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Murraya koenigii (MK) relates to the Rutaceae family and has many health benefits. To date, over eighty-eight carbazole alkaloids along with terpenoids, and other nutrients have been identified from different parts of this plant. This review presents accumulated information regarding the role of MK and its constituents in the prevention/treatment o...
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... Among a number of different chemical components found in plant extracts, the main bioactive component of the carbazole alkaloid mahanine has been identified(16). The chemopreventive as well as the therapeutic potential of this plant and its active ingredients against a variety of malignancies are demonstrated through the presentation of research articles in this review(68). By doing an in-properties. ...
Since the beginning of time, nature has provided medicines for treating fatal illnesses. Herbalists believe that certain plants have medicinal qualities. In tribal and rural communities, medicinal plants provide as an easily accessible source of treatment. The identification of various rejuvenating molecules that can halt or lessen the pathology of a variety of diseases will be regarded as a significant development of the present. There has been a scientific advancement in this area, and current studies on herbal medicines and traditional cures have attracted significant interest from all over the world. This plant, popularly known as the curry tree, is frequently used as herb and is also used to treat a variety of problems in traditional Indian medicine. About 80-85% of people worldwide rely on herbal products because they are thought to be efficient, secure, and cost-effective. Reviewing the plant taxonomy, ethnobotanical characteristics, folkloric or traditional uses, phytochemical, and pharmacological qualities of the Murraya koenigii plant was the goal of the current study. The leaves are used internally for dysentery as a carminative, tonic, stomachic, and inducer of vomiting. The usage of other parts includes treating piles, preventing helminthiasis, and reducing body heat, itchiness, and inflammation. Following several reports that this plant may treat a wide range of illnesses, scientists have worked to confirm the effectiveness of this plant by biological screening. A review of the literature suggests that Murraya koenigii has various medical benefits, including activity of antimicrobial, cardiac, anti-oxidative, anti-diabetic and cholesterol reduction, cytotoxic action, antiulcer, and anti-diarrhea.
... Extensive use of curry leaf based preparations in these traditional medicines to cure different types of cancers has invited the scientific efforts to explore the basis of the anticancer potential of this plant 10,11 . The active constituents of curry leaves target disorganized signaling pathways with profound roles in cancer proliferation such as JAK (janus kinase)/STAT (signal transducer and activator of transcription) pathway, PI3K (phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase)/Akt (protein kinase B) pathway and mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) pathway, regulating cell growth, proliferation and apoptosis 12 . Many similar studies followed have proven the treatment potential of curry leaf extracts against breast cancer 13 , colon cancer 11,14 , prostrate cancer 15 , cervical cancer 16 and ovarian cancer 17 . ...
The curry leaf extract is known to have anticancer property against breast cancer. Identification of the specific compound therein the curry leaf and its validation is essential for successful discovery of drugs. In that content, here, we extracted oleoresin from the mature curry leaves was subjected to antioxidant fractionation using column chromatography. Fraction obtained using 60:40 hexane and ethyl acetate solvent system, showing the maximum inhibition of DPPH, was sub-fractionated and those with the highest antioxidant property was analyzed in LC-MS/MS. Spectrum of molecules identified, along with FDA approved drugs, were docked with target proteins for breast cancer. In vitro screening of candidate phytocompounds doxylamine, histidinol and pheniramine, in their commercially available form, through Trypan blue exclusion assay against murine cancer cell lines EAC and DLA had shown that they have no cytotoxicity. Pheniramine maleate salt (PMS), doxylamine succinate salt (DSS) and L-histidinol dihydrochloride (LHD) have shown dose-dependent inhibition of proliferation of MCF-7 cells, with 280 μg/mL PMS at 72 h of incubation giving the maximum of 98.46%. Acute toxicity studies in Swiss albino mice (100 mg PMS/kg body wt.) have confirmed that the drug has no toxicity. Mouse mammary pad tumour model has shown that PMS significantly reduces the WBC count in the tumour induced mice. Liver function tests, histopathological analyses of liver, mammary pad and kidney tissues and expression analysis of oncogenes ER-α1, Bcl-2, c-Myc and Pin1 have confirmed the drug candidature of PMS.
... MK leaves are also used in Ayurvedic medicine as an herb and are believed to be a remedy for diabetes [44]. It is also reported for its anti-diabetic, anti-helminthic, anti-malarial, anti-microbial, antioxidant, anti-trichomonal, anti-ulcer, hepatoprotective, and other biological and pharmacological properties [45][46][47] The leaves of plant are consumed as a tonic for stomach pain. It has carminative properties in its leaves, roots, and bark. ...
Biologically synthesizing nanoparticles is an eco-friendly, new-fangled, and scaled-up technology. For instance,
nanoparticle synthesis using organic resources, such as plants, is often safe. Owing to drug addiction and the
development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria, disease prevalence and medical use have increased globally.
Nano-formulation-based anti-microbial drugs are an alternative therapy for drug-resistant infections. This study
reported the preparation of, gold (AuNPs) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from the extract of Murraya koenigii
(MK) bark, which was also used as an anti-bacterial and anti-cancer agent. Bio-synthesized nanoparticles were
characterized via UV–visible spectroscopy, and Fourier Transform Infrared analysis which further validated the
presence of biological components in the reaction mixture. Quasi-spherical forms of AuNPs and AgNPs were
visible in the TEM images. For MK-AuNPs, the dimensions of the nanoparticles were 23 ± 2 nm and 25 ± 2 nm,
respectively. Zeta potential calculations showed stable nanoparticles with a negative surface charge. In this
study, we found that these nanoparticles have good anti-bacterial properties against Staphylococcus aureus,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Escherichia coli bacterial strains. Furthermore, MK-AuNPs and
MK-AgNPs inhibited the growth of lung cancer (A549) cell lines. Thus, it can be said that these nanoparticles
could be used as anti-bacterial agents against pathogenic bacteria and in treating human lung cancer.
... Similarly, it is also used to heal renal pain, sickness, itching, diarrhoea, blood disease, diabetes mellitus, leucoderma and hypercholesterolemia (Karthik et al., 2022). It is a renowned medicinal herb due to the presence of the wide range of phytochemicals including flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenes, alcohols and aldehydes (Aniqa et al., 2022a). Flavonoids are a group of biological activities that have antioxidant qualities and can scavenge free superoxide radicals, giving anti-aging benefits as well as lowering the chance of cancer (Akbari et al., 2022). ...
Ethnopharmacological relevance:
Murraya koenigii (MK), a member of the Rutaceae family and widely known as the curry-leaf tree, is indigenous to India, Sri Lanka, and other south Asian nations. It is a renowned medicinal herb because of the wide range of bioactive components found in its leaves, such as girinimbine, koenimbine, mahanimbine and mahanine among others. All these bioactive components make this plant beneficial for treating a variety of ailments and diseases. Biological and pharmacological activities of MK include anti-oxidant, anti-microbial, anti-ulcer, anti-helminthic, anti-malarial, anti-trichomonal, hepatoprotective, anti-diabetic, etc. AIM OF THE STUDY: The present study aimed to evaluate the possible protective effect of hydroethanolic Murraya koenigii leaves extract (HEMKLE) against 7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced breast cancer in rats, which further paves the way for future breast cancer treatment.
Materials and methods:
For the preparation of hydroethanolic Murraya koenigii leaves extract (HEMKLE), Murraya koenigii (MK) leaves were taken from the botanical garden of the Panjab University campus, Chandigarh, and authenticated from the Department of Botany, Panjab University (accession number 22417). The phytochemical characterization of HEMKLE was performed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Following this, an in-silico molecular docking analysis was performed using Maestro Schrodinger software, and an in-vivo study was conducted. For the in-vivo study, female SD rats were divided into four different groups. Group I (C), Group II (DMBA), Group III (HEMKLE), and Group IV (HEMKLE + DMBA). Histopathogy, oxidative and antioxidant status, immunohistochemistry of estrogen receptor-α, TUNEL assays, mRNA and protein expression of apoptotic pathway genes were conducted in in-vivo study.
Results:
In LC-MS, major phytochemical constituents including flavonoids and carbazole alkaloids were identified. In-silico docking study revealed the strong binding affinity between the identified compounds with caspase-3. Additionally, koenine displayed the highest binding affinity/minimum energy of -9.21 Kcal/mol with 6BDV as compared to other phytochemicals. Furthermore, in-vivo experimentation revealed that HEMKLE administration in Group IV(HEMKLE + DMBA) significantly inhibits the tumor incidence and volume as compared to alone DMBA treated group. The antioxidant action of HEMKLE was proven from the in-vivo analysis of antioxidant marker enzymes, histopathology, immunohistochemistry of ER-α studies. Further, increase number of TUNEL positive cells was observed in co-treated animals as compared to alone DMBA treated animals. In Group IV (HEMKLE + DMBA), upregulated expression of pro-apoptotic genes and downregulated expression of anti-apoptotic gene were observed when compared to Group II(DMBA) suggested the apoptotic effect of HEMKLE.
Conclusion:
The results of the present study provide clear evidence of the chemopreventive capabilities of HEMKLE in rats with DMBA-induced breast cancer. The observed outcomes could potentially be attributed to the existence of diverse phytochemicals within the HEMKLE.
... People have used the organs of Murraya koenigii for a long time to make herbal remedies like the leaves to help ease morning sickness; they can also treat diarrhoea and sniffles. Moreover, Murraya koenigii branches are often used to clean teeth and build teeth and gums (Chopra et al., 2002;Satyavati et al., 1987;Gautam et al., 2020;Aniqa et al., 2021;Batool et al., 2020). ...
Background: The plant Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng.native to Pakistan and India and a part of the Rutaceae family, plays a vital role in the Indian Ayurvedic medicine system. Studies have shown that this plant's bark, roots, and leaves contain many carbazole alkaloids. These alkaloids are known to have substantial therapeutic properties. Methods: The crushed and powdered organs of M. koenigii were extracted with several solvents (acetone, chloroform, and methanol). Then, using column chromatography, a dull brown oily substance, MK- 1 (1.05 g), was obtained with chloroform and methanol (7:3). Result We have successfully isolated a new carbazole alkaloid, 3-geranyl 8-hydroxy 6, 7-di methoxy 3’, 3’-dimethyl 1, 2-pyranocarbazole, from the seeds of M. koenigii. The structure was further elucidated by cross-referencing our NMR, UV, IR, and MS data with that found in the published literature. Conclusion: Comparing the previously published literature data clearly explained that this alkaloid is new to M. koenigii.
... Various pharmacological properties this plant are antifungal [63], antioxidant [64,65], anti-bacterial [66], antidiabetic [67], anti-inflammatory [68,69] and anticancer [70]. Various active components of this plants are bismahanine, murrayanine, murrayafoline-A, bi-koeniquinone-A, bismurrayaquinone, mukoenine-A, mukoenine-B, mukoenine-C, murrastifoline, Murrayazolinol, murrayacine, murrayazolidine, murrayazoline, mahanimbine, girinimbine, koenioline, xynthyletin, koenigine-Quinone A and koenigine-Quinone B [71]. Yeap SK, et al. [70] reported that the tumor volume was greatly reduced by MK aqueous extract, and the histological characteristics revealed that MK leaf extract has the ability to manage inflammation, reduction in tumor cells and limit the proliferation of tumor cells. ...
Breast cancer is the most prevalent disease among women and a challenge for the scientific and medical community. Existing treatments for breast cancer are surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, and targeted therapy. These treatments have the potential to stop the growth and spread of cancer, particularly when the condition is diagnosed at an early stage. As cancer cells reproduce more frequently than the vast majority of normal cells, chemotherapy has a greater chance of successfully killing cancer cells. Certain pharmaceuticals are able to terminate dividing cells by inflicting damage on the section of the cell's control centre that is responsible for the process of cell division. Other medications are capable of interfering with the chemical processes that are necessary for cell division. On the other hand, as cancer is often diagnosed at an advanced stage, in which, the process of curing the disease is extremely difficult. Therefore, it is prudent to prevent the occurrence of this deadly disease. Several researches have consistently found an inverse relationship between cancer and natural sources, including plant extracts, fractions and active components. The synergistic and cumulative effects of bioactive phytochemicals found in whole plant extracts have been related to these positive effects. In this review, we attempted to scrutinize the anti-breast cancer potential of quite a few extracts/ fractions/active components derived from various plant sources such Alpina galaga, Annona muricata, Ficus carica, Murraya koenigii, Nigella sativa, Rosmarinus officinalis, Urtica dioica, According to recent research, above mention plants have showed anticancer properties by inhibiting cell proliferation, induces apoptosis and causing cell-cycle arrest in preclinical in vitro and in vivo breast cancer models. This review will help the scientific and medical community for novel drug discovery against breast carcinogenesis.
... Additionally, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics data are scarce. alteration, immune surveillance, and the ability to modulate of various signaling pathways (reviewed by Aniqa et al., 2022). ...
... including cancer and diabetes, as well as other conditions including alcohol intake and food digestion. We have already reviewed the anti-cancer properties of MK and its bioactive components(Aniqa et al., 2022). The capability of MK to serve as anti-inflammatory agentsis a crucial feature. ...
Background: Murraya koenigii (MK), also known as ―Krishnanimba‖
in Ayurveda is a well-known member of the Rutaceae family. It is
widely consumed, particularly in Asia, as a seasoning or flavouring
agent. For centuries, it has been used to cure different body ailments.
Because of its immense pharmacological abilities, it is often known as
the "Magic Tree of Indian Spice". Purpose: This review aimed to analyse the medicinal benefits of MK and its active constituents, which
warrants further extensive research in the form of clinical trials, and
novel drug discovery. Methods: We conducted searches for this
literature study utilising scientific databases, such as PUBMED,
Science Direct, Elsevier, and Google scholar. For this research, the
publications considered were all in the English. We used the terms "Murraya koenigii" and "Traditional medicine" or "Alternative medicine" and/or "Bioactive compounds" or "Chemical compounds" for current research-based literature, and "Curry leaf" and/or "Antioxidants" and/or "Anti-diabetic" and/or "Cardioprotection" and/or "Anti-inflammatory"
and/or "Hepatoprotection" and/or "Nephroprotection" and/or "Neuroprotection" and/or "Gastroprotection" and/or "Anti-ulcerative" and/or "pro-fertility" and/or "wound-healing" for current research-based literature. We selected just those publications that would fit within the scope of our current review. Results: Results showed its hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, anti-ulcerative, pro-fertility, anti-diabetic effects etc. Conclusion: Worldwide, people should
include this herb in their diet owing to its numerous health benefits. However, extensive clinical trials utilizing various parts of this herb are obligatory to get benefits from this herb.The availability of relatively cheaper natural medicines with minimum side effects against different ailments could then be feasible.
Background
Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng. has several well-established nutritional and therapeutic applications. Following our desire to investigate the global and scientific community's knowledge of medicinal plants, this study was intended to examine the evolution of knowledge related to M. Koenigii studies. The primary purpose of this paper is to clarify the status of these studies, investigate their methods, findings, and trends, and define their significance within the current research landscape.
Results
To achieve these goals, bibliometric analysis was conducted, retrieving, and analyzing 934 original articles published between 1965 and 2023 based on Scopus Dataset results. Data were exported as CVS (comma-separated values) and BibTex files and analyzed using Bibliometrix and VOSviewer software. Articles from 502 sources have been identified, averaging 21.8 citations per document. The research in this plant has had exponential growth ( R ² = 0.77). International co-authorship is 13.08%. India and Malaysia are the top publishing countries. Debajo, A.C. (Nigeria), Phatak,R.S. (India), and Sukari,M.A. (Malaysia) are the most productive authors. The top source is the Journal of Ethnopharmacology. "Green synthesis," "nanoparticles," "oxidative stress," "Asian citrus psyllid," "apoptosis," "antimicrobial," "anticancer," "Chromatographic profile," "bioactive compounds," and "alkaloids" are strongly related to the current trends in M. Koenigii research. Regarding the specialized topics, M. Koenigii 's study concentrated on using this plant as an antioxidant agent in manufacturing and biological systems. Dynamic subjects like chromatographic profiles, essential oils, and Asian citrus psyllids were included in the motor theme.
Conclusions
The current study used bibliometric techniques to evaluate research on M. Koenigii and identify trends and potential future research hot spots.
This review investigates the potential of natural compounds obtained from marine sources for the treatment of cancer. The oceans are believed to contain physiologically active compounds, such as alkaloids, nucleosides, macrolides, and polyketides, which have shown promising effects in slowing human tumor cells both in vivo and in vitro. Various marine species, including algae, mollusks, actinomycetes, fungi, sponges, and soft corals, have been studied for their bioactive metabolites with diverse chemical structures. The review explores the therapeutic potential of various marine-derived substances and discusses their possible applications in cancer treatment.
Cancer is undoubtedly a serious, appalling disease that epitomizes one of the most severe global life-threatening health issues for the human race in both developing and developed countries. Genetic mutations and epigenetic alterations play a significant role in the initiation of cancer. Literature suggests the involvement of inherited genetic mutations in 5–10% of all cancers, whereas the majority of the cancer cases are elicited by modern lifestyle and environmental factors that may epigenetically alter normal cellular growth, survival, and functioning. The fact sheets from the World Health Organization (WHO) have revealed truly astounding and alarming statistics, affirming approximately ten million deaths in 2020. This persuades the scientific community to develop a proactive approach to cancer treatment using naturally derived compounds with minimal systemic side effects to cure the affected individuals or prolong their lives substantially, assuring a good quality of life. The use of plant extracts or phytochemicals can offer a promising platform for the development of potent anticancer drugs as many of them are well known to exhibit their anticancer activities in numerous ways of molecular mechanisms of action, for instance, either targeting certain enzymes associated with cell cycle regulation, suppression of tumor cell-activating proteins, and inhibiting signaling pathways (PI3K, Akt, mTOR) or by inhibiting transcription factors. Nevertheless, scientific evidence has indicated various phytochemicals with chemopreventive properties and their efficacy on cancer proteins, enzymes, and multiple targeted cytotoxicity. Therefore, the epigenetic mechanisms of action of phytochemicals will undoubtedly help to identify the leads to reverse the early epigenetic modifications and exploit them as an effective strategy to prevent tumorigenesis. This chapter intends to analyze the role of phytochemicals for their epigenetic modifying potential in the functional regulation of tumorigenesis and provide technical support for evidence-based applications of phytochemicals in anticancer therapeutics.KeywordsCancerEpigeneticsPhytochemicalsCell signalingCancer Therapeutics
