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Fiber reinforced plastics (FRPs) have replaced conventional engineering materials in many areas, especially in the field of automobiles and household applications. With the increasing demand, various modifications are being incorporated in the conventional FRPs for specific applications in order to reduce costs and achieve the quality standards. Th...
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A high-impact poly-styrene (HIPS) was mixed with dried and ground coconut shell (CS) at equal weight percentage. Fast pyrolysis was carried out on the mixture in a fixed bed reactor over a temperature range of 573 K to 1073 K, and a nitrogen (N2) linear velocity range of 7.8x10-5 m/s to 6.7x10-2 m/s to produce bio-oil. Heat transfer and fluid dynam...
Citations
... Further, it contributes to an increase in the flexural, shear, and torsional strengths, as mentioned by different researchers [138,139]. The computation of the cross-breaking strength of flexural-strengthened members is carried out using Equation (11) [140]: ...
In the pursuit of creating more sustainable and resilient structures, the exploration of construction materials and strengthening methodologies is imperative. Traditional methods of relying on steel for strengthening proved to be uneconomical and unsustainable, prompting the investigation of innovative composites. Fiber‐reinforced polymers (FRPs), known for their lightweight and high‐strength properties, gained prominence among structural engineers in the 1980s. This period saw the development of novel approaches, such as near‐surface mounted and externally bonded reinforcement, for strengthening of concrete structures using FRPs. In recent decades, additional methods, including surface curvilinearization and external prestressing, have been discovered, demonstrating significant additional benefits. While these techniques have shown the enhanced performance, their full potential remains untapped. This article presents a comprehensive review of current approaches employed in the fortification of reinforced cement concrete structures using FRPs. It concludes by identifying key areas that warrant in‐depth research to establish a sustainable methodology for structural strengthening, positioning FRPs as an effective replacement for conventional retrofitting materials. This review aims to contribute to the ongoing discourse on modern structural strengthening strategies, highlight the properties of FRPs, and propose avenues for future research in this dynamic field.
... Agricultural residues are effective and adaptable replacements for wood and certain textile materials. Their advantageous properties are preferred over recycled construction [10,11]. Among the various benefits of agro-residues are their copious and ample accessibility, recyclability, eco-friendliness, simplicity of production, and lower carbon emissions. ...
This research delves into the effects of different alkalization treatment approaches on the mechanical characteristics of epoxy matrix composites that are reinforced with natural bamboo fibers and enriched with egg and coconut shell powders as fillers. Various weight ratios of fibers and fillers were investigated, specifically at 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, and 30%. The study assessed mechanical properties such as tensile strength, flexural behavior, microhardness, and impact resilience. Findings indicate that composites with alkali-treated fibers demonstrate superior mechanical performance (49.28 MPa of tensile, 57.33 MPa of flexural 89 HV of hardness, and 1.3 kJ·m⁻² of impact) compared to untreated counterparts. Particularly noteworthy is the significant improvement in fracture toughness observed with the inclusion of 20% hybrid laminates, surpassing the performance of existing biomaterial-based composites. This heightened toughness is attributed to the optimized composition of fibers and enhanced water absorption capabilities. Conversely, the incorporation of 25% and 30% hybrid composites led to a decrease in mechanical strength (38.65 MPa of tensile, 46.7 MPa of flexural, 72 HV of hardness, and 1.19 kJ·m⁻² of impact) due to the formation of additional interfacial contacts, pores, and voids within the polymeric matrix.
... The powder material that had been manufactured was subjected to heating within a nitrogen environment, with temperatures ranging from 32 to 820 °C. The heating process was conducted at a rate of 20 °C per minute [23]. ...
... Addition of 5% and 10% fillers such as Sterculia bark, rice husk and coconut shell powder with Sterculia fiber shows less Young's modulus than the Sterculia fiber-reinforced composite without filler content. Composite with 5% coconut shell powder obtained higher Young's modulus when comparing the fillers added composites [23]. The observed augmentation in Young's modulus of the composite material, as a result of the inclusion of filler content, aligns with findings reported in previous studies. ...
This study places emphasis on investigating the impact of integrating Sterculia foetida fiber and natural fillers into an epoxy matrix. An experimental investigation was conducted to examine the impact of incorporating natural fillers on the physical, mechanical, and thermal properties of a novel series of epoxy-based composites reinforced with fibers. The physical and mechanical properties of the composites produced in this study exhibited a higher level of concordance with the previously developed composites that incorporated natural fibers. It was determined that the composites containing 5% fillers and Sterculia foetida fiber exhibited low percentage error and moisture absorption. The composite manufactured with a 5% filler content exhibited superior mechanical qualities in terms of tensile strength, impact resistance, and Rockwell hardness compared to the other composites investigated in this study. The results of thermogravimetric analysis indicate that the incorporation of Sterculia bark and rice husk filler into the composites leads to an enhancement in thermal stability, specifically in relation to the Sterculia foetida content. The cellulose fiber utilized in this study exhibited thermal stability, indicating its appropriateness for usage in applications involving moderate temperatures.
... The primary determinants of compressive strength, as outlined by [42][43][44][45][46][47][48], encompass the following: ...
Composites made from fiber-reinforced polymers (FRPs) are a crucial and highly adaptable category of materials widely utilized in numerous fields. Their flexibility and the range of criteria for classification enable the creation of tailored solutions to address distinct requirements in sectors such as civil engineering, aerospace, automotive, and marine, among others. The distinguishing characteristics of FRP composites include the type of reinforcing fiber used, the composition of the matrix material, the employed manufacturing process, the orientation of the fibers, and the specific end-use application. These classification variables offer engineers a versatile structure to determine and select the most appropriate materials and production techniques for their specific needs. Furthermore, the present study aims to reunite the criteria of classification for FRPs and specific manufacturing technologies of FRPs, such as conventional ones (matched die molding, contact molding), automated ones (filament winding, tape lay-up, and fiber placement), and advanced ones (electrospinning and additive manufacturing),with the chronological development of FRPs, insights on material characteristics, and comprehensive design guidelines based on their behavior in different environments of use.
... They are either organic or inorganic materials added to the polymer. It can either be used to increase the volume of the plastic material, lowering the cost of usage (inert fillers), or it can be used to improve mechanical qualities (effective fillers) [8,9]. Polyurethane is one of the important polymers in many applications, and Tritosil Polyurethane is one component with Highly resistant to seawaterdiluted acids and alkalis, odorless, non-sag, moisture-cure polyurethane sealant designed to skin and cure rapidly, outstanding UV resistance, and long-term durability. ...
The polyurethane Sealant (TRITOSIL H10 PU) mechanical and combustion characteristics were examined in this study as a function of the weight ratio of tire rubber powder (waste), with a particle volume of (150 μm). Elongation, tensile strength, Young's modulus, compressive strength, and rate of burning time were a few of the characteristics examined. The results showed that adding filler decreases the spaces between the chains of polymer, reflecting the polymer's high ability to withstand the stress imposed on it, that the degree of homogeneity between each of the fillers and polymers is high, and that increasing the percentage of fillers gives the prepared models a slight increase in hardness at a percentage increase (25%). Based on research into combustion resistance, The results of the experiments showed that increasing the amount of used filler has a positive impact on heat diffusion through the polymeric matrix and flame resistance. The use of filler as a filler has an impact on the properties of the polyurethane polymer, which has high mechanical properties. This increases tensile strength, which makes it appropriate to cover the flooring of indoor playgrounds, kids' playrooms, and other spaces.
... The fiber of bananas was found to improve the damping performance of woven coconut composites when the independent vibration properties of the composites were investigated [23]. Natural fillers such as coir from coconuts, the husk of rice, and wheat-based husk are commonly employed as additional supports to boost the stiffness qualities of composites [24,25]. A composite made of polyester, soybean oil, and hemp was studied to determine whether nanoclay affected its stiffness, ultimate tensile stress, and toughness [26]. ...
The performance of hybrid composites in automotive applications has been improved using natural filler. Numerous researchers are analyzing to create the substitute hybrid materials for ecological sustainability and responsibility in environment. Hybrid composites are made by combining natural filler (CD—Cordia dichotoma) with reinforced polymer (PLA—polylactic acid) resin matrix composites which offer unique mechanical qualities because they contain more renewable, recyclable, and biodegradable materials than synthetic fillers. The objective of this research is to evaluate the dynamic mechanical behavior and thermal property of the addition of natural filler (CD) on the PLA resin for finding the structural effect in hybrid composites. CD natural filler loading on the PLA composites are fabricated by 3D printing. The experimental results demonstrate that composites containing 15 vol% of CD natural filler/PLA have a tensile strength of 14.2 MPa, a flexural strength of 29 MPa, and an impact strength of 1304 J/m² compared to other hybrid composites and the outcomes of the other tests are fully described in this paper. The composite material’s highest modulus of storage and temperature of glass transition are found in the 20 vol% filler CD component. The dielectric strength of the composite made with CD natural filler and PLA at a 20 vol% concentration is 4.73 KV/mm which is higher than that of the other composites. The lowest measurement for water absorption of 15 vol% of CD natural filler/PLA composite has been found the value of 6.5% lower than other composites.
... Impact tests on prepared composites found that polyester composites are more resistant to impact than epoxy composites. Notably, the addition of coconut particles contributes significantly to the impact strength of both matrices [73]. The significant increase in impact resistance in different lengths of coconut fiber and reinforced coconut shell particles in polyethylene composites with fiber length has increased to 30 mm. ...
The addition of nanofillers in the polymer matrix composites (PMC) has shown a considerable improvement in the mechanical properties and acts as a suitable replacement material. Among the various properties, erosion studies play a key role in the establishment of new materials in engineering applications irrespective of material properties. This paper primarily focus on mechanical properties of PMC and provides a view of the erosion studies conducted on various PMC that are reinforced with natural fibers and nanofillers. The study related to natural fiber as secondary reinforcement and nanofiller as primary reinforcement is taken into consideration. The natural fibers such as sisal-, pineapple-, jute-, bamboo-, banana-based polymer composites and their improvement in mechanical properties by the addition of various fillers are compared and reported. From the survey, it was noticed that the incorporation of nanofillers with natural fiber and polymers provides an acceptable range of material behavior. Being the natural fiber and its proper surface treatment enhance erosion resistance behavior.
... Using this procedure, one layer of banana fiber was sandwiched between the two layers of flax fiber. Dhawan et al. (2013) examined the effects of natural fillers on the characteristics of green fiber-reinforced polymers. Short fibers in the form of powder are employed in this technique. ...
... Using this procedure, one layer of banana fiber was sandwiched between the two layers of flax fiber. Dhawan et al. (2013) examined the effects of natural fillers on the characteristics of green fiber-reinforced polymers. Short fibers in the form of powder are employed in this technique. ...
The growing concern about environmental damage and the inability to meet the demand for more versatile, environmentally friendly materials has sparked increasing interest in polymer composites derived from renewable and biodegradable plant-based materials, mainly from forests. These composites are mostly referred to as "green" and they can be widely employed in many industrial applications. Green composites are less harmful to the environment and could be potential substitutes for petroleum-based polymeric materials. It is helpful to limit usage of fossil oil assets by developing biopolymer matrices such as cellulose-reinforced biocomposites using renewable assets such as plant oils, carbohydrates, and proteins. This paper focuses on green composites processing utilizing a variety of naturally available resources, sustainable materials which are not detrimental to the environment, new scientific signs of progress in achieving green sustainable development, as well as nanotechnology and its environmental consequences. Additionally, the environmental impacts of different composite materials are examined in this paper, along with their production from eco-friendly materials. Moreover, the manufacturing aspects of green composites and some concerns related to their production are also discussed. The merits of green composite materials and valid reasons why they are a valuable substitute for the traditionally used composite materials are also covered.
... Ahmed et al. [2] found that including glass fiber as extreme glass plies significantly improves the characteristics of jute composites. Dhawan et al. [3] observed that using coconut shell filler results in high compressive strength. Both polyester and epoxy composites benefit from the addition of coconut coir. ...
The tribological behaviour of a hand-layup jute/glass hybrid epoxy composite with saw dust filler was investigated. On the pin-on-disc tribology testing machine, the wear properties of the fiber reinforced composite were investigated. This study looked at the effect of natural filler, specifically saw dust, on the wear behaviour of glass, jute and epoxy hybrid composites.RSM was used to create a regression model with independent variable wear loss and coefficient of friction as a function of dependent variables sliding speed, amount of filler, and applied load. The Taguchi method with L9orthogonal array was used to determine the best input parameter values for minimizing the wear loss and friction coefficient. The signal-to-noise (S/N) ratios were evaluated using the “smaller-is-better” principle. An ANOVA was performed to determine how much each of the input factors influenced the output responses.
