Table 5 - available via license: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
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Sources of information on diabetes by socio-demographic characteristics a Socio-demographic characteristics No. of respondents Family Relatives Neighbour Drug seller/Village Doctor MBBS doctor Others P-value
Source publication
Background
Health literacy (HL) helps individuals to make effective use of available health services. In low-income countries such as Bangladesh, the less than optimum use of services could be due to low levels of HL. Bangladesh’s health service delivery is pluralistic with a mix of public, private and informally trained healthcare providers. Empha...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... most frequently mentioned source of informa- tion for diabetes was neighbours (85.7%), followed by relatives (27.9%), MBBS doctors (20.4%) and village doctors (18.5%) ( Table 5). Fewer respondents in the low socioeconomic status group (12.5%), the illiterate group (14.7%), and females (20.0%) reported that for- mal healthcare providers such as MBBS doctors were their source of information compared to respondents from the high socioeconomic status group (34.3%), those with 6 or more years of education (30.4%), and males (20.9%). ...
Context 2
... for both diabetes (85.7%) and hyperten- sion (78.0%), neighbours were the most frequently re- ported source of information followed by drug sellers/ village doctors (18.5% and 38.2%), relatives (27.9% and 15.0%), MBBS doctors (20.4% and 23.2%), and family members (9.8% and 12.2%) (Tables 5 and 6). ...
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Citations
... Most of our study populations were drawn from rural areas, including rural towns. It has been shown that rural areas tend to have lower education and health literacy (Das et al. 2017), factors important for vaccine uptake (Lorini et al. 2018). Therefore, our findings need to be interpreted within the context in which the study was done. ...
Background Vaccination is one of the most effective public health interventions today. However, a growing number of people perceive vaccines as unsafe and unnecessary. Methods We used a mixed method research in which we administered a quantitative survey to men and women of reproductive age, held Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) with expectant mothers, and interviewed Key Informants (KI) to understand maternal vaccine hesitancy within a rural setting of Kilifi County, Kenya. Results Of the 104 people surveyed, 70% of the participants were aware of the vaccine that expectant women receive, with 26% stating that they know people in their community who have refused or were hesitant to take maternal vaccination. Reasons for refusals include religion and rumours that have spread in the community that the tetanus toxoid vaccine was a family planning method. Stockout of the vaccine was identified as one of the healthcare factors affecting vaccine uptake. Healthcare workers were the most trusted source for information about maternal vaccines. Conclusion Dissemination of accurate information and continuous engagement with community members can build trust and confidence in maternal vaccines.
... Despite the problems mentioned, this study discovered some community members who were supporting the mothers to get prepared for clinic visits and were able to schedule their employment and clinic appointments appropriately because they were conscious of the consequences of forgoing the recommended vaccines. This is contrary to suggestions made by a study that emphasized the importance of community members being educated about maternal vaccination, especially in regions with low literacy rates (Das et al., 2017) and suggested using health providers personnel as information sources in addition to increasing immunization awareness since they are trustworthy and dependable sources of information (Hemed et al., 2021;Laiser et al., 2021). ...
... The other reasons for the acceptance of HIV testing by people with better educational status can be wider information in academic environments, and receiving more campaign messages by the student population due to their greater use of social networks. It has been found that people with a lower level of education have less health literacy [44,45] and low level of health literacy is linked to the low level of referral for HIV [46,47]. Accordingly, perhaps another reason for more acceptance of the test among people with higher education can be the better health literacy status among these people. ...
Background
It has been estimated that 60,000 Iranians have been infected with HIV/AIDS and only 36% of them are aware of their status. This study aimed to design, implement and evaluate a social marketing campaign to promote HIV testing in Boyer-Ahmad County, Kohgiluyeh, and Boyer-Ahmad Province, southwest of Iran.
Materials and methods
This study was a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest without a control group, developed based on a social marketing assessment and response tool. To design the intervention formative research was conducted, comprised of four focus group discussion sessions with 42 participants of the target community along with seven in-depth semi-structured personal interviews with health care providers involved in the HIV/AIDS Program. Data analysis was done manually using content analysis and the main content was formulated for the campaign. Afterward, the slogan and messages of the campaign were developed. The campaign’s materials including banners, posters, pamphlets, referral forms, and short messages were designed, pretested, and revised. Ultimately, the campaign was conducted for one month in October 2019. To determine the effectiveness of the campaign, the rate of referrals to the Center for Behavioral Health Counseling Services (CBHCS), for three months before and after the campaign, was compared.
Results
Qualitative findings identified that the majority of the interviewees mentioned that the main reasons for the low rate of referrals to get tested for HIV were lack of awareness and information about HIV/AIDS and its diagnosis as well as the free and confidential tests available from the CBHCS. Moreover, the stigma associated with HIV/AIDS was another important reason for low referrals for testing. The rate of referrals for HIV testing in the three months leading up to the campaign was 18, 32, and 23 people, and three months after the campaign was 64, 81, and 44 individuals; respectively. The results of the multivariate analysis demonstrated that the campaign had increased the rates of referrals for HIV testing through its significant influence on females, and individuals with academic degrees.
Conclusion
It can be concluded that the social marketing campaign was successful in persuading people to get tested for HIV.
... With the help of table and graph, it can be inferred that 67.3% of the respondents mentioned that any health worker or dietician rarely make them aware that balanced diet and regular exercise can prevent cardiovascular disease. 19.3% assert that the information is not at all shared with them. It seems more than 87% of the respondents are not well informed about the significance of balanced diet and regular exercise. ...
A study was conducted A Study of Perceived Effectiveness of Selected Health Care Services among Rural Masses: With Special Reference to Health Care Centers of Noida. by Mr Jasimul Haque in the partial fulfillment of degree of Doctor of Philosophy, and submitted in the Department of School of Business Management, Noida International University Greater Noida (Gautam Budh Nagar UP)
The Research method adopted for the study was a quantitative non-experimental descriptive study approach was adopted to conduct this study and design was Non-Experimental descriptive study research design. A non-probability convenient sampling method was used for the selection of representative samples for the study. Data was collected from 367 adolescent and adult rural people with reference to Health care Centers.
Study instrument used by the researcher consisted of three parts. Part A - Demographic Variables, it consists of age, gender, educational status, marital status, size of family, occupation, family income, any family member residence in metro. Part B – Self Structured Questionnaire to assess the level of awareness regarding selected health care services in rural areas with reference to health care centers of Noida. Part C – Self Structured Questionnaire to analyze the quality of awareness programs about the selected health care services in the rural areas with reference to health care centers of Noida.
Present study recommends that the study was based on a survey of rural people visiting government health facility at Noida, so for better generalization of the result, a broad geographical population and sample size can be taken. Primary data collection was done from Noida only a comparative study can be planned covering the respondents from more than one geographical area for gauging an overall scenario of awareness level and also the quality of awareness programs. In-depth research can be conducted considering the respondents visiting private and government health care facility. There is a dearth in studies based on policy
execution especially in Indian healthcare context. This opens the scope for future researchers to consider the same.
... Given that stigma is highly correlated with literacy and can be reduced with appropriate educational interventions (33), the wide gap in literacy rate between urban and rural Bangladesh (34) may explain this finding. Rural Bangladesh has a low literacy rate and limited access to health information (34). Studies have already shown that people with limited knowledge or education are more stigmatized than others (35). ...
... Given that stigma is highly correlated with literacy and can be reduced with appropriate educational interventions (33), the wide gap in literacy rate between urban and rural Bangladesh (34) may explain this finding. Rural Bangladesh has a low literacy rate and limited access to health information (34). Studies have already shown that people with limited knowledge or education are more stigmatized than others (35). ...
The onset of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic and its overwhelming physical and mental health burden can result in stigmatization toward the disease and those affected. This study aimed to measure the prevalence of COVID-19-related stigma and its associated factors among older people in Bangladesh. This cross-sectional study was conducted among 1,045 Bangladeshi older adults aged 60 years and above through telephone interviews in September 2021. The outcome was measured using an eight-point Stigma Scale, adapted to the Bengali language. Level of stigma was indicated by the cumulative score of the eight-items, ranging from 0 to 8, with a higher score indicating a higher level of stigma. On average, participants had stigmas on three of the eight items, and 62.6% had a high stigma score. The most prevalent stigmas were as follows: COVID-19 is a punishment from God (79.3%), patients with previous COVID-19 must be isolated (67.3%), and people infected with COVID-19 did not meet hygiene standards (63.9%). Participants who lived in rural areas (β: 0.67, 95% CI: 0.39 to 0.95) and who perceived needing additional care during the pandemic (β: 0.35, 95% CI: 0.09 to 0.60) had a higher average stigma score, whereas stigma scores were lower among unemployed/retired participants (β: −0.22, 95% CI: −0.45 to 0.00). The study findings suggest implementing interventions to raise awareness through appropriate health literacy interventions and mass media campaigns.
... Given that stigma is highly correlated with literacy and can be reduced with appropriate educational interventions (33), the wide gap in literacy rate between urban and rural Bangladesh (34) may explain this finding. Rural Bangladesh has a low literacy rate and limited access to health information (34). Studies have already shown that people with limited knowledge or education are more stigmatized than others (35). ...
The onset of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic and its overwhelming physical and mental health burden can result in stigmatization toward the disease and those affected. This study aimed to measure the prevalence of COVID-19-related stigma and its associated factors among older people in Bangladesh. This cross-sectional study was conducted among 1,045 Bangladeshi older adults aged 60 years and above through telephone interviews in September 2021. The outcome was measured using an eight-point Stigma Scale, adapted to the Bengali language. Level of stigma was indicated by the cumulative score of the eight items, ranging from 0 to 8, with a higher score indicating a higher level of stigma. On average, participants had stigmas on three of the eight items, and 62.6% had a high stigma score. The most prevalent stigmas were as follows: COVID-19 is a punishment from God (79.3%), patients with previous COVID-19 must be isolated (67.3%), and people infected with COVID-19 did not meet hygiene standards (63.9%). Participants who lived in rural areas (β: 0.67, 95% CI: 0.39 to 0.95) and who perceived needing additional care during the pandemic (β: 0.35, 95% CI: 0.09 to 0.60) had a higher average stigma score, whereas stigma scores were lower among unemployed/retired participants (β: −0.22, 95% CI: −0.45 to 0.00). The study findings suggest implementing interventions to raise awareness through appropriate health literacy interventions and mass media campaigns.
... This could be because well-educated and financially secure patients are more motivated to look into alternative remedies and ways to cope with their sickness and medication side effects. However, in Bangladesh, poor and non-educated patients often have insufficient money to purchase advanced medical treatment from well-equipped conventional hospitals or clinics [21,27,28]. According to the findings, married patients were more likely to used CAM alone than unmarried patients, although a previous study in Bangladesh found that single patients were more likely to utilise CAM alone than married patients [15]. ...
... This disparity in results can be attributed to contextualisation and cultural backgrounds. Another factor could be that married women often rely on their husbands for healthseeking behaviour in a male-dominated and patriarchal society like Bangladesh [27]. ...
Background
Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) has played a critical role in ensuring universal access to basic health care services around the world. In Bangladesh, conventional medicine is a common approach for health care practices, yet, due to Bangladesh’s high out-of-pocket payment, millions of people utilise CAM-based healthcare services for illnesses. In Bangladesh, there is a scarcity of data on how CAM is perceived and utilised. The goal of this study was to determine the proportion and correlates of the utilisation of CAM among patients visiting a tertiary level hospital, in Bangladesh.
Methods
A cross-sectional survey involving 1,183 patients who received health care from a hospital in Bangladesh was interviewed for this study. The associated factors on utilising CAM were identified using multivariable logistic regression analysis.
Results
Thirty-three percent of patients utilised CAM exclusively to treat their illnesses, whereas the rest utilised conventional medicine before CAM. Young adult patients aged 26 to 45 years (AOR = 6.26, 95% CI:3.24–12.07), patients without education (AOR = 2.99, 1.81–4.93), and married patients (AOR = 1.79, 1.08–2.97) were the most likely to be only CAM users. The most common reasons for using CAM were belief in its effectiveness, less adverse effects, affordability and lower costs.
Conclusion
In Bangladesh, CAM plays a significant role in health care delivery, with high-levels of patient satisfaction and health benefits. Patients who are older and have a higher level of education are more hesitant to use CAM for their illness, yet CAM has the potential to play a significant role in reducing hospitalisation by providing high reliability and low costs.
... Difficulty accessing and understanding health-related information, written or spoken, may lead people to make poor health decisions, which then lead to poorer overall health outcomes, increased morbidity rates and a poorer quality of life (Das et al. 2017, 2). Poorer overall health outcomes lead to an increased use of health care services, including hospitalisations; decreased engagement with other clinical interventions; noncompliance with recommendations; and challenges accurately following recommendations, such as medication schedules (Das et al. 2017;Koh et al. 2012;Levasseur and Carrier 2010). Lower health literacy increases the risk of health inequities, fosters riskier behaviours that impact safety and health and tends to occur in lower income communities with less access to needed healthcare services (Das et al. 2017; Levasseur and Carrier 2010). ...
... Poorer overall health outcomes lead to an increased use of health care services, including hospitalisations; decreased engagement with other clinical interventions; noncompliance with recommendations; and challenges accurately following recommendations, such as medication schedules (Das et al. 2017;Koh et al. 2012;Levasseur and Carrier 2010). Lower health literacy increases the risk of health inequities, fosters riskier behaviours that impact safety and health and tends to occur in lower income communities with less access to needed healthcare services (Das et al. 2017; Levasseur and Carrier 2010). Health literacy can be considered a public supports and the quality of the neighbourhood and built environment (Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion n.d.). ...
... La dificultat per accedir a la informació de la salut i comprendre-la, tant si és de forma escrita com oral, pot fer que les persones prenguin males decisions, i això pot dur a uns pitjors resultats de salut en general, a uns índexs de morbiditat superiors i a una qualitat de vida pitjor (Das et al. 2017, 2). Uns resultats de salut pitjors provoquen un augment en l'ús de serveis sanitaris, incloent-hi les hospitalitzacions; determinen una participació més baixa en altres intervencions clíniques; faciliten l'incompliment de recomanacions i fan que sigui més difícil seguir les indicacions de manera precisa, com ara els horaris de medicació (Das et al. 2017;Koh et al. 2012;Levasseur i Carrier 2010). Una menor alfabetització en salut augmenta el risc de desigualtats en salut, fomenta unes conductes més arriscades que afecten la seguretat i la salut i sol produir-se en comunitats amb ingressos més baixos, que tenen menys accés ales serveis sanitaris que necessiten (Das et al. 2017;Levasseur i Carrier 2010). ...
Low levels of health literacy directly correlate to increased mortality rates, decreased health outcomes and overall poorer quality of life. Many social determinants of health can place someone at a higher risk of low health literacy and the negative consequences of decreased skills in this area. Health literacy is a complex task that requires a multi-modal approach and interventions within a variety of spheres of influence in someone’s life. To address this issue in underinvested communities within their own city, teams of Visual Communication Design and Occupational Therapy students, with the support of their faculty and a librarian, worked together to identify a population of interest and pertinent health-related concerns. The result was an interdisciplinary team of students who utilised aspects of the Social Ecology Theory to create solutions and systems that utilised printed and digital modalities at the individual and community levels. This case study offers a model for interdisciplinary collaboration to address health literacy and improve the health outcomes of the population concerned.
... Besides, health literacy may also affect how individuals make use of health services, including vaccination. For example, in lowincome country such as Bangladesh, low education and limited health literacy were found to be closely related with the low level of service utilization and accessibilities among the lay public [65]. Therefore, in increasingly complex societies, health literacy not only include individual factors such as education, knowledge or disease experiences, but also social and cultural factors [66]. ...
Background:
The public's hesitant attitude is a major subjective barrier in promoting vaccination against COVID-19 to build herd immunity. The current study aimed to address how individual factors such as health literacy and perceived stress affect people's vaccine hesitancy of COVID-19 vaccine, and to provide insights for tailoring vaccine-promotion strategies.
Methods:
With structured questionnaires, an online survey was conducted to address the relationship between the health literacy, perceived stress, and COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among community population in mainland, China. Moderated analysis was conducted to test the effect of health literacy on vaccine hesitancy among people with different levels of perceived stress.
Results:
560 responses were collected in total. 39.8% of the participants reported vaccine hesitancy, and this rate was higher among younger people and female. Moreover, people with higher level of health literacy showed reduced vaccine hesitancy, while this effect was only significant among those with low or moderate level of stress. For people with high level of stress, no significant effect of health literacy was found.
Conclusions:
The findings suggest that increasing people's health literacy could lead to reduced vaccine hesitancy in community sample. However, this effect disappeared when the stress level was high, suggesting other promotion services may need to be developed to increase the acceptance of COVID-19 vaccine. In conclusion, vaccine promotion strategies should be tailored for different populations, with taking account of individual's health literacy and perceived stress.
