Table 2 - uploaded by Satpal Singh Sekhon
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Polymer is an important constituent of polymer gel electrolytes along with salt and solvent. The salt provides ions for conduction
and the solvent helps in the dissolution of the salt and also provides the medium for ion conduction. Although the polymer
added provides mechanical stability to the electrolytes yet its effect on the conductivity behav...
Citations
... 79,80 However, the slower switching times were expected due to the use of gel-type electrolyte, which slows down ion diffusion rate due to its higher viscosity compared to the liquid-type electrolytes. 81 Although X9-based ECD displays faster reduction, it exhibits inconsistent coloration throughout the cycling, particularly during the re-oxidation process (Fig. 5a). As shown in Fig. 5b, the reoxidation process of X9 displays a sudden slight increase in optical absorption at 620 nm, whereas F9 maintains stable coloration. ...
To facilitate practical implementation of organic electrochromic devices in energy-efficient smart windows, displays, energy-storage, and sensors, it is important to consider factors such as response time and cycling stability. In...
... Various experimental techniques, such as copolymerization, plasticization, blending, and addition of ceramic fillers have been used to enhance the ionic conductivity values of the SPEs. It has been shown that the ionic conductivity of the aforementioned polymer-based materials can be increased by the addition of a plasticizer into the polymer matrix due to an increase in the amorphous region (6,(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15). Though the addition of plasticizers in the SPEs has caused a significant decrease in crystallinity and thus improved ionic conductivity, the increase of ionic conductivity by the addition of plasticizers has not been acceptable for use in various electrochemical devices. ...
Solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) have been considerably investigated due to various electrochemical device applications. Most of the SPEs comprise polymer as a host material to provide strength and good mechanical stability and salt that transfers charge carriers to cause conductivity. Nanocomposite solid polymer electrolyte membranes based on poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)-poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) blend complexed with LiClO4 and nanofillers Al2O3 at different weight percent ratios have been obtained by using electrospinning method. The conductivity and structural properties of the different systems have been characterized by using various experimental approaches such as X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared FTIR spectroscopy. The ionic conductivity of the systems has been measured by using an LCR meter in a temperature ranging from 298 to 353 K. Maximum ionic conductivity of 1.58 × 10-4 S cm-1 at room temperature has been observed for the system of PVA-PEG-LiClO4-Al2O3 (50-25-15-10) with 15 wt% weight percent of LiClO4 salt in PVA-PEG blend matrix. The ac conductivity report indicates that the ionic conductivity of the PVA-PEG-LiClO4-Al2O3 complex is influenced by the concentration of LiClO4. The effect of temperature on the ionic conductivity of polymer electrolyte complexes has been estimated by changing the temperature ranging from 298 to 353 K. However, the conductivity of the nanofiber polymer electrolyte systems increases with the rise of temperature, and the maximum conductivity of 1.58 × 10-2 S cm-1 has been recorded at 353 K. The temperature-dependent conductivity follows the Arrhenius behavior.
... The conductivity of both nano and simple gel was measured by using conductivity meter, which was calibrated through distilled water solution. [17] Result and Discussion ...
Polymers, in their grafted and derivatized forms, are frequently used in medical research due to their unique properties as diagnostic, targeted, sustained, and regulated carriers. The method of iota carrageenan nanogel has been developed in this invention. The method is based on solubility, which was rst investigated using the solvent screening technique. The de-solvating agent was then used to reduce the particle size and produce the gel in nano form, moreover, the viscosity and other physical properties were evaluated. Furthermore, it was compared to the basic gel, which was formed by adding polymer to hot water without any additional procedures, as opposed to the nano gel. The nanogel has an advantage over the regular gel due to its increased stability, uorescence activity, and other favorable qualities. The special bene t of nanogel was discovered to be that it is an effective spreader material due to its low gel point and viscosity. The breakthrough technique that depends just on temperature and desolation without the need for crosslinking compounds will be more ecologically friendly and advantageous to polymer scientists, particularly in the domain of medical science.
... The conductivity of both nano and simple gel was measured by using conductivity meter, which was calibrated through distilled water solution. [17] Result and Discussion ...
Polymers, in their grafted and derivatized forms, are frequently used in medical research due to their unique properties as diagnostic, targeted, sustained, and regulated carriers. The method of iota carrageenan nanogel has been developed in this invention. The method is based on solubility, which was first investigated using the solvent screening technique. The de-solvating agent was then used to reduce the particle size and produce the gel in nano form, moreover, the viscosity and other physical properties were evaluated. Furthermore, it was compared to the basic gel, which was formed by adding polymer to hot water without any additional procedures, as opposed to the nano gel. The nanogel has an advantage over the regular gel due to its increased stability, fluorescence activity, and other favorable qualities. The special benefit of nanogel was discovered to be that it is an effective spreader material due to its low gel point and viscosity. The breakthrough technique that depends just on temperature and desolation without the need for crosslinking compounds will be more ecologically friendly and advantageous to polymer scientists, particularly in the domain of medical science.
... Note that HPMC has a much shorter M w equal to 28.7 kDa. Our observation is in line with data in the literature (Mehrdad et al., 2018) where the ability of polyethylene glycol to decrease conductivity was reported, while concept of dissolved polymers to hinder conductivity is also supported by Sekhon et al. (Sekhon, 2003). ...
... High ionic conductivity is one of the promising functions of salt-incorporated gels (Cheng et al. 2018;Sekhon 2003). ...
A lignin-based gel prepared by the chemical crosslinking of hardwood acetic acid lignin (AL) with poly(ethylene glycol) diglycidyl ether has been reported to shrink in water and organic solvents but swell specifically in aqueous binary solutions. In this study, the AL-based gel was also found to swell in lithium-salt-containing organic solvents, namely, liquid electrolytes. The uptake of salt solutions reached five times the dry weight of the gel. The ionic conductivity of the gel swollen with 1 M LiBF 4 in propylene carbonate or a mixed solution (1:1, v/v) of ethylene carbonate and dimethyl carbonate exceeded 1 mS cm ⁻¹ at room temperature (25 °C), suggesting that this gel can be applied as a gel electrolyte for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). A prototype LIB was assembled with the AL-based gel electrolyte and LiCoO 2 /graphite-based electrodes and exhibited low bulk and charge transfer resistances of 4.1 and 9.7 Ω, respectively. Moreover, its initial specific capacity reached 104 mAh g ⁻¹ at a current density of 28 mA g ⁻¹ , which is comparable to that of a reference LIB assembled using a commercial polyethylene separator. These results indicate the significant potential of this lignin-based gel for application in energy storage devices.
... To comprehend the impact of polymer on the conductivity (ionic) of the gel, it is critical to analyse structure of polymer. The electrolyte's viscosity is determined by the concentration and type of polymers, and the concentration of charge carriers is influenced by the functional groups of donor species [76][77][78]. The conductivity (ionic) of GE based on poly(vinyl)alcohol and other polymers is summarised in Table 2. ...
Functional gel polymer electrolytes (FGPEs) have emerged as promising materials for supercapacitors due to their unique properties, such as high ionic conductivity, mechanical flexibility, and chemical stability. This review paper presents an overview of the current state of research on FGPEs, including their synthesis, characterization, and electrochemical properties. The various types of FGPEs and their applications in different supercapacitor configurations, such as symmetric and asymmetric, are discussed. In addition, the advantages and limitations of FGPEs are analysed, along with the challenges and opportunities for further development. Overall, FGPEs represent a promising avenue for advancing the performance of supercapacitors, and further research in this area is warranted.
... In general, gels are described as polymers and their swollen materials with threedimensional network structures that are insoluble in any solvent and exist under peculiar conditions not found in solids, liquids, and gases. Polymer gels are comprised of a polymer network and solvents; the polymer network encloses the liquid and prevents it from escaping, or, in other words, acts as a container to hold a lot of solvents, giving it properties of both liquids and solids [11]. Gels often have high mobility because the polymer networks are solvated by a significant portion of the trapped solvent. ...
The gel electrolyte significantly influences gel valve-regulated lead acid battery performance. To address this, the paper describes the preparation of novel polymer gel electrolytes using poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) for valve-regulated lead–acid batteries. FTIR technique is used to confirm the chemical reaction between PVA and TEOS. Electrochemical analyses such as cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were applied to optimize the concentration of PVA-TEOS polymer gel electrolyte. The optimum concentration of polymer gel electrolyte was determined as 20 wt% of TEOS in PVA (PE-1) with higher anodic peak and lower Rs and Rct values. The Galvanostatic charge–discharge tests were performed on the optimized gel system prototype battery. The highest capacity of 6.86 × 10−5 Ah at a current density of 0.2 mA cm−2 was achieved with an excellent capacity retention ratio of 85.7% over 500 cycles. The exceptional cycle performance and high capacity make PVA-TEOS gel electrolyte a promising candidate for practical battery application.
... These properties gives interest for many researchers has shifted near the credentials and expansion of solid polymer electrolytes in most advantageous applications such as memory back up in computers, smart windows, traction of electric vehicle, fuel cells, photovoltaic cells and space some power applications, etc. [3]. The solid polymer electrolyte is supposed to hold fine mechanical strength throughout manufacturing cell assembly, which acquire structurally stable and leakage of the material will be avoided from cell container [4][5][6]. ...
An effort has been made to synthesize PVA based gel polymer electrolyte films by means of solution casting technique doped with silver ion in different concentration of polymer and salt (80:20, 70:30 and 60:40 wt.%). The resulting PVA and CH3COOAg gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) material came to be analyzed through various characterization methods for instance XRD, FTIR and UV-Vis spectrophotometry. The analysis of FTIR and XRD confirmed the polymer and salt complexation. The ionic conductivity for prepared GPE was evaluated by means of AC impedance studies at room temperature. The highest value of ionic conductivity found for PVA: CH3COOAg (30 wt.%) system was found to be 1.422 × 10-5 S cm-1. The optical and cyclic voltammetric analysis have been examined and excellent cyclic, reversible performance was observed for the electrolyte PVA:CH3COOAg (70:30 wt.%) up to 10 cycles.
... As in "conventional" EC devices, electrolyte must be durable and easily processable at the same. Intensive research efforts have been spent over the past 20 years in this field to develop robust PGEs capable of combining good ionic conductivity, excellent optical transparency and high temperature stability [32][33][34]. ...
Dual band electrochromic windows enable selective spectral control of the incoming solar radiation in buildings and can therefore efficiently respond to their ever-changing lighting, heating and cooling requirements. They allow indeed to selectively filter out near-infrared solar radiation passing through the window, thus blocking solar heat gain during hot summer days and increasing it over sunny winter days, whilst regulating the amount of daylight in an independent manner. We herein present advancements in the manufacturing and the performance of screen-printed dual-band electrochromic devices (herein referred as “plasmochromic”) embodying stable gel electrolytes. Particularly three different sets of polymeric hosts, respectively based on PMMA/PEO-, PVB- and PVDF, are characterised for such integration. Most suitable formulations have been adopted to manufacture and test up to 30x30 cm²-large smart window prototypes. Based on the values of TLUM, TSOL, and total solar heat gain coefficient (g-value) calculated from the measured transmittance and reflectance spectra, a preliminary assessment of the device optical and thermal performances for architectural integration in insulated glazing units is carried out, compared with the performances of competing commercially available solar control and smart glazing IGU. The results demonstrate the potential of the proposed “plasmochromic” technology in reducing the energy consumption and maximizing both visual and thermal comfort in architectural glazing systems.
