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This paper presents the process, methodology, and assumptions for development of the 50% Energy Savings Design Technology Packages for Highway Lodging Buildings, a design guidance document that provides specific recommendations for achieving 50% energy savings in roadside motels (highway lodging) above the requirements of ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard...
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Context 1
... baseline interior lighting system was assumed to be a system that just meets the lighting power density (LPD) requirements of the space-by-space method described in Standard 90.1-2004, Table 9.6.1. The baseline LPD values are summarized in Table 2. The lighting diversity schedules were used in the building energy models to reflect the inclusion of the required mandatory lighting controls. ...
Context 2
... peak power densities of plug loads in the building energy models were calculated by adding the peak power of all typically used appliances in that space and multiplying the peak power by the appliance usage diversity factor, as summarized in Table 2. The peak power for common appliances and office equipment was obtained from several sources, including the 2005 ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals (ASHRAE 2005), ENERGY STAR website, web search, etc. ...
Context 3
... such, the same recommendations are provided for all climate zones. The design package includes recommended values for the reduced interior lighting power density levels, as shown in Table 2, based on lighting modeling studies performed by the lighting experts in Seattle Lighting Design Lab. The area-weighted average lighting level reductions in the advanced building models were about 30% relative to the 90.1- 2004 baseline buildings. ...
Context 4
... design package includes using an absorption type of refrigerator in guest rooms, ENERGY STAR labeled products if available, and high-efficiency washers and dryers. The plug load peak power densities used in the advanced building models are summarized in Table 2. The recommended control strategies for plug loads include occupancy-based control to turn off receptacles in guest rooms when unoccupied, power management software for networked computers, vending machine occupancy sensor controls and timer switches for equipment that do not need to be on during off-hours, such as coffee makers and water coolers. ...
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... two key polarities can be consistently observed: (A) functionalist approaches which are regulatory in nature (i.e., aiming to establish sustainability in the built environment as a pragmatic field guided by quantitative standards), and (B) humanist approaches which are radical in nature (i.e., aiming to establish sustainability in the built environment as non-regulatory field able to generate radical change and innovation) (Goubran et al., 2017). To provide reasoning for adopting sustainability in buildings, many sources cite the economic benefits as the key motivators; which include energy savings, environmental gains, health and productivity improvement, or return premiums (Eichholtz et al., 2010;Jiang et al., 2009;S. A. Jones & Laquidara-Carr, 2016;Murray & Rivers, 2015;Zuo & Zhao, 2014). ...
Today's definition of sustainable buildings is primarily linked to their environmental performance and hedged on context-free and efficiency-driven standards, certifications, and recognitions. On the other hand, sustainable development requires simultaneous consideration of human and natural systems' needs. Beyond environmental credentials, the study aims to correct this epistemological contradiction by reintegrating sustainable building practices within the broader scope of sustainable development. The study adopts the UN 2030 Agenda as a comprehensive and unifying framework for sustainable development, presenting an opportunity for systemic change towards a sustainable future. The thesis examines the current sustainable real estate and building design approaches and academic debates, analyzing how the prevailing design analysis and assessment frameworks address the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It exposes that the existing body of work is fragmented across different paradigms, showing that the prevailing approaches fail to account for the topic's pluralistic nature and exposing the misalignment between the current building practices and tools and the SDGs' transformative vision on the practical and theoretical levels. Furthermore, the current trends in sustainable real estate point to the broadening of concerns - making our current understanding and practice of sustainability in buildings practically ineffective. Alternatively, and to move beyond the current impasse, the research proposes adopting more complex and value-added analytical instruments that could maintain plurarily and accept opposites' co-existence. The research produces a theoretical framework for distinguishing between the critical and status-quo sustainable design approaches in buildings. The thesis also generates and tests mapping tools and frameworks for critically integrating the SDGs in building projects and analyzing their design approaches. Finally, the thesis examines the coverage, integration and design vision of Canada's most awarded green buildings to the SDGs' topics. While some examples of sustainability innovations emerge, the analysis reveals several gaps and limitations. This thesis contributes to the theory and practice of environmental design within the meta-field of architecture. It expands sustainable building approaches and redefines them as a critical practice for development. The findings and tools can enable the building industry and governmental bodies to accelerate the uptake and implementation of the 2030 Agenda in the built environment.
... Air infiltration, which results from the inward leakage of air through building envelopes, is one of the leading causes of building energy losses (ASHRAE 2016). The building sector was reported to consume more than 40% of the primary energy use in the United States (Jiang et al. 2009). Today, reducing the energy usage of buildings is considered the key to achieving nationwide energy savings (Cho et al. 2010). ...
ANSI/ASHRAE/IESStandard90.1 requires vestibules to be installed in buildings in climate zones 3 through 8 based on building energy simulations with a series ofassumptions which can be avoided using a new method of airflow and energy simulations. Instead ofvestibules, it is believed that air curtains can also reduce infiltration and the associated energy loss through building entrances. Therefore, this study proposes a method to estimate energy savings from vestibule and air-curtain doors for two U.S. Department of Energy reference buildings in 16U.S. climate zone locations in terms ofnationalweightedaverage energy savings anda sensitivity study ofdifferent contributing parameters.
... The building sector (residential, commercial and institutional) in the United States was reported to account for approximately 40% of primary energy usage nationwide [1]. A study on U.S. office buildings indicated that, in modern well-constructed and insu-lated buildings, air infiltration can be responsible for up to 25% of the building heating loads [2]. ...
... The results of their study showed that vestibule doors can result in national weighted energy savings [15,17] of a maximum of 5.61% in the strip mall building and a minimum of 0.03% in the outpatient healthcare building. The currently available ANSI/ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.1 Prototype Building Models, which are readily used by researchers [1,4], [18][19][20][21], include the single vestibule infiltration rates calculated from the PNNL study (based on constant outdoor temperature of 16 • C in all climate zones) as a separate input, besides all the other modeled building leakages [4]. ...
... It also investigates the corresponding impact of these methods on whole building annual energy performance using EnergyPlus simulations. Since Yuill's infiltration coefficients were developed using chamber depressurizations mostly for door infiltration conditions [5], for the airflow simulations in this study of both infiltration and exfiltration, the paper presents an experimental verification to confirm the single fully open (90 • ) door airflow coefficients suggested by Yuill [1] under negative infiltration (exfiltration) condition. In Yuill's study, he first measured steady-state flow discharge coefficients without considering door opening and people movement for different door opening angles, and then in the second step, he proposed a method to consider these effects using an idea of effective opening area during a full opening/closing cycle of door. ...
Building entrance doors are a major source of air infiltration and energy loss in commercial buildings. Previous studies have calculated entrance doors air infiltration and energy saving potential of vestibules with the simplified method which is based on pressure factors. However, challenges are still faced in estimating the pressure difference and the resultant infiltration rates across doors as well as validating the used airflow coefficients under different flow conditions. In this paper, an experimental study is used to validate the airflow coefficient for a fully open single door under both infiltration and exfiltration conditions. The study presents four methods for modeling air infiltration across automatic single and vestibule doors for two reference building models: two methods use the pressure factors and the two others are based on airflow simulations. Energy simulations are then conducted using the air infiltration rates obtained from each method. The results revealed that the design methods overestimate the pressure difference across doors, the air infiltration rates as well as the vestibule savings potentials in comparison to the simulation methods. In conclusion, airflow simulations were found to provide more realistic estimates of pressure differences and infiltration rates across entrance doors when compared to the widely-used design methods.
... only 2004 or 2010 compliant models) were shown to change energy consumptions by more than ±6% in the strip mall building and more than ±5% in the outpatient healthcare building. (Goel, Rosenberg, Athalye, & Xie, 2014;Jiang et al., 2009) With this indicated, it important to note that the absence of previously published models (previous versions) can lead to difficulties in comparative studies: any previously published energy studies might have used model versions that are no longer available or that have been modified/enhanced. Thus this requires every new/current study to simulate its own base cases for comparisons. ...
... It is important to note that some research and simulation studies published by PNNL, including the vestibule study (Cho et al., 2010), used subsequent versions of these weather files (namely TMY2 files). PNNL indicated that the change in the weather files used for the simulations can lead to difference in simulation results (Jiang et al., 2009;Crawley, 1998). According to Crawly, the TMY weather data series are based on improved solar models and correctly match the long term average climatic conditions (Crawley, 1998). ...
... Based on PNNL publications and other studies on the commercial reference building models (Cho et al., 2010;Jiang et al., 2009), the appropriate representative city for CZ-3A was found to be Memphis, Tennessee; the one for CZ-3B was found to be El-Paso, Texas; the one for CZ-4C was found to be Salem, Oregon; the one, for CZ-5B was found to be Boise, Idaho; and the one for CZ-6A it was found to be Helena, Montana. Additionally, CZ-5C is not represented by any city in the US and therefore Vancouver, British Colombia (Canada) was found to be the representative city for this climate sub-zone. ...
This study investigates the energy saving impact replacing vestibules with air curtain doors
(single doors fitted with air curtain units) has on energy usage of commercial buildings.
Laboratory experiments were used to investigate the infiltration characteristics of air curtains in a small size chamber and to validate numerical simulation methods. Experimental flow and
pressure as well as particle image velocimetry data confirmed that air curtains can significantly
reduce air infiltration when compared to the single and vestibule doors. In addition, the results
indicated that the CFD modeling methods used are valid in capturing the characteristics of the
airflow at the door with air curtains. CFD simulations were conducted for a full scale door with
consideration for the door operation cycle and the existence of people in the doorway. The
results of the simulations were used to conduct energy simulations for two reference building
models. The end use site-energy performances of the whole buildings with air curtain, vestibule
and single doors are compared using two infiltration calculation methods. The energy
simulations conducted show that, on a national average level, air curtain doors save energy (in
comparison to code requirements). Finally, considering the space saving benefit of air curtains
and their lower initial costs, air curtains are concluded to be a valid and energy saving alternative to vestibule doors in climate zones 3 to 8 and a valuable energy saving addition in climate zones
1 & 2.
Building designers are struggling to deeply integrate the 2030 Agenda and its Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in projects. The review of the literature revealed that the available research is focused on linking the current practices, including sustainable building practices, with the SDGs. This has, in turn, limited the development of novel approaches as well as new building design methodologies that specifically aim at attaining the agenda's targets. To help building design teams achieve the meaningful integration of the agenda's five Ps, this paper proposes two analytical mapping tools which can be used during the integrated design process to track the integration of SDGs in the building projects, and to analyze the building design approaches and visions in reference to the topics of the goals. The research uses a case study for an energy-positive building in Quebec to test the proposed tools. The analysis focuses on the integration of 8 of 17 SDGs, discusses the specific building features which were used to achieve this integration, and analyzes the team's design visions regarding the goals. The results reveal that in the case studied, the integration of the 8 SDGs moves beyond the current standards by mostly applying design approaches which are future-driven and focused on products and technologies. This research provides important practical tools that can inform building practices in the private and the public sector and contributes to the theory and practice of sustainable building design. It also supports the current effort towards the implementation and localization of the SDGs.
