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The utilization of porous asphalt mixtures has become increasingly important. This type of pavement has been used in many developed countries for many years with the addition of by-products to reduce the consumption of aggregates in road construction. Recently, the Malaysian Public Works Department (PWD) launched specifications for specialty mixtur...
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... this study, the specific gravity and absorption of the aggregates were analysed based on ASTM C 127-88 and ASTM C 128-88 for coarse and fine aggregates respectively. Table 3 shows the specific gravity of both coarse and fine aggregates. Because steel slag aggregate is harder and denser than conventional, obviously the specific gravity has significant different as shown in Table 3. ...
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A variety of factors affect the overall performance of the material within pavement structure, with moisture content susceptibility being recognized as one of the most important factors that is known to directly affect the resilient modulus of granular base layer materials and consequently the overall performance of pavement structures. While the e...
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... Fly ash improves the characteristics of the asphalt mix and modernises the waste management system when used as a filler material [32]. Numerous studies have revealed that adding steel slag to HMA improves the performance properties of pavement [37]. Steel slag increases the skid resistance of pavement since it is a rough material. ...
Recycling and environmental sustainability goals can be pursued through the reuse of waste generated from different industries such as plastic, glass, iron, etc. in road pavements. The handling of industrial wastes such as fly ash, glass powder, and steel slag has grown to be a major issue in developing nations. The disposal issue will be resolved if fly ash, glass powder, and steel slag can be used for road construction. The current study examines the impact of coarse steel slag aggregate (instead of coarse natural stone aggregate) and fly ash (FA) as fillers on the performance of asphalt mixes for road construction. The reuse of metallurgical slags in road pavement is an important concern. Mostly the by-products produced during the separation of molten steel from impurities in steel-making furnaces include steel slag is generally used in our study on road pavements. Its manufacturing procedures, and chemical, morphological, and physical features have an impact on its contribution to asphalt mixture when slag partially or fully replaces virgin aggregate. This study reviews physical, chemical, and mechanical properties and developments in several areas related to using steel slag aggregate and fly ash in hot-mix asphalt. Road performance can be considerably impacted by the characteristics of steel slag. By-product of burning pulverized coal i.e., fly ash. It can be utilized as a mineral filler in hot mix asphalt (HMA) paving applications at a reasonable cost. Based on the Marshall parameter specific percentage of filler i.e., Fly Ash used in HMA is fixed. Compared to other filler materials, the FA performs better. Additionally, a cost study shows that asphalt mixes containing FA and steel slag aggregate have lower construction and life cycle costs than the control mix. FA and steel slag aggregate both can be utilized as substitute components in asphalt mixes for the construction of roads.
... As a result, this issue leads to the creation of strong adhesion between bitumen and aggregates, and as a result, the resistance of cold asphalt mixture against passing traffic increases. This finding is in line with the study of other investigators (Asi, 2007;Hainin et al., 2014;Skaf et al., 2017). ...
... Such a stiffness modulus is expressed as the ratio of the repeated axial deviator stress to the recoverable axial strain [169]. Again, many studies report that resilient moduli are sensibly increased in steel slag mixtures with respect to the control ones [170]. An increase in the resilient modulus is also mentioned in the case of recycled concrete fine aggregates, steel slag coarse aggregates [143], or stone mastic asphalts [150]. ...
... An increase in the resilient modulus is also mentioned in the case of recycled concrete fine aggregates, steel slag coarse aggregates [143], or stone mastic asphalts [150]. Evaluating the temperature effect on the resilient modulus, Jain et al. (2015) [171] analyzed ACBFS-based and conventional mixes, demonstrating that resilient modulus increases were not affected by a test temperature in the range between 25 and 45 • C; comparable findings were also found by Ameri et al. (2013) [137], Lin et al. (2015) [151], and Hainin et al. (2014) [170] using laboratory or field specimens. On the other hand, some studies [172,173] documented an increase in resilient moduli, until a slag replacement was used, of up to 70%. ...
... An increase in the resilient modulus is also mentioned in the case of recycled concrete fine aggregates, steel slag coarse aggregates [143], or stone mastic asphalts [150]. Evaluating the temperature effect on the resilient modulus, Jain et al. (2015) [171] analyzed ACBFS-based and conventional mixes, demonstrating that resilient modulus increases were not affected by a test temperature in the range between 25 and 45 • C; comparable findings were also found by Ameri et al. (2013) [137], Lin et al. (2015) [151], and Hainin et al. (2014) [170] using laboratory or field specimens. On the other hand, some studies [172,173] documented an increase in resilient moduli, until a slag replacement was used, of up to 70%. ...
Steel slag is a by-product obtained through the separation of molten steel from impurities in steel-making furnaces. It can be produced by different types of furnaces (blast, basic oxygen, electric arc, ladle furnaces). The reuse of metallurgical slags in road pavements can pursue aims of recycling and environmental sustainability. Based on the extensive literature, the paper presents a state-of-the-art review concerning the use of slags in asphalt pavements, discussing the main controversial literature findings. Slag manufacturing processes, chemical, morphological, and physical characteristics, affect its contribution to the asphalt mixture, when it partially or fully substitutes natural aggregates. Legislative state-of-the-art environmental issues, weathering, and leaching aspects are also discussed. The main mechanical and durability properties of pavements containing different types of slags are analyzed based on laboratory and field studies. Generally, the higher mechanical properties of steel slag suggest that its inclusion in asphalt mixtures can provide high-performance pavement layers (excellent strength and stiffness, superior rutting and fatigue resistance, low moisture susceptibility). However, several research gaps still exist (e.g., mix design and seasoning procedure, bitumen–aggregate affinity, low-temperature behavior, brittleness); they are discussed to direct possible future study efforts to clarify specific technical aspects, such as, for example, the effect of slag morphology and physical properties on the final mix properties and the development of specific mix design guidelines.
... Various other studies have reported better fatigue and cracking resistance (Kavussi & Qazizadeh, 2014;Pasetto & Baldo, 2010;Wen, Wu, & Bhusal, 2015;Ziari, Nowbakht, Rezaei, & Mahboob, 2015), and better rutting resistance (Ahmedzade & Sengoz, 2009;Behnood & Ameri, 2012;Wu, Xue, Ye, & Chen, 2007) of dense graded asphalt mixtures with steel slags. Also, in few studies on OGFC mixes containing EAF steel slag, it was reported that they showed lower rut depth compared to control mixtures (without steel slag) (Hainin, Rusbintardjo, Hameed, Hassan, & Yusoff, 2014;Wang & Wang, 2011). However, only a single replacement content of steel slag was employed in these studies. ...
Open-graded asphalt friction course (OGAFC) is an asphalt course constructed over a dense-graded and impermeable surface to allow quick drainage of surface water runoff and enable reduction of hydroplaning and splash and spray. OGAFC mixtures demand high-quality aggregates to perform the intended functions while transferring traffic loads to the underlying layer. Steel slag is a byproduct generated during steel production, and large quantities are unutilized in steel-producing countries, including India. This study evaluated the mechanical performance properties of OGAFC mixtures using basic oxygen furnace (BOF) steel slag as replacement for coarse aggregates at percentages of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%. OGAFC mixtures with two types of modified asphalt binders and five percentage replacements of coarse natural aggregates with BOF steel slag were fabricated. The mechanical performance of the OGAFC mixtures was evaluated in terms of rutting resistance (dynamic creep test and Hamburg wheel tracking device test), cracking potential (indirect tensile strength, cracking tolerance index, and semicircular bending test), fatigue life (indirect tensile fatigue test), and modulus properties (indirect tensile stiffness modulus and resilient modulus). The test results indicated that the use of BOF steel slag not only improved the performance of OGAFC mixtures in terms of rutting resistance, cracking potential, and modulus properties, but also increased the fatigue life of the OGAFC mixes. OGAFC mixes up to 100% BOF steel slag content exhibited superior performance compared with the mixtures with natural aggregates.
... Oluwasola [12] and Liapis [13] found that pavement contains electric arc furnaces (EAF) slag has the higher skid number (British Pendulum Number, BPN) and mean texture depth than the conventional pavement. Hanin et al. found that various mixtures with steel slag have better rutting resistance than the common mixtures based on the results of creep tests [ [12][13][14]. Moreover, some researchers also found that the addition of steel slag coarse aggregate in asphalt mixture would improve the mechanical properties, [14,15] increase the fatigue life [16,17], improve the noise reduction of asphalt mixture [18]. ...
... Hanin et al. found that various mixtures with steel slag have better rutting resistance than the common mixtures based on the results of creep tests [ [12][13][14]. Moreover, some researchers also found that the addition of steel slag coarse aggregate in asphalt mixture would improve the mechanical properties, [14,15] increase the fatigue life [16,17], improve the noise reduction of asphalt mixture [18]. All of the above studies demonstrate the potential of steel slag as an alternative aggregate in road materials. ...
The proper disposal of steel slag has always been a great challenge for the metallurgical industry in China and around the world. In this work, the steel slag aggregate (SSA) was surface pretreated (PSSA) and applied into asphalt mixture. The adhesive behavior between the bitumen and five different types of aggregates (i.e., limestone, diorite, diabase, SSA, PSSA) were evaluated based on the contact angle and binder bond strength tests. The pavement performance of three asphalt mixtures which contain normal aggregate, SSA and PSSA respectively, was analyzed by Marshall stability test, wheel-tracking rutting test, low-temperature bending creep test and water sensitivity test. The results showed that surface modification can improve the surface properties of SSA, reduce its contact angle with bitumen, and eventually lead to the improvement of adhesion between them. In addition to the satisfied low-temperature properties, PSSA was found to significantly improve the anti-rutting property and reduce the water sensitivity of asphalt mixture. This work is expected to promote an alternative application for recycling of SSA in pavement engineering.
... The steel slag has been utilized as a coarse or a fine aggregate in asphalt pavements and had a reliable response [50]. Numerous researchers have found that the angular shape, the rough-textured surface, and the high specific gravity of steel slag provides a high skid resistance, mechanical interlocking, better stability, a high-temperature deformation resistance, and a low-temperature cracking resistance [47,51,52]. Moreover, steel slag aggregates (SSA) have shown excellent polishing resistance, meaning surface courses with SSA will keep their friction properties over time. ...
... 0.5-0.7 Resistance to freeze-thaw (wt.%) <0.5 <0.5 Binder affinity (%) 50-65 [10][11][12][13][14][15] Steel slag has also been reported to retain heat considerably longer than natural aggregates. The heat retention characteristics of SSA can be beneficial for hot mix asphalt (HMA) production, as less energy can be used to heat aggregates in the asphalt plant being maintained for more extended periods during the asphalt paving works [20,52]. ...
... The resilient modulus and the rutting test results were significantly different, with the PA mixture with steel slag aggregate performing better. However, in this study, the porous asphalt mixture produced with conventional aggregates had higher permeability values than the PA mixture with steel slag [52]. ...
Various researchers are developing efforts to integrate waste and by-products as alternative materials in road construction and maintenance, reducing environmental impacts and promoting a circular economy. Among the alternative materials that several authors have studied regarding their use as partial or total substitutes for natural aggregates in the asphalt paving industry, the steel slag aggregate (SSA) and recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) from construction demolition waste (CDW) stand out. This paper reviews and discusses the characteristics and performance of these materials when used as aggregates in asphalt mixtures. Based on the various studies analyzed, it was possible to conclude that incorporating SSA or RCA in asphalt mixtures for road pavements has functional, mechanical, and environmental advantages. However, it is essential to consider some possible drawbacks of these aggregates that are discussed in this paper, to define the acceptable uses of SSA and RCA as sustainable feedstocks for road paving works.
... As the porosity of the mixture increased, the indirect tensile strength and durability (as determined by the Cantabro abrasion test) reduced [13]. In addition, it was reported in a few trials that OGFC mixes incorporating EAF steel slag performed better than control mixtures (without steel slag) [33,34]. The main purpose of this study is to see how long OGFC mixtures with varying percentages of EAF steel slag as a substitute for natural coarse aggregates may last. ...
This study presents a comparative assessment of machine learning techniques for modeling the abrasion loss (AL) of open-graded friction course (OGFC) mixes. The proposed approach is Orthogonal Matching Pursuit (OMP), Huber Regressor (HR), Lasso Lars CV (LLCV), Lars CV (LCV), and Ridge Regressor (RR). To construct and validate the proposed models, a sum of 228 experiments of OGFC mixes with different proportions of natural aggregates and electric arc furnace (EAF) steel slag were performed. Based on the analyses with 4 different combinations of input parameters, the proposed OMP model exhibits the most accurate prediction of AL of OGFC mix in both training and validation phases. Comparison of results of the developed models indicated that the OMP model has the potential to be a new alternative to assist engineers/practitioners in estimating the AL of OGFC mixes. In addition, the effect of % replacement of natural aggregates with electric arc furnace steel slag can also be studied.
... Steel slag is a by-product generated during the manufacture of steel [9] and is one of the most widely used recycled materials. Steel slag has similar properties to those of conventional aggregates, and because of this it has been widely used in road construction [9]; the high density and high hardness of steel slag makes it a suitable replacement for natural aggregates [10]. ...
The volume of waste generated in Malaysia and throughout the globe continues to increase. Waste management and protection of the environment should be given a priority, and this requires for studied to be carried out on the problem of waste management. One of the approaches that can be adopted in this regard is to reuse waste materials as recycled products. Mechanical and geotechnical tests, namely the Los Angeles abrasion tests, the Atterberg limit test, and the sand equivalent value, were carried out to determine the suitability of using steel slag and CRT glass in the construction of road pavements. The value obtained from the laboratory test is within the JKR standard specification (JKR/SPJ/2008-S4). The objective of this study is to investigate the mechanical and geotechnical properties of steel slag and cathode ray tube (CRT) glass in order to determine the feasibility of using both materials as a natural aggregate replacement in the construction of road pavements. The result for the Los Angeles abrasion test showed that steel slag has better wear resistance and mechanical properties compared to those of the natural aggregates (granite) use in this study. The result for the Atterberg limit test showed that all three samples (granite, steel slag and CRT glass) are non-plastic. While the result for the sand equivalent value test showed that the granite sample has the highest value, followed by CRT glass and steel slag. Thus, it can be concluded that steel slag and CRT glass are suitable substitutes for natural aggregates (granites) since they have been proven to meet the requirements for the natural aggregates with similar properties. This provides an alternative use for recycled materials and the possibility of using these materials as an aggregate replacement in the construction of road pavements.
... The mixes prepared with EAF slag were stiffer and resisted permanent deformation better than the siliceous mixtures, which was consistent with the previous test results and the high angularity of the EAFS as a coarse aggregate with better aggregate interlocking action, as others have demonstrated [97]. This behavior was also consistent with other investigations on the effects of slag incorporation in porous asphalt mixes [91,98]. ...
Electric arc furnace slag (EAFS) and ladle furnace slag (LFS) are by-products of the electric steelmaking sector with suitable properties for use in bituminous mixtures as both coarse and fine aggregates, respectively. In this research, the production of a porous asphalt mixture with an aggregate skeleton consisting exclusively of electric steelmaking slags (using neither natural aggregates nor fillers) is explored. The test program examines the asphalt mixtures in terms of their mechanical performance (abrasion loss and indirect tensile strength), durability (cold abrasion loss, aging, and long-term behavior), water sensitivity, skid and rutting resistance, and permeability. The results of the slag-mixes are compared with a standard mix, manufactured with siliceous aggregates and cement as filler. The porous mixes manufactured with the slags provided similar results to the conventional standard mixtures. Some issues were noted in relation to compaction difficulties and the higher void contents of the slag mixtures, which reduced their resistance to raveling. Other features linked to permeability and skid resistance were largely improved, suggesting that these mixtures are especially suitable for permeable pavements in rainy regions. In conclusion, a porous asphalt mixture was produced with 100% slag aggregates that met current standards for long-lasting and environmentally friendly mixtures.
... Hainin et al. investigated utilization of steel slag as an aggregate replacement in porous asphalt mixtures. It was observed that the use of steel slag could perform admirably during high traffic loading [28]. In conclusion, the utilization of some industrial waste in pavement has been confirmed, and the utilization of industrial waste as partial aggregate is a promising solution to minimize environmental pollution by sinking more waste materials compared with modified asphalt method, which results in a reduction of the construction costs. ...
Oil shale waste (OSW), as fine aggregate in the mixture (particle size less than 4.75 mm), can effectively improve the overall properties of open grade friction course (OGFC), but the reinforcement mechanism is not clear. Thus, a comprehensive investigation of the reinforcement mechanism of OSW as fine aggregate is essential to provide better understanding for promoting its engineering application. In this paper, the reinforcement mechanism of OSW was explored through numerical calculations and laboratory tests from three aspects: macroscopic mechanical characteristics of mixture, micromechanics of asphalt mortar containing OSW filler, and adsorption characteristics of OSW. Numerical simulation results showed that the aggregate with a particle size greater than 4.75 mm in OGFC is the skeleton, which is the main loading bearing aggregate, and the skeleton bears more than 85% of external loads. The beam bending test and indirect tensile test results illustrated that the introduction of OSW improves the shear resistance and flexure-tension resistance properties of asphalt mortar, which is beneficial the overall properties of OGFC. From the Brunauer Emmett Tell test and Scanning Electron Microscope test, it was known that OSW has large specific surface area, dense pore structure, and various mesoporous shapes, which means a larger adsorption area and stronger adsorption with asphalt binder. Three self-developed tests containing asphalt adsorption capacity test, infiltrated asphalt saturation test and aggregate-bitumen interface observation test manifested that the existence of “claws”-pointed synapses at OSW-bitumen interface is the main reason for the significant improvement of properties of asphalt mortar containing OSW filler.
