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Sources of Sphaeropsis pyriputrescens inoculum in apple orchards: A, canker caused by the fungus on a Fuji apple branch; B, pycnidia of the fungus on a dead Fuji fruit pedicle; C, dieback caused by the fungus on a Fuji twig; D, pycnidia on a diseased twig; E, dieback and canker on a crabapple tree; F, canker on the main branch of a crabapple tree with pycnidia of the fungus on the diseased tissues; G, mummified Fuji fruit showing pycnidia of the fungus in the spring (May); and H, mummified crabapple fruit showing pycnidia of the fungus during Fuji apple harvest in late October. Scale bar in D = 0.25 µm.
Source publication
In March 2012, decayed 'Empire' apple fruit (Malus × domestica Borkh.) were sampled from apples grown in Albion (Orleans County) in New York State and stored in bins for 6 months under controlled atmosphere at a commercial packinghouse. At the packinghouse following storage prior to be packed, the fruit were completely rotten, spongy to firm, and l...
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Context 1
... of inoculum. S. pyriputrescens pycnidia were observed on diseased twigs, dead fruit spurs and bark, and mummified fruit on both apple and crabapple trees (Fig. 1). Pycnidia of S. pyripu- trescens were observed on 57 and 27% of the sampled mummies in May 2005 andMay 2006, respectively (Fig. 1G). At the time of the Fuji harvest in 2004, S. pyriputrescens was isolated from decayed crabapple fruit from 13 of the 14 crabapple trees (93%) sampled, and 3% of the decayed crabapple fruit caused by S. ...
Context 2
... of inoculum. S. pyriputrescens pycnidia were observed on diseased twigs, dead fruit spurs and bark, and mummified fruit on both apple and crabapple trees (Fig. 1). Pycnidia of S. pyripu- trescens were observed on 57 and 27% of the sampled mummies in May 2005 andMay 2006, respectively (Fig. 1G). At the time of the Fuji harvest in 2004, S. pyriputrescens was isolated from decayed crabapple fruit from 13 of the 14 crabapple trees (93%) sampled, and 3% of the decayed crabapple fruit caused by S. pyriputrescens also had pycnidia of the fungus present on the fruit (Fig. ...
Context 3
... and 27% of the sampled mummies in May 2005 andMay 2006, respectively (Fig. 1G). At the time of the Fuji harvest in 2004, S. pyriputrescens was isolated from decayed crabapple fruit from 13 of the 14 crabapple trees (93%) sampled, and 3% of the decayed crabapple fruit caused by S. pyriputrescens also had pycnidia of the fungus present on the fruit (Fig. ...
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... A novel monotypic genus, Xenosphaeropsis, was therefore introduced to accommodate this species. Xenosphaeropsis pyriputrescens is currently limited on Pyrus communis in Washington and British Columbia (Xiao & Rogers 2004, Sholberg et al. 2009) and on Malus sp. in Washington and New York (Xiao & Rogers 2004, Xiao & Boal 2005, Kim & Xiao 2008, Kim et al. 2013, 2014). Table S1. ...
The current list of Chinese quarantine pests includes 130 fungal species. However, recent changes in the taxonomy of fungi following the one fungus = one name initiative and the implementation of DNA phylogeny in taxonomic revisions, resulted in many changes of these species names, necessitating an update of the current list. In addition, many quarantine fungi lack modern morphological descriptions and authentic DNA sequences, posing significant challenges for the development of diagnostic protocols. The aim of the present study was to review the taxonomy and names of the 33 Chinese quarantine fungi in Dothideomycetes , and provide reliable DNA barcodes to facilitate rapid identification. Of these, 23 names were updated according to the single name nomenclature system, including one new combination, namely Cophinforma tumefaciens comb. nov. (syn. Sphaeropsis tumefaciens ). On the basis of phylogenetic analyses and morphological comparisons, a new genus Xenosphaeropsis is introduced to accommodate the monotypic species Xenosphaeropsis pyriputrescens comb. nov. (syn. Sphaeropsis pyriputrescens ), the causal agent of a post-harvest disease of pears. Furthermore, four lectotypes ( Ascochyta petroselini , Mycosphaerella ligulicola , Physalospora laricina , Sphaeria lingam ), three epitypes ( Ascochyta petroselini , Phoma lycopersici , Sphaeria lingam ), and two neotypes ( Ascochyta pinodella , Deuterophoma tracheiphila ) are designated to stabilise the use of these names. A further four reference strains are introduced for Cophinforma tumefaciens , Helminthosporium solani , Mycocentrospora acerina , and Septoria linicola . In addition, to assist future studies on these important pathogens, we sequenced and assembled whole genomes for 17 species, including Alternaria triticina , Boeremia foveata , B. lycopersici , Cladosporium cucumerinum , Didymella glomerata , Didymella pinodella , Diplodia mutila , Helminthosporium solani , Mycocentrospora acerina , Neofusicoccum laricinum , Parastagonospora pseudonodorum , Plenodomus libanotidis , Plenodomus lingam , Plenodomus tracheiphilus , Septoria petroselini , Stagonosporopsis chrysanthemi , and Xenosphaeropsis pyriputrescens .
... Since 2004, several fungal rot organisms have been described as affecting apples in Washington and New York (USA), including Phacidium lacerum Fr:Fr, Lambertella corni-maris Höhn and Sphaeropsis pyriputrescens C. L. Xiao & J. D. Rogers (Kim et al. 2013;Kim and Xiao 2008;Wiseman et al. 2015Wiseman et al. , 2016). However, these fungal pathogens are currently unknown causing apple rots in Chile. ...
Two members of the family Botryosphaeriaceae (Diplodia mutila and D. seriata), one member of the family Bulgariaceae (Phacidiopycnis washingtonensis) and one member of the family Phacidiaceae (Phacidium lacerum) have been described as fungal plant pathogens causing apple rot during preharvest and/or postharvest. During a survey of apple rot in the commercial orchard cvs. Cripps Pink, Fuji and Gala that was conducted in the 2014–2015 and 2015–2016 seasons in the Maule Region, Chile, 820 isolates were obtained from 880 apple rot samples. Phylogenetic analyses of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, portion of the β-tubulin gene (BT), large ribosomal subunit (LSU) region and small ribosomal subunit (SSU) region identified Diplodia mutila, D. seriata, Phacidiopycnis washingtonensis and Phacidium lacerum. Morphological features of isolates of D. mutila, D. seriata, Pha. washingtonensis and P. lacerum were similar to those described in the literature for the respective species. The isolates of D. mutila, D. seriata, Pha. washingtonensis and P. lacerum were sensitive to fludioxonil, pyrimethanil, tebuconazole and thiabendazole fungicides. The significant largest lesion on apple fruits cv. Cripps Pink were developed, when the fruits were inoculated from 15 days before harvest with Pha. washingtonensis while for D. mutila, D. seriata, P. lacerum was the same day of harvest. The fungal species Pha. washingtonensis and P. lacerum were the most important in developing apple rot (lesions) during cold storage. The specie D. seriata was the most predominant fungus obtained from apple fruit rot in the Maule Region, Chile. This study gives a better insight to the fungal species causing apple fruit rot in the Maule Region, Chile.
... Phacidiopycnis washingtonensis and S. pyriputrescens causing speck rot and Sphaeropsis rot of apple, respectively, are two postharvest fungal pathogens recently determined to be of concern to the Washington apple industry (Kim and Xiao, 2006;Kim et al., 2013Kim et al., , 2014Sikdar et al., 2014;Xiao et al., 2004Xiao et al., , 2009). These pathogens incite latent infection of fruit in the orchard, and symptoms become apparent after 2-3 months of fruit storage in CA conditions (Kupferman, 2003) at -1 to 4°C, decreased oxygen (1% to 2%), and increased carbon dioxide (0.5% to 1%). ...
Phacidiopycnis washingtonensis and Sphaeropsis pyriputrescens are fungal pathogens that cause postharvest speck rot and Sphaeropsis rot, respectively, in apple. Under quarantine regulations established by the Chinese government, export of apple from Washington State to China was banned between 2012 and 2014 because of detection of these pathogens in apple shipments. Previous studies established that pycnidia of P. washingtonensis and S. pyriputrescens survive in twig cankers on manchurian crabapple which serves as a dominant pollinizer in the Washington State apple industry. These pycnidia serve as a primary source of inoculum for infection of apple fruit in the orchard. The objective of this research was to conduct a study at multiple locations in Washington State to determine the efficacy of implementing manchurian crabapple pruning as a method to control speck rot and Sphaeropsis rot in storage. Four commercial orchards at geographically distant locations in Washington State were selected in 2014 and three in 2015. In 2014, two treatments included preharvest pruning of manchurian crabapple and postharvest application of pyrimethanil and untreated control. In 2015, preharvest pruning alone (PO) of manchurian crabapple was included in addition to the two treatments examined in 2014. Pruning conducted in concert with postharvest fungicide treatment significantly reduced the incidence of speck rot and Sphaeropsis rot in storage during the initial experimental field season. During year 2, both the PO and pruning with postharvest fungicide application controlled fruit rot with no significant difference between the two treatments. Findings from this study will be instrumental for the control of these postharvest diseases and maintenance of international market access for fruit from the Pacific Northwest. © 2018, American Society for Horticultural Science. All rights reserved.
... Red Delicious apple fruit were decayed by S. pyriputrescens after 7 months of storage . Sphaeropsis rot has since also been reported in the state of New York (Kim et al. 2013) and British Columbia, Canada (Sholberg et al. 2009). ...
Sphaeropsis rot, caused by Sphaeropsis pyriputrescens, is an important postharvest disease of apple in the United States. The objectives of this study were to determine the timing of apple fruit infection in the orchard in relation to development of Sphaeropsis rot in storage and to identify infection courts and mode of penetration by S. pyriputrescens on apple fruit. Fruit of apple cvs Red Delicious, Golden Delicious, and Fuji were inoculated in the orchard from 3 weeks after petal fall to 2 weeks before harvest at 5 to 6-week intervals in three consecutive seasons. All fruit were harvested and stored at 0 ºC to monitor decay development. Light and scanning electron microscopy were used to examine the infection courts and mode of penetration of the fungus on/in the host tissues. At harvest, the fungus was re-isolated from the stem (pedicel), sepal, anther, or filament of the inoculated fruit, but decay did not develop on fruit. Sphaeropsis rot developed on inoculated fruit during cold storage beginning 1–3 months after harvest. Stem-end rot was prevalent on cv. Golden Delicious, whereas calyx-end rot was prevalent on cv. Fuji. Both stem- and calyx-end rots were common on cv. Red Delicious. Infection also occurred at lenticels on fruit skin, particularly on cv. Golden Delicious, but at low incidence. Relationships between the incidence of Sphaeropsis rot in stored apple fruit and the timing of inoculation in the orchard varied with cultivar and year. On cv. Red Delicious apples, the incidence of Sphaeropsis rot generally increased as the timing of infection approached harvest. Histological studies indicated that infection took place through natural openings of plant organs such as stomata on stems and sepals and lenticels on fruit skin. Fungal penetration also was observed at micro-cracks on the stem and sepal and at trichome sockets where mechanical damage occurred in sepals. Direct penetration was observed on the stem and sepal of fruit, but most invasions were restricted between the cuticle and the epidermis. Our results indicate that wounding is not required for infection of apple fruit by S. pyriputrescens, though it may facilitate infections.
... Our results suggest that S. pyriputrescens is well adapted to the semiarid climate in central Washington State. Recently, S. pyriputrescens has also been reported to cause Sphaeropsis rot in apple fruit in New York State, but it appeared that it was a minor problem (3). The presence of S. pyriputrescens outside the U.S. Pacific Northwest suggests the fungus may have the ability to adapt to climates different than that of central Washington. ...
Sphaeropsis pyriputrescens is the cause of Sphaeropsis rot, a recently reported postharvest fruit rot disease of apple. Infection of apple fruit by the fungus is believed to occur in the orchard, and symptoms develop during storage or in the market. S. pyriputrescens also is the cause of a twig dieback and canker disease of apple and crabapple trees. To determine sources of pathogen inoculum in the orchard, twigs with dieback and canker symptoms, dead fruit spurs, dead bark, and fruit mummies on the trees were collected and examined for the presence of pycnidia of S. pyriputrescens. To monitor inoculum availability during the growing season from early May to early November, dead fruit spurs or twigs from Fuji trees, and twigs with dieback from crabapple trees (as a source of pollen for apple production) in a Fuji orchard as well as dead fruit spurs and dead bark from Red Delicious trees in a Red Delicious orchard were sampled periodically and examined for the presence and viability of pycnidia of S. pyriputrescens. To determine seasonal survival and production of pycnidia of the fungus on twigs, apple twigs were inoculated in early December, sampled periodically for up to 12 months after inoculation, examined for the presence of pycnidia, and subjected to isolation of the fungus from diseased tissues to determine its survival. Pycnidia of S. pyriputrescens were observed on diseased twigs, dead fruit spurs and bark, and mummified fruit on both apple and crabapple trees, suggesting that these tissues were the sources of inoculum for fruit infection in the orchard. With the combined observations from two orchards during three growing seasons, viable pycnidia of the fungus were present throughout the year and observed in 50 to 100% of the Fuji trees, >90% of crabapple trees, and 0 to 50% of the Red Delicious trees. S. pyriputrescens was recovered from diseased tissues of inoculated twigs at all sampling times up to 12 months after inoculation. The results suggest that S. pyriputrescens can survive as mycelium in diseased twigs in north-central Washington State and that availability of viable S. pyriputrescens pycnidia is unlikely a limiting factor for infection of apple fruit in the orchard leading to Sphaeropsis rot during storage.
Fungal members in the family Botryosphaeriaceae (genus: Lasiodiplodia; teleomorph stage: Botryosphaeria) exhibit diverse ecological and cosmopolitan distribution by infecting a broad range of host plants of both tropical and subtropical biotopes. Botryosphaeriaceae harbors as an endophyte within seeds and other living tissues or survives as a soil-borne saprophyte or as a latent stress-induced pathogen causing dieback, blight, leaf spots, fruit and root rots, gummosis, and canker diseases in perennial fruit and nut trees, vegetable crops, and ornamental plants. The dynamism of these pathogens is evident based on their ubiquitous presence in a broad range of niches and host plants, suggesting their functional role to produce diverse hydrolytic and oxidative enzymes which are of biotechnological and industrial relevance. This chapter also focuses attention on the repertoire of chemically and structurally diverse secondary metabolites, which include small bioactive molecules, taxol/paclitaxel, exopolysaccharides (EPS), etc. A number of case studies on different metabolites produced by different members of genus Lasiodiplodia that find application in medicine, food industry, agriculture, etc. are also presented.
