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Electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) are a new trend for the vehicle industry, due to the environmental regulations of the internal combustion engine (ICE) and pollutant emission of transportation. However, despite being very promising, the durability of the battery, due to overheating, is still an obstacle. In particular, el...
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To improve the safety of electric vehicles, this paper analyzes the way of cooling lithium-ion batteries of electric vehicles and proposes an air-cooling scheme. First, a heat-generation model for the lithium-ion battery is prepared for numerical simulation and a finned air-cooling model is designed, which combines cold air with fins to lower the t...
Citations
... After that, a spoiler model-based air-cooled BTMS was studied by Kim et al. [46] numerically and experimentally. They found maximum battery temperature was ∼16% lower, and enhancement in the temperature uniformity was about ∼65% for the spoiler-based model. ...
This research experimentally examines the thermal behaviour of an air-cooled Li-ion battery pack with triangular spoilers. The objective is to enhance temperature uniformity and reduce the maximum temperature of the battery pack by redirecting airflow towards regions of higher temperatures using triangular spoilers. The effects of spoiler angles (a) and spoiler positions (Ds) on the thermal performance of a 24V, 10Ah aligned battery pack are investigated. The parameters used to evaluate the thermal performance are; temperature variation along as well as transverse to the airflow direction and temperature variation around the circumference of the cell. The maximum temperature (Tmax), average temperature (Tavg.), maximum temperature difference (ΔTmax), and standard deviation of the temperature (σT) are the other performance parameters that are assessed. It is observed that the temperature of the battery pack decreases along the airflow direction with both the increase in α and Ds. It happens due to the enhancement in the heat transfer rate caused by higher turbulence kinetic energy. The non-uniformity in the cell temperature around the circumference improves by 0.4 K and 1.8 K with the change in α and Ds, respectively. It is found that Tmax and Tavg. of the battery pack are reduced by a maximum value of 2.5 K and 1.55 K, respectively, compared to the case when no spoiler is used. The maximum reduction in ΔTmax and σT is found to be 2.4 K and 1.02, respectively.
... Günümüzde araç gövdelerinde yaygın kullaanılan karbon fiber takviyeli ya da güçlendirilmiş plastik plazemeler çelik kadar hatta ondan daha yüksek dayanımda olması bununla birlikte bu tür kompozit malzemelerin daha hafif olmaları kullanım cazibesini arttırmıştır. Araç üzerindeki spoyler ve benzeri parçaların tasarımında karbon elyaf takviyeli polimer matrisli kompozitler kullanmıştır (Zhang, Wang, 2002 (Chanyang, Jaeyoung, Seokmoo, 2022). Nomura ve arkadaşları Kompozit malzemlerdeki takviye fazlarının matris fazı içindeki dağılımı ve bunların ürün imalatında kullanılmasıyla oluşan yapıyı üç boyutlu tasarım yöntemini kullanarak ürün üzerindeki etkileri üzerinde çalışmışlardır. ...
Bu çalışmada, binek araçlarda oldukça yaygın kullanılan spoylerin arac üzerindeki aerodinamik etkileri ve bunlarda kullanılan malzemerin mekanik özelikleri analiz edilmiştir. Günümüz imalat süreçlerinde yeni ürünlerin optimum tasarım kriterlerinin belirlenmesinde özellikle otomotiv gövde ve parçalarında sonlu elemanlar yöntemi yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Analizde elde edilen tasarım kriterleri imalat sürcinde anahtar rol oynar. Spoylerin fonksiyonu aracın aerodinamiği bununla birlikte yüksek hızlarda stabiliteye sahip olması otomobil için önemlidir. Spoylerin uyguladığı tersine basma kuvveti aracın hızlanması sonucunda oluşur ve bu etki aracın yere daha iyi basmasını sağlar. Bu durum aracı yüksek hızlarda daha güvenli hale getirir. Araç ağırlıkları da dikkate alındığında bunların oldukça hafif ve yüksek dayanıma sahip karbon fiber malzemelden imal edilmesi önemli tercih sebeplerindendir. Bu çalışmada çelikten çok daha hafif ve dayanmı yüksek olan karbon fiber malzeme araştırılmıştır. ABS plastik ile karbon fiber malzemeden spoyler tasarımı yapılarak tasarım analizleri ANSYS yazılımı kullanılarak değerlendirilmiştir. Sonlu elemanlar yöntemi ile çekme, basma ve burulma analiz verileri nümerik olarak hesaplanmıştır. Yapılan analizler sonucunda karbon fiber malzemeden üretilmiş spoylerin daha üstün özelliklerde olduğu tesbit edilmiştir.
... Battery thermal management technology can be divided into air cooling [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20], liquid cooling [21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28] and phase change material (PCM) cooling [29][30][31][32][33][34][35] according to different cooling media. Air cooling is one of the most common and widely used cooling methods. ...
... However, PCM cooling is still in the research stage [31], and there are still many problems in practical applications. For example, heat dissipation performance is considerably reduced once the PCM on the heat dissipation surface is entirely melted due to the poor thermal conductivity of the PCM in the molten state, yet it raises the problem of heat dissipation failure [33]. Reference [34] added high thermal conductivity materials to PCM, which can improve the thermal conductivity of PCM, but when using carbon materials to strengthen PCM, it is difficult to achieve a balance between latent heat and conduction heat. ...
With the growing global energy and environmental problems, electric vehicles that are both environmentally friendly and cost effective have seen rapid growth. An electrified vehicle's effective thermal management must include all of the vehicle's systems. However, optimizing the thermal behavior of each component is insufficient. A lithium-ion battery's operating temperature has a significant impact on its performance. When working at low temperatures, the internal resistance of lithium-ion batteries increases, the available energy and power of the system decreases, and lithium precipitation caused by low-temperature charging may cause safety issues; high-temperature operation and temperature inconsistency between battery cells will cause accelerated ageing of the battery, which may result in safety issues such as thermal runaway. As a result, to keep the temperature of the battery module under control, electric cars require a strong thermal management system. Thermal management must be handled at the system level to maximize the vehicle's overall performance. The integrated thermal management system for electric vehicles has the potential to significantly increase vehicle energy efficiency. However, it's construction is complicated due to the thermal requirements of the battery and cabin. In this research, a multi-channel liquid cooling system with a serpentine wavy structure was used to conduct an experimental thermal investigation of a lithium-ion battery pack. The suggested cooling system's capabilities was examined under various charge/discharge scenarios using varied coolant flow rates and pumping power. The findings revealed that the suggested cooling system was successful across a variety of charging and discharging settings, with most of the tested scenarios achieving a maximum temperature difference.
The discharge rate, ambient temperature, and airflow cooling velocity of a Li-ion battery pack BTMS have a direct impact on the battery's temperature, performance, and safety. Monitoring these is essential for avoiding overheating, ensuring optimal performance, and extending the battery's lifespan. This study comprehensively assesses the thermal performance of staggered structured cells of a 24.00V, 10.00Ah Li-ion battery pack cooled by ambient air. Both experimental and numerical methods are employed to achieve this evaluation. The primary objective is to investigate how varying discharge rates (0.50, 1.00, 1.50, 2.00, and 2.50; C), the seasonal temperatures in Prayagraj, India (282.00, 296.00, 305.00, and 315.00; K), and airflow velocities (0.50, 1.00, 1.50, and 2.00; m/s) influence the battery pack's thermal behaviour. A comparative analysis is also conducted between the present study and the author's prior research, focusing on the aligned configuration. The study observed a temperature increase in the airflow direction, from the inlet to the outlet, with the highest temperature recorded in the second-to-last column of the battery pack. Both numerical analysis and experimental testing confirmed that decreasing the airflow velocity from 2.00 m/s to 0.50 m/s reduced thermal performance by enhancing temperature in the airflow path, as well as transverse and circumferential temperature variations. Conversely, as the load on the battery (discharge rate) decreased from 2.50 C to 0.50 C, the thermal performance estimating parameters; Tmax, Tavg., ΔTmax, and σT, exhibited a declined trend. This is due to the greater heat generation at higher discharge rates. Furthermore, it was observed that as the ambient temperature increased from 282.00 K to 315.00 K, the temperature of the battery cells also increased. Nonetheless, the cooling patterns remained similar across these different temperature range conditions. Moreover, experimental results compete with the numerical outcomes with a maximum absolute percentage error of 1.21%. The staggered configuration gives lower and uniform temperature distributions within the battery packs than the aligned arrangements.
The main objective of this study is to assess the thermal performance of an air-cooled Lithium-ion battery pack.
This involves analyzing the heat dissipation characteristics and temperature distribution within the battery pack
at different operating conditions. Here, the thermal performance of the battery pack is evaluated numerically and
experimentally. The experimental platform allows adjusting numerous control factors, like air velocity (0.5 to
2.0 m/s), air temperature (282.0 to 315.0 K), and battery pack discharge rate (0.5 to 2.5C). The temperature
distribution is studied in longitudinal and transverse directions of the battery pack and circumferentially for a
cell. The numerical simulations involve the solution of Shear Stress Transport (SST) k- ω model-based Navier-
Stokes (N-S) equation using the ANSYS FLUENT R19.2 software. The numerical results were found to closely
match the experimental findings with maximum error to be within 3.12%. The evaluation parameters used to
assess the thermal performance of BTMS are maximum temperature (Tmax), maximum temperature difference
(ΔTmax), average temperature (Tavg. ), and standard deviation of the temperature (σT) within the battery pack.
The numerical and experimental analyses show a reduction in both the maximum and mean temperature of the
battery pack and improved temperature uniformity, with the increase in air velocity, lowering the discharge rate
and decreasing the ambient temperature. The correlation between air inlet velocity and temperature drop is
stronger at higher discharge rates than lower discharge rates. The effect is due to high heat transfer coefficient
and uniform air distribution at high velocities, less heat generation and more time to dissipate heat at low
discharge rates, and lower temperature of air at cold ambient conditions. The reduced temperatures and temperature
uniformity minimizes the occurrence of localized hotspots within the battery pack. Further, for any
given air inlet temperature, an increase in temperature is observed parallel to the direction of airflow. Under
severe operating conditions, the inlet-to-discharge temperature difference reached a maximum of T = 22.14 K
whereas, under mild conditions, it dropped to T = 0.21 K. The circumferential temperature non-uniformity of
cells lying in high-temperature zone of the battery pack reduces with increasing velocity. The work presented
here can help in the identification of potential hotspots and design better cooling strategies for the battery pack
at different operating conditions.
