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Species-conditional bi-plot based on the partial CCA for March 1996 species data, environmental variables and nominal treatment variables. Treatment centroids (squares) are coded as follows: open = non-significant; filled = significant. The lengths of arrows (representing quantitative environmental variables) indicate the degree to which each variable explains the variance in community composition. Only species circles associated with LA are named. Abbreviated species names are as follows: Cubi spp., Cubitermes species complex; Peri niger, Pericapritermes nigerianus; Probos sp. n. 1, Proboscitermes sp. n. 1; Pseud mil Pseudacanthotermes militaris; Ortho dep, Orthotermes depressifrons; Syn hetero, Synacanthotermes heterodon; Aderito sp. n. 1, Aderitotermes sp. n. 1; Anen ateuch, Anenteotermes ateuchestes.
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1. Research into the successional responses of tropical forest communities following disturbance has potential applications for habitat restoration. Currently little is known of how these responses relate to the recovery of biodiversity and ecosystem processes. Succession of assemblages of decomposer arthropods is essential for the recovery of the...
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Context 1
... the partial CCA analysis for the March 1996 data, the LA treatment, total soil organic carbon, total soil nitrogen, percentage of silt in soil, and fungus-mediated decomposition, all explained signi®-cant variance in termite assemblage composition and abundance (Table 7 and Fig. 6). The partial CCA was then repeated with only these variables included. The species±environment correlations for the partial CCA were high for all four axes ( Table 8), showing that our measured environmental variables explained meaningful variation in the data. The interpretation of the axes was unambiguous (Table 9): the ®rst axis ...
Context 2
... treatment cells showed similarly low levels of soil microbial biomass to LA cells (Fig. 4), and even lower levels of fungus-mediated decomposition (Fig. 3b), but were not associated with a distinctive assemblage of termites (Fig. 6). Instead, these conditions were probably a result of the greater exposure of soils and wooden stakes to desiccation. LA cells received identical initial levels of soil and canopy disturbance to CC, but the presence of dead wood on the ground may have protected the soils and wooden stakes from similar physical microclimatic extremes. In ...
Context 3
... as a means of kick-starting restoration eorts would clearly depend on the type, scale and intensity of the original disturbance events. The persistence of the initial bene®ts would need to be of sucient duration to in¯uence further succession, such as seed germination and seedling recruitment. Table 9. Termite species composition data from Fig. 6: correlations of marginally signi®cant environmental variables with the ®rst four axes of the partial CCA. LA, although signi®cant, is not included because it is a nominal variable and so its correlation coecient has no obvious meaning (ter Braak & S Ï milauer 1998 As termite assemblages recover from disturbance, they will start to ...
Citations
... Termites are abundant throughout the tropics and subtropics, as well as in many temperate areas of the world, with species diversity and total biomass being greatest in the tropics (Pearce 1999). The Asian tropical forests are known for their rich fauna, particularly the termites due to the role they play in the recovery of forest ecosystems (Davies et al. 1999).The ecological importance of termites is observed particularly through their role (1) in food webs where they act as the prey of many other organisms, (2) in soil structure as well as the storage and decomposition of plant derived organic matter (Bignell et al. 1983;Matsumoto and Abe 1979;Konaté et al. 1999). They modify soil properties (texture, water filtration rate) over long period of time and nutrient cycling. ...
A comparative study of termite diversity in different ecosystems (agricultural, horticultural and silvicultural ecosystems) was carried out in mid-hills of Meghalaya to understand the species diversity, richness and abundanceof termite. A standard transect method and tissue paper bait method were used for sampling the termites.Alpha diversity was analysed by using Shannon wiener index and Margalef's D index for Species richness; and Simpson's index for Species dominance; whereas Beta diversity was analysed by using Routledge Be index, Cody Bc index, Whittaker Bw index and Wilson and Shmida Bt index. In the study, a total of 10 species of termites were identified which belonged to three subfamilies viz., Macrotermitinae, Amitermitinae and Termitinae. Macrotermitinae was the most presiding subfamily among the collected termite fauna. Individual species dominance was observed to differ in different ecosystems however, Odontotermes spp. was widely distributed across the ecosystems.The number of species recorded in silvicultural, horticultural and agricultural ecosystem were 7, 3 and 1 respectively. The termite diversity was highest in silvicultural ecosystem and lowest in agricultural ecosystem. The lowest numbers of species recorded in ecosystem may be attributed to its abrupt human disturbance. Shannon Wiener, Margalef's D and Simpson index in agricultural ecosystem, depicted less values compared to horticultural and silvicultural ecosystem. Among the ten species collected, one species i.e. Pseudocapritermis tikaderi which was sampled from silvicultural ecosystems was soil/humus feeder and the rest were wood/litter feeders.
... Others were missing entirely, and at Hitchiti, most of the remaining baits were destroyed in a fire that occurred in the spring of 2018 (see Appendix S1: Table S2 for the number of baits included in the analyses). For each recovered bait, termite and fungal impacts were scored on a scale from 0 to 4 (Appendix S1: Figures S3-S6), wherein 0 was assigned to sound wood, 1 to perceptible but very limited changes, 2 to clear changes to a moderate extent, 3 to severe changes, and 4 to breakage, in accordance with the methods of Davies et al. (1999). For those blocks with active termites, we identified them all to be Reticulitermes virginicus Banks, 1907 using the key in Lim and Forschler (2012). ...
Although necromass decay rates are limited by the slowest portions to decompose, most decomposition studies examine only the earliest stage of decay. As such, these studies run the risk of yielding misleading results regarding the relative contributions of different decomposers. For example, the contributions of macroinvertebrates to wood decomposition remain mostly unknown beyond the first 50% of mass lost, despite drastic changes in substrate conditions over time. We sought to clarify how the macroinvertebrate contribution to decay changes over the course of wood decomposition in the Southeastern United States—a region with a long history of wood decomposition research. To this end, we (1) compiled data from published studies comparing wood decay with and without macroinvertebrates; and (2) conducted a field study assessing wood mass loss, with and without macroinvertebrate access, at three sites across the region over four years. With these combined data, we analyzed macroinvertebrate contribution as decay progressed, revealing a quadratic relationship, wherein macroinvertebrate contribution increased early in decomposition and then began to decline as decay progressed. Strong local site effects, particularly the abundance and activity of termites, determine the time required for wood to reach this point of mass loss.
... This is a known concern for biodiversity management (Haddad et al., 2015), with many empirical studies reported (Debinski & Holt, 2000). These have demonstrated the need to preserve the spatial size of existing habitats as smaller stream habitats have reduced stability to perturbation (Greig et al., 2022), while the severity of the perturbation influences the subsequent recovery of termite and soil communities (Davies et al., 1999). To complement these, simulation models have been developed to investigate the impact of habitat loss on target species (Michael Reed et al., 2002), and have successfully generated qualitative predictions of the impact of habitat loss-for example, on white-footed mice (Burns & Grear, 2008), provided that accurate assumptions about species re-settlement behavior are incorporated. ...
... Recent work in single-species meta-population theory has demonstrated that the relative importance of a given patch for migratory species can depend on the severity of this perturbation (Sample et al., 2020). Similarly, empirical studies have shown that the severity of perturbation can determine the speed and composition of recovering communities (Davies et al., 1999) and that the assumptions encoded about species re-settlement behavior can crucially impact the accuracy of predictions (Burns & Grear, 2008). ...
A spatially explicit eco‐evolutionary model assembles simulated meta‐communities which are subjected to species and community perturbation experiments to determine factors affecting the stability of the global ecosystem. Spatial structure and resource variety increase the persistence of the ensembles against the removal of an individual species, yet they remain vulnerable to re‐invasion by an existing member of the meta‐community if it is introduced to all patches with minimal population. Optimal reserve placement strategies are identified for maximally preserving global biodiversity from the effects of sequences of patch disruption, and targeted reserve placement that shields the most or the rarest biodiversity is usually effective. However, if disturbed populations are permitted to re‐settle in neighboring patches, then reserves should also be situated remotely to isolate their residents from invasion. A spatially‐explicit eco‐evolutionary model assembles a set of meta‐communities subjected to species and patch‐level perturbations. Optimal reserve placement strategies are identified for maximally preserving global biodiversity from sequential patch disruption.
... The decline in species richness and termite abundance was due to changes in canopy cover, which caused greater fluctuations in temperature and soil moisture content, which probably caused desiccation of other functional groups, such as soil feeders. Whereas, in the plantation forest, the decline in species richness and termite abundance was probably due to the modification of original habitats replaced by monoculture of exotic species [54]. The simplification of local environmental structures by reducing the number of native plant species and increasing the number of cultivated species has a negative impact on biodiversity [55]. ...
... Data from Australian and South American savanna systems also indicated that the collapse of arthropod species richness is temporary but reverses rapidly (Abbott et al. 2003, DeSouza et al. 2003, Dawes-Gromadzki 2007. However, in those termite surveys, the distance between the forest edge and the surveyed oil palm plantation sites was not clearly stated, and it is likely that the species richness in the study sites may have been restored by termites from nearby forests, as reported by Davies et al. (1999). ...
... Optimistically, evidence suggests that following restoration, the functional role of termites within degraded ecosystems can recover to pre-disturbance levels without impeding vegetation recovery (Davies et al. 1999;Spain et al. 2015;de Paula et al. 2016;Jouquet et al. 2017;Kaiser et al. 2017;Amadou Issoufou et al. 2020). The restoration methods include transplanting vegetation (Davies et al. 1999;Toso et al. 2020), adding mulch (Kaiser et al. 2017), as well as direct transposition of termites in the field (Jouquet et al. 2014). ...
... Optimistically, evidence suggests that following restoration, the functional role of termites within degraded ecosystems can recover to pre-disturbance levels without impeding vegetation recovery (Davies et al. 1999;Spain et al. 2015;de Paula et al. 2016;Jouquet et al. 2017;Kaiser et al. 2017;Amadou Issoufou et al. 2020). The restoration methods include transplanting vegetation (Davies et al. 1999;Toso et al. 2020), adding mulch (Kaiser et al. 2017), as well as direct transposition of termites in the field (Jouquet et al. 2014). Termite recovery to pre-disturbance levels can take from 3 years (Pais & Varanda 2010;Spain et al. 2015) up to 30 years (Coulibaly et al. 2016). ...
Few restoration studies consider soil invertebrates such as termites although these are present throughout many ecosystems worldwide and provide a range of ecosystem services as soil engineers. The few studies that do consider the recovery of termites after human-induced disturbance are geographically concentrated in Africa and South America and in tropical seasonal savannah ecosystems. These studies suggest that termites can in some cases recover to pre-disturbance levels after a few years, or take up to thirty years, though with altered community composition. While termites could potentially have negative impacts on restoration efforts by damaging vegetation, their recovery was shown to have benefits on ecosystems which warrants further research into their recovery across a wider range of continents and biomes.
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... This paper reports on the effect on termites of various understory treatments in a tropical forest (Davies et al., 1999), from complete clearance to selective clearing up of termite mounds and undergrowth. Figure 24 (Fig. 2 of the original paper) presents the changes in density and species richness of termites over a one-year period, considering the changes in the untreated control area as baseline. ...
... Due to the incorrect scale on the horizontal axis, the rate of change cannot be correctly perceived. FromDavies et al. (1999), https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2664.1999.00450.x. Reproduced with permission. ...
... cluttered figure with faulty horizontal axis. FromDavies et al. (1999), https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2664.1999.00450.x. Reproduced with permission. ...
... This paper reports on the effect on termites of various understory treatments in a tropical forest (Davies et al., 1999), from complete clearance to selective clearing up of termite mounds and undergrowth. Figure 24 (Fig. 2 of the original paper) presents the changes in density and species richness of termites over a one-year period, considering the changes in the untreated control area as baseline. ...
... Due to the incorrect scale on the horizontal axis, the rate of change cannot be correctly perceived. FromDavies et al. (1999), https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2664.1999.00450.x. Reproduced with permission. ...
... cluttered figure with faulty horizontal axis. FromDavies et al. (1999), https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2664.1999.00450.x. Reproduced with permission. ...
... Other studies on termites have focused on termite ecology, on changes in the diversity of termite species along gradients of human disturbance (Eggleton et al., 1996;Jones and Eggleton, 2000;Jones et al., 2003). Others have looked at the variations of termite assemblages across forests subject to various degrees of fragmentation (De Souza and Brown, 1994;Davies, 2002;Kaiser et al., 2015), or along a gradient of forest disturbance (Davies et al., 1999;Eggleton et al., 2002;Bandeira et al., 2003;Jones et al., 2003;Luke et al., 2014), or on spatial scale and habitat heterogeneity (Isra et al., 2007), and the effects of wet and dry seasons on soil termites within a humid tropical West African forest (Dibog et al., 1998). Previous studies have shown that termite diversity usually decreases following habitat conversion, but it is not known how many termite species or termite functional groups persist when farmland is cleared for cocoa plantation or the effect of the different shade management systems on termite diversity in cocoa agroforests; especially considering the fact that a change of land use is the most significant factor that affects changes in biodiversity (Chapin et al., 2000). ...
Termites have recently gained importance as major pests in cocoa agroforests (AF) because of a loss in overall biodiversity at the transition from shaded agroforestry system to intensively managed unshaded monocultures (full sun) systems. Termite control relied almost exclusively on persistent organochlorine insecticides which are currently under restrictive use due to increasing concern over damage to human health and the environment. Entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) are considered as promising biocontrol agents in inundative augmentative biocontrol strategies against termite pests. However, there are limitations in their application as they do not achieve high control efficacies in the field when applied as conidial suspensions due to repellency, host avoidance, and defense mechanisms against virulent EPF. Subterranean termites use CO2 to locate plant roots, thus making the use of EPF a promising biocontrol strategy against termites when combined with CO2 in a strategy known as attract and kill (A&K) or Attract and Infect (A&I). This study was therefore undertaken to explore the potential efficacy of encapsulated CO2-emitting material co-formulated with a virulent EPF (Metarhizium brunneum (Metschnikoff) Sorokin) for biological control of termites in cocoa agroforests. The first objective of this study focused on a review of soil-dwelling insect pests of tree crops in sub-Saharan Africa where termites were identified as the major soil-dwelling insect pests affecting tree crops and have recently gained importance as major pests in cocoa agroforests. The study further compared termite assemblages under five cocoa agroforestry shade types in Cameroon to assess the impact of shade on termite taxonomic and functional group diversity and to identify the termite species causing damage to cocoa. Sixty-nine termite species in 33 genera, 5 subfamilies under 2 families were sampled. Termite species richness decreased significantly from the shaded cocoa AF (92.54% shade cover), dominated with soil feeders or non-pest species to the full sun AF systems (22.5% shade cover), dominated with pest species. Functional group composition was strongly correlated with variation in shade level, with functional group III and IV representing the most abundant in the shaded systems and rare in the low shade and full sun systems. The shaded AF systems maintained all the termite species found in the full sun system and causing damage to cocoa trees. The shaded systems also harboured a diversity of non-pest species, suggesting that the establishment of shade in cocoa AF conserves important part of functional biodiversity. Screening to select virulent EPF fungi to co-formulate with CO2 generating materials for control of subterranean termite pests in cocoa agroforests was conducted. The results showed that Metarhizium isolates were more virulent with lower LT50 values than Beauveria isolates, M. brunneum Cb15-III being the most virulent (LT50 = 1.5 days). The study further investigated whether calcium alginate beads containing baker’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae Meyen ex Hansen) as an encapsulated CO2 source (CO2-emitting capsules) could outcompete CO2 gradients established by other CO2 generating materials and other attract components to attract subterranean termites (Microtermes spp.). The capsules co-formulated with the highly virulent EPF M. brunneum: Cb15-III (CECEPF) were further assessed for their ability to establish CO2 gradients in the soil that can outcompete CO2 produced by cocoa seedlings root respiration to attract and consequently kill termites. In addition, infection of the worker termites by the fungal spores growing from the CECEPF as well as their horizontal transmission was investigated through the autodissemination approach. Significantly more termites were attracted to CEC compared to other attract components. No significant difference was observed in the number of termites attracted by CECEPF and cocoa seedlings. The capsules were further tested under semi field and field conditions for their attractiveness to termites. Under the semi field condition, no significant differences were observed in the number of termites collected around cocoa seedlings in control and treatment plots when CEC or CECEPF were introduced into treatment boxes. Similarly, for the field trials, no significant difference was observed in the number of attractive stations found with termites in the control and treatment plots during the study period, as well as in the mortality of seedlings. The “attract and kill” strategy therefore offers a high potential to promote biological termite control in cocoa agroforests as an alternative to insecticides.
... Sebagai salah satu jenis rayap dari kelompok Subulitermes-branch, rayap ini berperan penting dalam proses dekomposisi material kayu di hutan tropis (Collins 1989). Serangga ini juga terbukti mampu memgembalikan kesuburan tanah di lantai hutan pada pengrusakan habitat yang tidak diikuti oleh pembukaan kanopi pohon (Davies et al. 1999). Oriensubulitermes inanis umumnya relatif mudah ditemukan pada kondisi hutan yang masih alami dengan tutupan kanopi yang masih rapat. ...
p> Oriensubulitermes inanis (Haviland) is one of the endemic termites in the Oriental Region and plays a very important role in the decomposition process in tropical forests. This study aims to redescribe O. inanis from Indonesia. Termite were collected by adopting a Standized Sampling Protocol (Jones & Eggketon 2000) and final taxonomic confirmation were conducted at the Natural History Museum UK) and Florida University (USA). We found 21 colonies of O. inanis from various habitats and altitudes in Indonesia. Distribution of O. inanis is often correlated with biodiversity status in tropical forests. Worker caste mandible provides the most useful character for the description of O. inanis . In Southeast Asia, this rare species is restricted and can be found only in the Malay Peninsula, Borneo and Sumatra, and absence from Java. Decayed wood, base of tree trunks, and other termite nests (epigeal mounds) are selected media used to construct their nests. Limited population number in a colony, restricted alates flying ability, and secretive nest habitats are thought to influence the distribution of O. inanis in Indonesia.</p
