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Specimens of the Arnebia species. A. A. euchroma (KIOM201901022420). B. A. euchroma (KIOM201901022424). C. A. guttata (KIOM201901022429). D. A. guttata (KIOM201901022432).
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Objective : Arnebiae Radix, the roots of Arnebia euchroma (Royle) Johnst. or A. guttata Bunge, is a well-known traditional herbal medicine in East Asia. In the Korean Pharmacopoeia, three authentic species, including two Arnebia and Lithospermum erythrorhizon Sieb. et Zucc. have recognized as a Lithospermi Radix. But, the morphological and taxonomi...
Citations
... Plant material used in this study was collected from natural populations in Mongolia, Kyrgyzstan, and Korea during a three-year survey of the vascular flora of Central Asia (2018)(2019)(2020). Protologues and other relevant taxonomic literature were searched and used for accurate identification of all studied species (Royle, 1839;Bunge, 1840;Kurz, 1874;Johnston, 1924;Fang and Staples, 1995;Song J. H. et al., 2019;Kim, 2019). To confirm the consistency of all studied characteristics, at least two populations were compared for each species: A. guttata (two individuals), A. tibetana (10 individuals), A. euchroma (ten individuals), and L. erythrorhizon (10 individuals). ...
... Indeed, high RSCU values correspond to more highly conserved cp genes (Wang et al., 2016;Ivanova et al., 2017;Zuo et al., 2017). We surveyed the The mVISTA results show that the cp genomes of Arnebia and Lithospermum possess relatively high diversity, with genic regions being more conserved than intergenic spacer regions, as is typical in angiosperm cp genomes (Shaw et al., 2007;Huo et al., 2019;Song J. H. et al., 2019). Even though the cp genomes of A. guttata and A. tibetana displayed closer proximity than other cp genomes, trnS-GCU-trnG-UCC, trnC-GCA-petN, psaA-ycf3, trnI-CAU-ycf2, psbE-petL, clpP, and rps15-ycf1 regions were found to be hotspots of genetic variation (Figure 4). ...
The genera Arnebia and Lithospermum (Lithospermeae-Boraginaceae) comprise 25–30 and 50–60 species, respectively. Some of them are economically valuable, as their roots frequently contain a purple-red dye used in the cosmetic industry. Furthermore, dried roots of Arnebia euchroma, A. guttata, and Lithospermum erythrorhizon, which have been designated Lithospermi Radix, are used as traditional Korean herbal medicine. This study is the first report on the floral micromorphology and complete chloroplast (cp) genome sequences of A. guttata (including A. tibetana), A. euchroma, and L. erythrorhizon. We reveal great diversity in floral epidermal cell patterns, gynoecium, and structure of trichomes. The cp genomes were 149,361–150,465 bp in length, with conserved quadripartite structures. In total, 112 genes were identified, including 78 protein-coding regions, 30 tRNA genes, and four rRNA genes. Gene order, content, and orientation were highly conserved and were consistent with the general structure of angiosperm cp genomes. Comparison of the four cp genomes revealed locally divergent regions, mainly within intergenic spacer regions (atpH-atpI, petN-psbM, rbcL-psaI, ycf4-cemA, ndhF-rpl32, and ndhC-trnV-UAC). To facilitate species identification, we developed molecular markers psaA- ycf3 (PSY), trnI-CAU- ycf2 (TCY), and ndhC-trnV-UAC (NCTV) based on divergence hotspots. High-resolution phylogenetic analysis revealed clear clustering and a close relationship of Arnebia to its Lithospermum sister group, which was supported by strong bootstrap values and posterior probabilities. Overall, gynoecium characteristics and genetic distance of cp genomes suggest that A. tibetana, might be recognized as an independent species rather than a synonym of A. guttata. The present morphological and cp genomic results provide useful information for future studies, such as taxonomic, phylogenetic, and evolutionary analysis of Boraginaceae.
Shikonin and its derivatives, isolated from traditional medicinal plant species of the genus Lithospermum, Alkanna, Arnebia, Anchusa, Onosma, and Echium belonging to the Boraginaceae family, have numerous applications in foods, cosmetics, and textiles. Shikonin, a potent bioactive red pigment, has been used in traditional medicinal systems to cure various ailments and is well known for its diverse pharmacological potential such as anticancer, antithrombotic, neuroprotective, antidiabetic, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, anti-gonadotropic, antioxidants, antimicrobial and insecticidal. Herein, updated research on the natural sources, pharmacology, toxicity studies, and various patents filed worldwide related to shikonin and approaches to shikonin's biogenic and chemical synthesis are reviewed. Furthermore, recent studies to establish reliable production systems to meet market demand, functional identification, and future clinical development of shikonin and its derivatives against various diseases are presented.
