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Some zoosporic fungus species growing on the specimens of fish Scale bar = 50 µm. A – Achlya debaryana – oogonia, B – Achlya orion – oogonium, C – Saprolegnia ferax – prolifering hyphae, D – Saprolegnia uliginosa – sporangium.
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Mycoflora developing on some fish species, recently introduced to Polish waters, has not been known. The authors incubated muscles of four fish species (monkey goby, Neogobius fluviatilis; racer goby, N. gymnotrachelus; Chinese sleeper, Perccottus glenii; and stone moroko, Pseudorasbora parva caught in the drainage area of the Bug River) in water t...
Citations
... It is not clear how strains were grouped to different species as they usually show huge variations with respect to their observable sexual/ asexual features. In another similar paper (Czeczuga et al., 2002), although it has been claimed that they have identified 36 Saprolegniales taxa from fish species in six Polish waterbodies, no morphometric features have been presented. The same approach have been used in numerous studies, when a large number of strains are identified at the species level, while no morpho-or physiological data are presented, even though PCR-based taxonomy could have been used. ...
Research on the order of Saprolegniales (Oomycota) has been an ongoing quest for more than a century. The best studied genera are Saprolegnia and Aphanomyces, known for their pathogenicity on freshwater animals. In this study, we reviewed 1073 papers and 2803 ITS sequences of Saprolegniales to investigate its taxonomy, diversity and potential roles in mainly freshwater ecology. We found that generally, our knowledge on diversity and ecology of Saprolegniales in freshwater ecosystems is limited. Neither classic taxonomy nor available molecular techniques have been sufficient to resolve several genera and species. Also, we currently lack a comprehensive understanding of their involvement in carbon turnover and food web dynamics. Finally, due to lack of high-throughput sequencing techniques, it is not clear how and to what extent communities of Saprolegniales might differ in freshwater econiches. Therefore, give a historical perspective on the establishment of Saprolegniales, explain improvements, highlight deficiencies, and finally propose new research avenues for more systematic studies on this order. We conclude that challenges in studying Saprolegniales can be removed by increasing the practicality of classic taxonomy and applying available molecular toolboxes (multi-gene phylogeny and high-throughput sequencing). Additionally, inclusion of Saprolegnialesin freshwater carbon cycling should be addressed for their better ecological resolution..
... They occur as saprotrophs on a wide variety of substrata, playing a key role in the ecosystem as decomposers of organic materials (MÜELLER & al. 2004). Several genera consist of important pathogens of fish (PAXTON & WILLOUGHBY 2000, CZECZUGA & al. 2002, CHAUHAN & al. 2012, MASTAN & al. 2012, midge eggs (MARTIN 1981), crustaceans (VENNERSTROM & al. 1998), mosquito larvae (SEYMOUR 1984, BISHT & al. 1996, SCHOLTE & al. 2004) and plants (WICKER & al. 2001, PETERS & GRAU 2002. Saprolegniasis of two carps caused by Saprolegnia and Achlya species has been reported from Pakistan (IQBAL & ASGHAR 2012). ...
This work is part of a biodiversity and biosystematic study of zoosporic fungi of Bajaur, the newly merged district of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province. A total of 19 isolates were characterized morphologically and except one all were identified up to species level. Ten species belonged to Saprolegniaceae and one species to each of the Olpidiopsidaceae and Blastocladiaceae. Of these, nine taxa, viz. Brevilegnia minutandra, Leptolegnia caudata, Aphanomyces scaber, Saprolegnia australis, Saprolegnia sp., Achlya orion, Calyptralegnia ripariensis Olpidiopsis saprolegniae var. levis and Allomyces arbusculus, appeared to be new records for Pakistan, Dictyuchus monosporus, Saprolegnia ferax and Achlya bisexualis are reported for the first time for this district. Saprolegnia australis is reported for the first time from a wild freshwater fish, namely Paraschistura alepidota. The fungi are described in detail and illustrated. The rDNA ITS region of 15 isolates was amplified and sequenced. The phylogenetic relationship among the genera of the family Saprolegniaceae is discussed.
... However, Pythium sp., including B1 and B2 clades, were also isolated from natural and aquacultural freshwater environments Rahman and Sarowar, 2016;Schroeder et al., 2013), and some were suggested to be pathogenic towards freshwater animals (Miura et al., 2010). Pythium spp., including members of the clade B, were isolated from the carapace of dead crustaceans (Czeczuga et al., 2002b) and from dead or alive fishes and eggs (Czeczuga, 1996;Czeczuga et al., 2002a). Pythium flevoense (belonging to clade B2 and most closely related to isolate B3S1 found on O. mykiss from Solin) was reported to be responsible for mass mortality of freshwater fish (ayu larvae), but pathogenicity of isolates was not confirmed by infection trials (Miura et al., 2010). ...
... Also in concordance with this hypothesis, most of the studies that isolated Pythium spp. from fish tissue or water samples were conducted in the fish farms or ponds surrounded by agricultural fields, grassland, or forests (Czeczuga et al., 2005;Czeczuga et al., 2002a;Naznin et al., 2017;Rahman and Sarowar, 2016;Sarowar et al., 2019b). This was also the case for three out of four fish farms sampled here (Gračani, Kostanjevac, Radovan). ...
Oomycetes from the genus Saprolegnia are opportunistic pathogens that cause significant losses in salmonid aquaculture. Despite this, studies reporting dominant Saprolegnia species in different fish farming facilities, as well as analyses of their spreading to natural environments, are still scarce. In this study, we have for the first time identified oomycete species present in four different trout farms in Croatia. We have collected 220 oomycete isolates, both from affected tissue (46 in total: adult trout - 28, eggs - 13, and alevins - 5) and from water (174 in total: in the fish farm – 78, upstream – 50, and downstream - 46). We have used Bayesian inference to reconstruct phylogenetic relationship among the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences of the collected isolates and referent strains, and determined that the isolates belonged to three different oomycete genera: Saprolegnia (64% of isolates), Pythium (35%), and Leptolegnia (1%). Saprolegnia isolates were classified into four species: S. parasitica with 53 isolates, S. australis - 52, S. delica – 25, and S. ferax – 11. Pythium and Leptolegnia isolates couldn't be identified to the species level and probably belong to so far undescribed species since their sequences didn't group with previously described species. Next, isolates from the affected tissue were mostly S. parasitica (32), while S. australis, S. delica, and S. ferax were less common (≤ 4 isolates per species). Furthermore, we used hempseed baits to capture oomycetes from water and positioned them inside the fish farms, as well as upstream (between 55 and 155 m) and downstream (between 95 and 140 m) of the fish farms. According to correspondence analysis, Saprolegnia species showed a strong association with fish farms and downstream locations, while upstream locations were associated with Pythium species, highlighting a possible role of trout farms as a source of spreading Saprolegnia species into the environment.
... loss of epidermis, necrotized hypodermis and penetration of hyphae in the underlying musculature is a peculiarity of fungal infections [35,[94][95][96]. The Oomycetes and Ascomycetes acquire the proteolytic activity which helps them to thrive in muscles and skin tissues of fish [97][98][99]. Further, superficial infections can invade underlying tissues in late stages, which cause systemic changes infecting internal organs. The fungal hyphae granulomas and chronic inflammatory infiltrates were observed in infected rainbow trout and carp fish as were observed in some previous studies [100,101]. ...
Cultured fisheries of developing countries are continously challenged by a number of pathogenic microbes. Among microbial diseases, fungal and fungal like pathogen outbreaks lead to negative social and economic impacts on stakeholders. The cultured fisheries of Kashmir valley are also facing challenge from fungal pathogens , leading to tremendous socioeconomic lossess to the fish farmer community hence, yearns to boost the sector with efficient management strategy. Our study was aimed at investigating the diversity of fungal communities infecting cultured rainbow trout and carp fish species. We employed classical microbiology, macro and micro morphological characteristics, and molecular analysis (multilocus typing) for fungal identification. Also histopathological approach was used to examine the pathogenicity patterns of diverse fungal groups. The study revealed that the infection in fish was predisposed to both superficial as well as visceral organs. However, skin, gills and head were predominantly infected compared to internal organs. The microbiological investigation of infected fish by culture dependent approach helped us to obtain the total of 250 fungal isolates. Out of these isolates, 21 different species were identified belonging to three diverse fungal groups which mostly included 14 species among Ascomycetes, 03 species of Oomycetes and 04 species of Zygomycetes. The majority of fungi which were infectious to cultured fish of valley are biotrophic or opportunistic soil fungi, and some of them being exclusive pathogens of fish.
... For example, typical plant pathogenic isolates such as Pythium spp. were reported from several teleosts in Poland but the isolates were not pathogenic(Czeczuga, Kiziewicz, & Danilkiewicz, 2002). In addition, more than one species can cohabit in a culture plate which can result in difficulty in identification through DNA sequencing(Sarowar et al., 2019). ...
To identify the pathogens causing saprolegniosis among farmed fish in Nova Scotia, 172 infected tissues and 23 water samples were collected from six species of teleosts: Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), brown trout (Salmo trutta), Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus), brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), striped bass (Morone saxatilis) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) at nine facilities over a 600 km range. Following laboratory culture, 132 isolates were recovered. Six species of oomycetes were identified from analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence of the nrDNA: Saprolegnia parasitica, Saprolegnia ferax, Saprolegnia diclina, Saprolegnia aenigmatica, Saprolegnia torulosa, Saprolegnia sp. and Pythiopsis cymosa. Further phylogenetic analyses of the ITS and cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (Cox1) regions revealed four strains of Saprolegnia parasitica (named here as S1, S2, S3 and S4), of which S1 and S2 were common (37% and 42% of the isolates), and two strains of S. ferax. Among S. parasitica, S2 and S3 are more closely related to each other than to S1 based on the phylogenetic analyses and predicted RNA secondary structure of the ITS region. Sexual structures with a similar morphology were formed by S1 and S3 in vitro, but were not formed by S2.
... Achlya has approximately 50 valid species (Johnson et al., 2002;El Androusse et al., 2006;Paul and Steciow, 2008;Kirk et al., 2008;Jesus et al., 2015). The most included species in this genus probably are obligate saprotrophs which usually grow saprophytically serving simply as organic decomposers of animal and plant debris in freshwater and soil ecosystems worldwide (El-Hissy and Khallil, 1991;Czeczuga et al., 2002;Kiziewicz and Nalepa, 2008;Mazurkiewicz-Zapałowicz et al., 2008). However, under favourable conditions, Achlya spp. ...
... are endemic to all freshwater habitats around the world and they cause saprolegniasis in fish. Thus studies on genus Achlya are of major environmental and economic importance due to their negative impact on aquaculture and aquatic ecosystems by parasitising fishes, amphibians and crustaceans (Srivastava and Srivastava, 1977a, b;El-Sharouny and Badran, 1995;Kitancharoen et al., 1995;Kitancharoen et al., 1997;Nejadsattari, 2000;Steciow, 2001;Czeczuga et al., 2002;Mazurkiewicz-Zapałowicz et al., 2008;Hunjavanit et al., 2012). Taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships remain unresolved and suffer from many inconsistencies, which are the major obstacles to the widespread application of molecular barcoding to identify pathogenic strains with quarantine implications. ...
Achlya spp. are oomycetous water moulds, responsible for freshwater fish diseases causing great economic losses. An Achlya sp. implicated in significant fungal infections of both live and dead fish as well as their eggs, has been isolated from the water and soil samples collected from Chandraprabha dam (Chandauli District, Uttar Pradesh, India) employing standard baiting method. Based on morphological characterisation, the strain was identified as Achlya ambisexualis Raper 1939 (Saprolegniales, Oomycetes). It is a dioecious species, characterised by the presence of an achlyoid type of spore dehiscence from both primary and secondary sporangia, differentiated by its oospheres predominantly maturing into eccentric oospores, generally 1-18 per oogonium and gemmae cylindrical in both antheridial and oogonial mycelia. In India, this species was recorded from a single collection in the past but lack proper description and illustrations. The present study describes and illustrates this species for the first time in India and hoped to be beneficial for ichthyopathologists and researchers as A. ambisexualis is known as a necrotroph or parasite of fishes and their eggs.
... Pythium spp. have been reported from bony fishes; however, it is yet to be established whether they are primary pathogens of fish (Czeczuga et al., 2002a). In 2000, Czeczuga et al. (2002a) isolated eleven species of Pythium from the muscles of monkey goby (Neogobius fluviatilis), Chinese sleeper (Perccottus glenii), and stone morocco (Pseudorasbora parva) inhabiting in the ponds, rivers and spring waters in Poland e.g. ...
... have been reported from bony fishes; however, it is yet to be established whether they are primary pathogens of fish (Czeczuga et al., 2002a). In 2000, Czeczuga et al. (2002a) isolated eleven species of Pythium from the muscles of monkey goby (Neogobius fluviatilis), Chinese sleeper (Perccottus glenii), and stone morocco (Pseudorasbora parva) inhabiting in the ponds, rivers and spring waters in Poland e.g. Pythium afertile, P. aquatile, P. arrhenomanes, P. butleri, P. dissotocum, P. hemmianum, P. intermedium, P. myriotylum, P. ostracodes, P. periplocum, and P. tenue. ...
... Majority of the works that reported Pythium spp. from fish (Czeczuga, 1996;Czeczuga et al., 2002a;2002b;Czeczuga and Muszyfska, 1996) were conducted in the water bodies surrounded by forests. It could be that the reported Pythium spp. ...
p>Oomycetes, also known as water molds, can cause serious infection to plants and animals especially at lower temperature although they dwell in freshwater and moist ecosystem throughout the year. The aim of this research was to investigate the diversity of oomycetes inhabiting in small water bodies during summer. Three types of samples i.e. water, fish mucus and apparently infected muscle samples of fish were collected from a large fish farm consisting of over 100 medium to large ponds in Mymensingh during summer (March to June) in 2015. A total number of 385 samples (284 of water, 79 of mucus and 22 of apparently infected muscle samples) were collected in 15 ml sterile falcon tubes with baits in each. Eleven of the isolates were isolated in Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) plates and were identified using molecular methods that included DNA extraction, PCR amplification and subsequent sequencing of the ITS region of the genomic DNA of the samples. BLAST analysis to GenBank revealed that two of the isolates were 99% similar to Pythium sp. (HQ643814), three of the isolates were 98-99% similar to Pythium sp. (KT247392), and each of the remaining four isolates was similar up to 99% to Pythium sp. (KF836354), 99% to Pythium sp. (EU544193), 99% to Pythium rhizo-oryzae (HQ643757) and 100% to Pythium catenulatum (KP862946). Two of the eleven isolates were not assessed due to sequencing error. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that six of the isolates are of clade B1 and three of the isolates are of clade B2 in the Pythium phylogeny. The results partially suggest that plant pathogenic oomycetes are more common in summer than animal or fish pathogenic isolates in the sampled farm however; intensive sampling with a broad range of freshwater ecosystems during summer can give a clearer view on oomycete diversity in Bangladesh.
Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. June 2016, 2(2): 236-246 </p
... Several new Aphanomycesspecies have been discovered during the 21st century, with many of them from the aquatic environment. For example some have been isolated from fi sh (Takuma et al. 2010(Takuma et al. , 2013, crustacean (Czeczuga et al. 2002, Wolinska et al. 2008) and even crayfi sh (Ballesteros et al. 2006). Species such as Aphanomyces frigidophilus are very closely related to the A. astaci and must be carefully taken into account when interpreting diagnostic results, especially when predominantly relying on the molecular detection methods (Ballesteros et al. 2007, Tuffs and Oidtmann 2011, Makkonen 2013. ...
... The topmouth gudgeon, a small-sized cyprinid originally native to the Far East was introduced to Europe and to continents outside its original area of distribution, together with fish species farmed and transferred from Asia like the grass carp (Ctenopharygodon idella Valenciennes, 1844), the silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix Valenciennes, 1844) and the bighead carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis Valenciennes, 1844) (Gozlan et al. 2010). The impact generated by topmouth gudgeon can be summarised as follows: it plays an important role in the spread of diseases and parasites (among others Galli et al. 2007, Czeczuga et al. 2002, Pinder et al. 2005, Gozlan et al. 2010, it competes for food with native small size cyprinids (Adámek et al. 1996, Hliwa et al. 2002, and also adversely affects the success of reproduction rate of certain species . ...
The topmouth gudgeon is an invasive species of the European fish fauna that causes problems not only as a competitor of native fishes in natural waters but also generates damages
in pond fishfarming. The behaviour of topmouth gudgeon has already been studied from
a number of aspects, however, complex investigations on the habitat use of the species in invaded regions were not carried out yet. Here the habitat use of the fish in a close-to-nature pond system was examined with special, non-selective minnow traps and observations were subsequently complemented by aquarium experiments. Our findings revealed that in a pond inhabited by predator fish, topmouth gudgeon preferred the pelagial region, while in a pond free of predator fish, they preferred the littoral zone. The examined abiotic parameters had no effect on the habitat use of the fish. In a simplified artificial environment experiments have yielded the same results. The findings showed that topmouth gudgeon is rather flexible in adapting to the environmental conditions, the available nutrition base, butfrom the aspect of habitatuse the most significant factor is probably the presence of predatoryfish. The results can establish an effective suppression method of topmouth gudgeon populations with predator fishes. http://actazool.nhmus.hu/60/4/ac60_4.html
... The oomycetes however have lost their plastids in the evolutionaryTab. 10.1: Oomycetes species reported from tissues of bony fishes (Osteichthyes) or their eggs (Adapted from Czeczuga et al. 2002; Boys et al. 2012; Czeczuga et al. 2013). ...
