24 hours, 1 week, 1 month time frames. Results given by ...
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Despite growing evidence that males often associate in all‐male groups, there has been no review of male savannah elephant Loxodonta africana social relationships or of the use of vocal communication within these male groups. We assess the evidence for all‐male group formation and for the use of vocal communication by males throughout the savannah...
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... The use of acoustic indices as proxies of direct measurements of biodiversity is increasing when conducting rapid assessments using PAM techniques (Ferreira et al., 2018;Mammides et al., 2017;Retamosa et al., 2018;Towsey et al., 2014). Acoustic indices can also be used for environmental monitoring and management by detecting the impact of anthrophony in natural habitats (Pavan et al., 2015). In this study, we found that several existing acoustic indices can be reliably associated with estimates of anuran species richness and its calling activity level. ...
Identifying adequate methods and tools for biodiversity monitoring is fundamental in ecology and conservation biology. Most of the standardised monitoring techniques involve the presence of the researchers at the survey sites meanwhile, passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) of the diversity of anuran species could be a valid alternative. In this study, we evaluated the effectiveness of the use of PAM as a method for anuran species survey and the use of acoustic indices as proxies for the species diversity and species’ calling activity level in three species assemblages along the altitudinal gradient of the Yungas forests in NW Argentina. We collected bioacoustic data at three sites along an altitudinal gradient in the Parque Nacional Calilegua. Complementarily, monthly anuran surveys were carried out with the standard method of Visual Encounter Survey (VES). Our results showed that acoustic surveys using PAM could be a reliable tool to assess the anuran diversity in the complex environments of Andean forests. Also, available acoustic indices such as ACI, ADI, AEI, Bio, H and M, could be reliable tools to reflect the diversity of calling species in forest habitats with different levels of biophony in subtropical regions. Nevertheless, long-term monitoring programs must be coupled with VES to accurately reveal anuran diversity along the altitudinal gradient.
... Nesse sentido, ferramentas não invasivas de avaliação e monitoramento ambiental se mostram importantes aliadas à conservação de habitats e consequentemente espécies animais e vegetais. O monitoramento acústico passivo, por exemplo, é uma importante ferramenta proposta por áreas de estudo como a bioacústica e a ecoacústica, permitindo o reconhecimento e registro de espécies em áreas de difícil acesso, ou por longos períodos de tempo, e também a descrição de paisagens sonoras complexas.Além disso, através de novas ferramentas de monitoramento e estudos envolvendo a nossa percepção do som no mundo natural, podemos estabelecer novas perspectivas para a ciência, a conservação e a educação(PAVAN et al., 2015). ...
... Acoustic indices have great potential for monitoring of biotic sound at the temporal and spatial scales needed for applied ecology and conservation management, such as providing quick assessments of biodiversity in areas of rapid change, or for urban and industrial planning. Their applicability to studies of phenology, such as seasonal patterns of behaviour, also suggests they may in future prove useful as indicators of climate change effects (Pavan et al. 2015;Krause & Farina 2016). However, as discussed in Chapter 4.3, current understanding of their applicability for biodiversity monitoring is ad-hoc and tested on a per-study basis. ...
... La ricerca sul rumore negli ambienti naturali nasce nell'ambito del progetto SABIOD (Scaled Acoustic Biodiversity) che è parte di un più ampio programma sulle tematiche della Big Data Science finanziato dal CNRS francese denominato MASTODONS. Svolta in collaborazione con il laboratorio DYNI-LSIS dell'Università di Tolone, la ricerca italiana è orientata alla raccolta di dati che consentano di descrivere l'ambiente acustico, o paesaggio sonoro, di ambienti naturali sottoposti a diversi livelli di impatto antropico, dalle aree protette alle aree più antropizzate [6]. L'obiettivo finale è di sviluppare descrittori che consentano di valutare in modo oggettivo la ricchezza e biodiversità acustica biologica (biofonia), il rumore di origine naturale (geofonia) e la presenza di rumore antropico (antropofonia). ...
Over the last 100 years, there has been an explosion of research in the field of animal bioacoustics. These changes have been facilitated by technological advances, decrease in size and cost of recording equipment, increased battery life and data storage capabilities, the transition from analog-to-digital recorders, and the development of sound analysis software. Acousticians can now study the airborne and underwater sounds from vocal species across the globe at temporal and spatial scales that were not previously feasible and often in the absence of human observers. Many advances in the field of bioacoustics were enabled by equipment initially developed for the military, professional musicians, and radio, TV, and film industries. This chapter reviews the history of the development of sound recorders, transducers (i.e., microphones and hydrophones), and signal processing hardware and software used in animal bioacoustics research. Microphones and hydrophones can be used as a single sensor or as an array of elements facilitating the localization of sound sources. Analog recorders, which relied on magnetic tape, have been replaced with digital recorders; acoustic data was initially stored on tapes, but is now stored on optical discs, hard drives, and/or solid-state memories. Recently, tablets and smartphones have become popular recording and analysis devices. With these advances, it has never been easier, or more cost-efficient, to study the sounds of the world.
Studies of animal bioacoustics require equipment to record and analyze sounds and sometimes to play back recorded sounds. Choosing the right equipment can be a difficult task for the novice bioacoustician. In this chapter, we outline the components that make up a typical recording or playback setup, define some of the commonly used terminology for describing the instruments, and present some illustrative studies that required the use of specific types of equipment. We cover instruments used in both terrestrial and aquatic bioacoustic studies. The ensuing discussions will introduce the reader to some of the commonly used microphones, hydrophones, amplifiers, analog-to-digital converters, projectors (loudspeakers), as well as programmable autonomous recording systems. Where applicable, we also discuss some of the pros and cons to be considered when choosing a particular product for a study, and the limitations that specific equipment may pose to the planned research. We also present equipment that can be used to record directly to a computer. Often, it may be necessary to use calibrated equipment so that accurate measurements can be made. We present considerations for calibrating the different components of the recording setup. Finally, we present some additional equipment used in biotremology to measure vibration and particle motion, and we list some smartphone-based applications used in bioacoustic studies.
Passive acoustic sensor-based soundscape analysis has become an increasingly important ecological method for evaluation of ecosystem conditions using acoustic indices. Understanding the soundscape composition and correlations between acoustic indices and species richness of birds, the most important sound source in the ecosystem, are of great importance for measuring biodiversity and the level of anthropogenic disturbance. In this study, based on yearlong sound data obtained from five acoustic sensors deployed in Dalongtan, Shennongjia National Park, we analyzed the soundscape composition by comparing the distributions of the soundscape power in different frequency ranges, and examined the correlations between acoustic indices and bird species richness by means of the Spearman rank correlation coefficient method. The diurnal dynamic characteristics of acoustic indices in different seasons were also described. Results showed that the majority of sounds were in the frequency of 2-8 kHz, in which over 50% sounds were in 2-6 kHz, commonly considered the bioacoustic frequency range. The Acoustics Complexity Index, Bioacoustic Index, and Normalized Difference Soundscape Index were significantly correlated with bird species richness, suggesting that these indices can be used for evaluation of bird species richness; Apparent diurnal dynamic patterns of bird acoustic activities were observed in spring, summer, and autumn; however, the intensity and duration of bird acoustic activities in summer is larger/longer than in spring and autumn.
Over the past two decades, bioacoustics and ecoacoustics have attracted a great deal of scholarly attention for their importance in investigating biology and ecology. Consequently, large volumes of academic articles have been published, which make it difficult to clearly understand current research trends. However, global research trends are important for grasping research direction and improving research quality. The recent development of scientometric data-driven analysis provides a novel way to reveal the diverse factors of bioacoustics and ecoacoustics. In this work, we discuss global research trends of bioacoustics and ecoacoustics in terms of annual research output, active journal, important author, and active institute and country using scientometric theory and metrics. The overall research output of bioacoustics and ecoacoustics is in an upward trend. For bioacoustics, Zootaxa is the representative journal in terms of number of publications and TLCS, while Journal of the Acoustical Society of America is in terms of TGCS. Klaus-Gerhard Heller, Jérôme Sueur, and Almo Farina are representative authors in terms of number of publications, TLCS, and TGCS, respectively. USA is the leading country, followed by Germany. However, the leading institutes are from other countries rather than USA, which indicates the diversification of research institutions in USA. Univ Sao Paulo, Univ Paris 11, and Purdue Univ are representative institutions in terms of number of publications, TLCS, and TGCS. For ecoacoustics, Journal of the Acoustical Society of America is the most recognized journal in terms of number of publications, TLCS, and TGCS. Tomonari Akamatsu is the most productive author, while Almo Farina achieves the highest score in terms of TLCS and TGCS. USA is the leading country, and the second place is taken by UK, Italy, and UK in term of number of publications, TLCS, and TGCS. NOAA is the leading research institute in terms of number of publications. Univ Urbino is the leading university in terms of TLCS and TGCS. Co-word, co-author, and co-citation network analysis can successfully extract the research focus and provide the potential research directions. Compared to bioacoustics, ecoacoustics is a novel research field.
Gli ambienti naturali che ci circondano vengono generalmente apprezzati e giudicati per il paesaggio che percepiamo visivamente. Ma vi è un'altra componente dell'am-biente naturale che spesso trascuriamo, il paesaggio sonoro (Schafer, 1985; Krause, 2002; Pavan, 2012). Si tratta dell'insieme di suoni e rumori che nascono dall'am-biente fisico, dalla comunità di animali che lo abitano e anche dalla presenza e atti-vità dell'uomo. Il paesaggio sonoro è una espressione dell'ambiente che possiamo considerare sul piano estetico, ad esempio per il piacere che proviamo nell'ascoltare i suoni e i rumori della natura, ma che ha anche un grande valore scientifico per la comprensione dei fenomeni che vi si sviluppano sia a breve che a lungo termine (Farina, 2014). I suoni prodotti dagli animali, come il canto degli uccelli o il gracidare delle rane, un tempo considerati espressione della "forza vitale" o più poeticamente espressione della "gioia di vivere", sono riconosciuti come funzionali allo svolgimento di mol-teplici funzioni vitali, quali l'accoppiamento e la riproduzione, il coordinamento dei comportamenti individuali e sociali, la caccia e la ricerca del cibo. La bioacustica studia i suoni prodotti dagli animali per comunicare e, nei pipistrelli e nei cetacei, per ecolocalizzare ostacoli e prede (Griffin, 1958). Studia anche come gli animali recepiscono e interpretano i suoni e i rumori dell'ambiente e anche come reagiscono al rumore e al disturbo prodotto dalle attività umane (Pavan, 2015). L'ecoacustica è una nuova disciplina che studia l'insieme dei suoni e rumori, pro-dotti dalla natura e dall'uomo, che compongono il paesaggio sonoro o ambiente acustico. Si tratta di suoni biologici (biofonia), più propriamente oggetto della bioa-custica, di rumori generati da fenomeni naturali (pioggia, vento, tuoni, ecc.) che formano la geofonia e anche di suoni e rumori prodotti dall'uomo (antropofonia) che in alcune situazioni possono avere effetti negativi e pertanto essere considerati come "inquinamento acustico". La bioacustica e l'ecoacoustica sono discipline emergenti e in rapido sviluppo nelle
Description of the soundscape of the Integral Nature Reserve
