Figure 8 - uploaded by Emilian Damian Popovici
Content may be subject to copyright.
Source publication
On a global scale, pathogenic contamination of drinking water poses the most significant health risk to humans. In order to meet the drinking water criteria the classic water treatment processes include: coagulation/decantation, filtration and disinfection. Chlorination is the most widely used technique for disinfection of drinking water, it determ...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... respectively (6 out of 17 samples exceeded the maximum admitted concentration of 100 µg/l). Figure 8 shows the average concentrations of the four important compounds from the THMs group, both in the water exiting the water treatment plants and the water in the distribution systems of the investigated localities. The main component, chloroform, is responsible for increasing the concentration of THMs in the distribution system in Cluj-Napoca and Tg.Mures, the latter recording the highest concentrations of chloroform (50.17-78.24 ...
Citations
... 458/2002 regarding the drinking water quality, revised by Law 182/2011. 2 Previous studies on the evaluation of the Romanian drinking water quality 3,4 reported that, occasionally, drinking water exceeds the maximum law allowed concentrations suggesting that ongoing monitoring programs in this respect should be performed on routine basis. ...
... These kinds of applications often lead to wastewater and groundwater contamination. In addition, this class of organic compounds has been also detected in drinking water as a result of tap water chlorination treatment (Jin and Yang, 2006;Jung and Son, 2008;Gurzau et al., 2010;Kadmi et al., 2014a, Kadmi et al., 2014b. ...
Recently, environmental scientists have been focused their attention on the occurrence of emerging contaminants in water, such as disinfection by products (DBPs), including chlorophenols. These pollutants can be a public health problem due to their carcinogenic properties. In this work, ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled to a photodiode array detector (PDA) was used for the development of an analytical method capable of simultaneous identification and quantification of two chlorophenols namely, 2-chlorophenol and 2,4-dichlorophenol in water samples. In addition, a solid phase extraction (SPE) procedure for the extraction of these compounds was optimized. The chlorophenols were separated by an Acquity BEH C18 (100 x 2.1 mm, 1.7 μm) column with a mobile phase of acetonitrile/ultrapure water/formic acid (55/45/0.1, v/v/v). The flow rate of the mobile phase was 0.4 mL min-1. The optimized SPE-UHPLC/PDA technique was evaluated in terms of robustness, considering the enrichment factor for all of the studied chlorophenols. Linear calibration was obtained with correlation coefficients r2 ⩾ 0.998. Intra-day and inter-day precision was less than 5% and accuracy ranged from 99.95% to 103.32%, respectively. The obtained extraction recoveries were higher than 98%. The pre-concentration factor was 2.500 for the both analytes. Under optimized conditions, the detection limits of the overall SPE-UHPLC/PDA method were in the ng L-1 level. The excellent performance of the developed method, as well as the short analysis time makes it a promising analytical tool for the screening of chlorophenols in environmental water samples.
... een demand and the available resources. Wastewater reuse is considered as an attractive option for this purpose (Al Smadi, et al, 2010). Wastewater is the major sources of surface water pollution. Untreated wastewater contains significant level of contaminants such as organic mater, bacteria, nitrate, ammonium, and phosphorus (Gurzau, et al., 2010;Gurzau. et al., 2011;Barjenbruch,et al., 2009). Currently, the reuse of reclaimed wastewater is an international practice which is promoted by the development of wastewater and secondary effluent treatment technologies (Janqa et al., 2005;Simon, 2006). The degree of required treatment is determined by the beneficial uses of the receiving streams, lakes, and ...
Wastewater characterization is vital for design, operation, collection, treatment, disposal and reuse purposes. It is necessary to assess the strength of wastewater management systems in terms of sustainability. In Jordan, there are no official values of hydraulic and organic loads generated per capita. This study aims to establish design criteria for wastewater of residential community in Jordan. Fuhais wastewater treatment plant was selected as a case study. Annual, monthly, daily and hourly flow variations of wastewater to the plant were studied. Characteristics of the influent and effluent wastewater were determined. The efficiency of the plant was evaluated. Per capita hydraulic load, and the contaminants load were found. One hundred and twenty samples were taken from the inlet and outlet of the plant and analyzed for BOD, COD, TSS, TDS, NH4, TN, pH and P parameters. The results indicated that the average influent concentration of BOD, COD, TSS, TDS, NH4, and P were 598, 1090, 570, 875, and 52.4, 18.7 mg/L respectively. The plant has an excellent efficiency regarding the removal of BOD5, COD, and TSS while it has lower efficiency regarding N and P removal. The average hydraulic load was 97.4 l/c.d. The average contaminants loads were: 58.4, 106.9, 55.8, 7.2, and 1.82 g/c.d for BOD5, COD, TSS, TN and P respectively. There is a significant variation between the values of these parameters compared to those values in other countries.
... These issues cover a variety of water related topics eg. preservation of human health, environment and biodiversity (Ferencz & Balog, 2010, Gurzau, et al. 2010, Dragićević, et al. 2010, Pârvulescu & Hamchevici, 2010, Gurzau, et al. 2011). That stands especially for the South-East Europe region in countries which relatively recently joined the EU, as well as for ones that are at its threshold. ...
Abstract: One of the major waterways in Serbia is the hydro-system Danube-Tisa-Danube (HS DTD) in the Province of Vojvodina. Since its water quality has been significantly deteriorated, especially on some reaches, the aim of the paper is to test a combined approach based upon leading European and United States concepts for assessment and better management within the hydrosystem. Transport and transformation of nutrients, including nitrogen compounds, NH4-N and NH3-N, and total phosphorous, have been modeled for one of the most polluted reaches of the canal Becej-Bogojevo. Modeling of the watercourse applied QUAL2K water quality modeling tool. Calibration of the model and subsequent validation required series of field measurements, including hydrometric measurements, quality parameters of the water samples and meteorological data. The developed model of the system was applied for analyzing different possible scenarios where water quality and hydrometric historical data were used as inputs. Obtained results gave an insight in the behavior of these pollutants in the investigated aquatic surrounding. Application of the methodology could form a basis for integral management of the pollution in the whole canal network of the HS DTD. By producing a pattern of source allocation, i.e. sharing of the pollution loading among the sources, it would contribute in the process of attaining the compliance with standards.
The main source of municipal water in Cluj, Târgu Mureş and Zalau is surface waters treated with chlorine. No studies have been done in these cities to describe factors that may contribute to CBP levels, or to characterize the relationship of surface water chlorination with possible health risks. We undertook sampling from water treatment plants and from a range of locations in Cluj, Târgu Mureş and Zalau, and examined the influence of city and distance from chlorination site upon THM and chloroform levels. To better understand the potential health risks posed to consumers of water from treatment plants in Romania, we used the ATSDR established MRLs to assess the risk of bladder cancer from THM and chloroform exposure using chemical analysis of THM concentrations of water obtained directly from the water treatment plants. THMs and chloroform levels in the three cities ranged from 9.04-116.79 μg/L and 9.04-78.24 μg/L, respectively. Both THMs and chloroform levels were found to be lowest in Cluj-Napoca as compared with those in the other two cities where levels appeared to be similar. Mean THM levels were 48.120 (SE=3.917), 81.883 (SE=4.014) and 81.521 (SE=4.014) in Cluj, Târgu Mureş and Zalau, respectively. Mean chloroform levels were 35.386 (SE=2.848), 64.784 (SE=2.919) and 50.778 (SE=2.919) in Cluj, Târgu Mureş and Zalau, respectively. Multivariate linear regression showed non-significant (p=0.108) effect of distance on THM levels and a significant effect of city in predicting THM levels. To our knowledge, this is the first attempt at investigating the levels of THMs, specifically chloroform, in these Romanian cities to aid in characterizing possible cancer risk to residents. Measured levels of chloroform in this study are below the US EPA standards for acute, intermediate and chronic exposures. Results from this study suggest that Romania has been successful in its efforts to adhere to UN drinking water standards. Additionally, it suggests that consumers of chlorinated drinking water in Cluj-Napoca, Târgu Mureş and Zalau are unlikely to face long-term health risks from consumption. This assumption, however, should be made cautiously due to the complex nature of the exposure and should be further studied.
N-nitrosamines are probable human carcinogens that could seriously affect the safety of drinking water consumers. In this study, a rapid, sensitive and reliable solid-phase extraction method combined with ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry has been developed for the quantification of N-nitrosodiphenylamine and N-nitrosodimethylamine at ultratrace levels in aqueous matrices. Chromatographic separation was performed using an Acquity UPLC BEH C18 column and a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile, water, and formic acid (60:40:0.1, v/v/v) at a flow rate of 0.4 mL min(-1). The run time of the instrumental method was two minutes. Under optimized conditions the performance of the proposed method was studied in terms linearity (r(2) >= 0.998), precision (< 3%), accuracy (between 99% and 103%), lower limit of detection (0.04-0.16 ng L-1), and lower limit of quantification (0.08-0.32 ng L-1). The obtained extraction recoveries of the target compounds were within the range of 85-101%, and the relative standard deviations were less than 4%. The matrix effect was within 84-99% at all quality control levels. These results showed clearly that, the developed method is rapid, sensitive efficient, and accurate for simultaneous determination of N-nitrosodiphenylamine and N-nitrosodimethylamine. In addition, the proposed method has been successfully applied for the screening of these molecules in real water samples.
