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The Generic Framing Procedure, Virtual Concate- nation and the Link Capacity Adjusting Scheme are successful technologies that brought new life to synchronous networks. They facilitated efficient, flexible and robust interconnection of two of the most deployed technologies ever: Ethernet and Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH). The objective of thi...
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... Scholten, Hernandez-Valencia and Zhu [49], [50] discussed encapsulation options in 2002. Figure 1 shows some possible EoS encapsulations. ...
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... 2002, Scholten et al. [50] provided an introduction to applications for data transport over SONET/SDH, reviewed existing data transport options (as shown in Figure 1), intro- duced GFP as a new data transport technology and compared GFP transport to popular existing alternatives. The paper argued that "GbE does not fit into STS-12c/VC-4-4c at 622 Mb/s, and wastes data rate if mapped singly into a 2.448 Gb/s (STS-48c/VC-4-16c)." ...
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... XmtF rames GF P values closely follow the measured number of transmitted GFP frames. Figure 10 compares˜MBR compares˜ compares˜MBR Client and˜MBR and˜ and˜MBR Eth , which were semi-analytically calculated from the measured data, withˆMBR withˆ withˆMBR Client andˆMBR andˆ andˆMBR Eth , calculated directly from analytic expressions. The throughput available for Ethernet clients ( ˜ MBR Client ) increased as the GFP frame increased (as did the payload), because the header remained the same size. ...
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... larger frames provide better client rates in these scenarios. Figure 11 compares˜MBR compares˜ compares˜MBR P ayloadGF P and˜MBR and˜ and˜MBR GF P withˆMBR withˆ withˆMBR P ayloadGF P andˆMBR andˆ andˆMBR GF P . The˜MBR The˜ The˜MBR GF P remains nearly constant for all GFP payload lengths. ...
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... that some calculated˜MBR calculated˜ calculated˜MBR GF P values are higher than the available VC-n-Xv capacities, as there were some situations in which incomplete frames were received and counted as complete frames. Figure 12 compares the Mbit/s wasted in Ethernet and GFP headers. Obviously, the wastes were reduced when SmartBits increased the Ethernet frame lengths. ...
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... is important to note that Ethernet overhead wasted 44.45% more bit rate than the GFP overhead in the employed configuration. Figure 13 compares the GFP and EoS efficiencies calculated by Equations (5) and (6). Interestingly, all of the scenarios pro- duced the same η1 GF P and η1 EoS at a given P ayload GF P . ...
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... Figure 13 shows a curve of the encapsulation efficiency reproduced from [11]. The encapsulation efficiency is defined as the "percentage of the link bandwidth used by the payload when transmitting Ethernet traffic" at 100 Mbit/s. ...
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... expression follows the results shown in Table X. Figure 14 compares τ CT and τ SF . It can be seen that the measured cut-through delay is greater than the store-and- forward delay. ...
Citations
... Ethernet is a non-connection-oriented packet switching technology defined by a set of the physical layer, data link specifications, functions, and protocols originally developed for computer networks [151]. Since 1985, Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) has been working on a set of standards (IEEE 802.3 family) to deliver Ethernet networks on new transmission media, data rates, and with new features. ...
... Some standards available for the technology are 10Base-T Ethernet, Fast Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet, and 10 Gigabit Ethernet. These standards have data rates of 10 Mbps, 100 Mbps, 1 Gbps, and 10 Gbps, respectively [151]. Ethernet's scalability, simplicity, and cost-effectiveness, coupled with its high rates and optical network support, have led many service providers to consider Ethernet in Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs) and WANs, in which it is called Metro Ethernet. ...
... To carry Ethernet traffic over SDH, Ethernet frames must be encapsulated before mapping them to the SDH network [151]. This solution is known as the Next Generation (NG) SDH. ...
The appeal for more reliable, efficient and resilient power grids has become indispensable with the recent technological development and ever-increasing demand for electrical energy. These goals might be achieved by introducing sensors and actuators in the power grid, with the purpose of enabling a smart control of the power network. All power devices must be connected using a reliable communication network, which should be able to operate even when the power grid fails. Currently, several communication technologies have been applied for supporting this new application scenario. This article aims for reviewing both academic and market use cases for technologies applied to the mission-critical, control networks and Smart Grid applications, such as teleprotection, self-healing, communication with control centers and field devices, among others. More specifically, the key aspects, potential technologies, main protocols and use cases of operating data networks in energy transmission, power distribution and smart grid environments, including circuit and packet switching technologies, are discussed into details. Furthermore, resilience and the main telecommunications technologies used in power grids, as well, the correlation among them, are exploited in practical point of view. The article provides a broad discussion on the best telecommunication options to build the emerging intelligent energy distribution systems, covering control networks, teleprotection, and smart grid applications.
Network layers are analyzed for their design and issues of researches, while
dense wavelength division multiplexing equipment has been deployed in networks
of major telecommunications carriers for a long time, the efficiency of
networking and relation with network control and management have not caught up
to those of digital cross-connect systems and packet-switched counterparts in
higher layer networks.
