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![Figure 4. Potential aerogel food package [39].](profile/Gustavo-Cabrera-Barjas/publication/338224773/figure/fig4/AS:841510362816514@1577643113225/Potential-aerogel-food-package-39_Q320.jpg)
The use of polysaccharide-based materials presents an eco-friendly technological solution, by reducing dependence on fossil resources while reducing a product's carbon footprint, when compared to conventional plastic packaging materials. This review discusses the potential of polysaccharides as a raw material to produce multifunctional materials fo...
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... intelligent packaging contains an external or internal indicator which is fixed to the surface of packaging or headspace and gives specific qualitative information about the food. The most investigated types of indicators for intelligent packaging are gas indicators, time-temperature-sensitive indicators and freshness indicators (see Figure 3). Gas indicators are specifically important in packaging of the food that is capable of respiration, which significantly influences the atmosphere inside the package. ...
Citations
... Pullulan was utilized for developing compression mouldings, fibres, drug delivery carrier materials, and edible films because of its promising adhesive and film-forming capabilities [13,130]. ...
Pullulan is a microbial exopolysaccharide hydrogel biopolymer that is biodegradable, renewable, and environmentally friendly. However, to meet the demands of the utilization, it is still necessary to enhance the yield and molecular characteristics of pullulan formed by different strains. Available in powder form, pullulan enhances the benefits of this natural material when combined with nanoparticles (NPs) and synthesized into pullulan NPs. NPs are gaining attention as a cutting-edge technology in the fields of pharmaceuticals, medicine, food, agriculture processing, and packaging. Pullulan biopolymers provide an environmentally friendly solution that effectively addresses the world's waste disposal issue by removing untreated waste from the agro-food industries and using this waste as a potential substrate for pullulan biosynthesis. Nowadays, pullulan in the form of NPs, nanocomposites, and nanoformulation has become increasingly popular because of their specific application needs with enhanced molecular properties like strength, durability, electrical conductivity, and catalytic activity. This approach offers a valuable product called pullulan-based nanopolymer, which holds promise in various industries. Pullulan with the highest yield capacity to date has the potential to significantly decrease production costs and increase applicability range. This review provides detailed insights into the latest methods for extracting pullulan biopolymers from agricultural and food waste materials in the form of polysaccharides. Moreover, the article covers the synthesis of various types of pullulan-based nanoparticles, nanocomposites, and nanoformulations. Furthermore, it delves into the diverse applications of these pullulan nanopolymers across agriculture, food and medical sectors.
... As biobased materials have emerged as viable alternatives to typical synthetic plastics, their use as indications and sensors is also expanding. For instance, natural extracts and dyes may replace synthetic ones as they change color in response to physiological changes in food products (Alizadeh-Sani et al., 2020;Nešić et al., 2020). Another issue that needs to be addressed is the recycling of packaging. ...
... Polysaccharides such as cellulose, pectin, chitin, starch, and alginate are broadly used for the synthesis of coatings. Utilizing polysaccharides for edible coatings presents numerous advantages, as they are sourced from plants, algae, or via microbial fermentation and offer a sustainable and eco-friendly solution due to their inherent biodegradability [19]. By forming a protective barrier against gases and external factors, they exhibit high structural integrity; thus, they effectively extend the life duration of fruits, ensuring their freshness and quality over time. ...
Over the last decades, a significant rise in fruit consumption has been noticed as they contain numerous nutritional components, which has led to the rise in fruit production globally. However, fruits are highly liable to spoilage in nature and remain vulnerable to losses during the storage and preservation stages. Therefore, it is crucial to enhance the storage life and safeness of fruits for the consumers. To keep up the grade and prolong storage duration, various techniques are employed in the food sector. Among these, biopolymer coatings have gained widespread acceptance due to their improved characteristics and ideal substitution for synthetic polymer coatings. As there is concern regarding the safety of the consumers and sustainability, edible coatings have become a selective substitution for nurturing fruit quality and preventing decay. The application of polysaccharide-based edible coatings offers a versatile solution to prevent the passage of moisture, gases, and pathogens, which are considered major threats to fruit deterioration. Different polysac-charide substances such as chitin, pectin, carrageenan, cellulose, starch, etc., are extensively used for preparing edible coatings for a wide array of fruits. The implementation of coatings provides better preservation of the fruits such as mango, strawberry, pineapple, apple, etc. Furthermore, the inclusion of functional ingredients, including polyphenols, natural antioxidants, antimicrobials, and bio-nanomaterials, into the edible coating solution matrix adds to the nutritional, functional, and sensory attributes of the fruits. The blending of essential oil and active agents in polysaccharide-based coatings prevents the growth of food-borne pathogens and enhances the storage life of the pineapple, also improving the preservation of strawberries and mangoes. This paper aims to provide collective data regarding the utilization of polysaccharide-based edible coatings concerning their characteristics and advancements for fruit preservation.
... They can be utilized in films having a high index of refraction, thin film transistors, solar cells, light-emitting diodes, optical waveguides, and photochromic materials. Biopolymers derived from biomass, including proteins, polysaccharides, and biodegradable polymers, are commonly employed in the fabrication of bio-based films and thin membranes (Nešić et al. 2020;Vieira et al. 2021;Ilyas et al. 2022). The combination of diverse polymers, organic and/or inorganic particles, and polymers is a strategic approach to improving material performance and enabling the creation of unique composite systems that increase the performance of the parent polymer. ...
This study sought to fabricate and characterize novel nanocomposite films of chitosan and titanium dioxide in terms of molecular structure, thermal, and optical properties for usage in food packaging and optoelectronic applications. Fourier transform infrared analysis confirmed that TiO 2 -NPs interacted with chitosan and demonstrated good compatibility. Differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis revealed that increasing the concentration of TiO 2 -NPs improved the thermal stability of the nanocomposites. The linear optical properties in the UV-Vis range (200–800 nm) were measured spectrophotometrically. Below 400 nm, the transmittance spectra of the nanocomposites show decreased degrees of transparency, indicating their capacity to entirely block UV-light transmission. Tauc's model was used to identify the types of electronic transitions in the samples. The single-oscillator model was utilized to investigate the dispersion energy and parameters. Nonlinear optical properties were also investigated. UV-Vis analysis revealed that increasing the concentration of TiO 2 -NPs from 0 to 12 wt% reduced the absorption edge from 2.716 to 2.043 eV, decreased the direct (3.282 to 2.798 eV) and indirect (2.417 to 1.581 eV) energy band gaps, increased the Urbach energy from 0.692 to 1.295 eV, decreased the dispersion energy from 11.324 to 5.621 eV, decreased the single oscillator energy from 6.308 to 5.393 eV, and improved the other linear and nonlinear parameters. The findings support the usage of CS/TiO 2 nanocomposite films in the packaging industry and a variety of optical applications.
... Bioplastic is growing rapidly in every sector, particularly in food packaging applications such as biodegradable plates, cups, film, sheets, and cutlery, continuously replacing synthetic plastic with bioplastic [10,165]. Protein and polysaccharides have been widely explored for their potential utilization in the design and development of bioplastic due to their thin film-forming ability and unique functional properties, including their optical, mechanical, O 2 and moisture barrier, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties [11,12]. The development and characterizations of bioplastic have been observed, but the bioplastics still lack sufficient tensile strength and moisture-barrier functions, which causes limitations in widespread application [13]. ...
Recently, diversifying the material, method, and application in food packaging has been massively developed to find more environment-friendly materials. However, the mechanical and barrier properties of the bioplastics are major hurdles to expansion in commercial realization. The compositional variation with the inclusion of different fillers could resolve the lacking performance of the bioplastic. This review summarizes the various reinforcement fillers and their effect on bioplastic development. In this review, we first discussed the status of bioplastics and their definition, advantages, and limitations regarding their performance in the food packaging application. Further, the overview of different fillers and development methods has been discussed thoroughly. The application of reinforced bioplastic for food packaging and its effect on food quality and shelf life are highlighted. The environmental issues, health concerns, and future perspectives of the reinforced bioplastic are also discussed at the end of the manuscript. Adding different fillers into the bioplastic improves physical, mechanical, barrier, and active properties, which render the required protective functions to replace conventional plastic for food packaging applications. Various fillers, such as natural and chemically synthesized, could be incorporated into the bioplastic, and their overall properties improve significantly for the food packaging application.
... Hence, to address issues related to conventional food packaging, sustainable packaging materials with better thermal, mechanical, and barrier properties have significant importance in the food industry [6]. Interestingly, many investigations are underway to develop alternative food packaging materials due to increased consumer awareness about health, food quality, food safety, and environmental sustainability pertaining to food packaging [7]. ...
... Polysaccharides are the most abundant macromolecule in the biosphere and can be obtained from plants, animals, and microorganisms. Polysaccharides are a group of complex carbohydrates with different degrees of polymerization by α-1,4-, β-1,4-, or α-1,6-glycosidic bonds [7]. Wide varieties of polysaccharides have been used to develop biodegradable packaging materials, such as edible films and coatings since they have excellent barrier properties against gases, oils, and aromas and processing adaptability [60]. ...
... Starch is a natural polysaccharide derived from plants and composed of amylose, a linear polymer with α-1,4-linked d-glucose monomer units, and amylopectin, a branched polymer with α-1,4-linked d-glucose monomer units and 1,6 linkages. The chemical structures of amylose and amylopectin units in starch are shown in Figure 3 [7]. Roots, tubers, and seeds are botanical sources of starch found in the form of granules. ...
Food packaging plays an imperative role in the food processing sector by safeguarding foods from their point of harvesting until the moment of consumption. In recent years, biopolymers have attracted the attention of the scientific community as an alternative to conventional packaging materials. Among the available biopolymer sources, a lot of the focus has been on polysaccharides due to their superior barrier properties against gases, oils, and odors and their processing versatility. Moreover, there is also a growing interest in aliphatic polyester as a potential replacement for petrochemical-based synthetic plastics. Both polysaccharides and aliphatic polyesters have gained popularity in sustainable food packaging due to their unique characteristics, including their low cost, availability, biodegradability, gas and moisture barrier properties, film-forming capabilities, excellent heat resistance, and ability to be processed into films, trays, and coatings. This review highlights the structural features, properties, and recent advancements of several vital polysaccharides, namely, starch, chitosan, cellulose, alginate, pectin, carrageenan, and aliphatic polyesters, including polylactic acid (PLA) and polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) for developing packaging materials, and their applications in the food industry. Conventional packaging and future perspectives of biopolymer-based food packaging are also comprehensively covered in this review.
... This oxidation reduces the shelf life of food substantially, and makes food less attractive to consumers [3]. One of the possible solutions can be the use of edible films based on polysaccharide, since it is proved that they have great barrier properties and that can create internal atmosphere, thus prolonging the shelf-life of food products [4]. ...
In this work, chitosan films loaded with gallic acid and different content of chitin nanofibers were prepared and
subjected to different characterization techniques. The results showed that the inclusion of gallic acid to chitosan
films caused moderate decrease in water vapor permeability (by 29 %) and increased tensile strength of films (by
169 %) in comparison to the neat chitosan films. Furthermore, it was found that the addition of chitin nanofibers
up to 30 % into chitosan/gallic acid films additionally improved tensile strength (by 474 %) and reduced
plasticity of films (by 171 %), when compared to the chitosan/gallic acid films. Increased concentration of chitin
nanofibers in films reduced the overall water vapor permeability of films by 51 %. In addition, gallic acid and
chitin nanofibers had synergic effect on high chitosan film’s antioxidant and antifungal activity toward Botrytis
cinerea (both above 95 %). Finally, chitosan/gallic acid/chitin nanofibers films reduced decay incidence of
strawberries, increased total soluble solid content, and promoted high production of some polyphenols during
cold storage, in comparison to the control chitosan films and uncoated strawberry samples. Hence, these results
suggest that chitosan/gallic acid/chitin nanofibers can present eco-sustainable approach for preservation of
strawberries, giving them additional nutritional value.
... Hence instead of synthetic ones, edible films and coatings imply immense scope in polymeric food packaging, as active ingredient carriers, thereby minimizing pollution [3,4]. Among them, polysaccharidebased films are more sustainable and non-toxic and have been extensively studied in developing different packaging formulations due to their unique functional properties and film-forming ability [5,6]. ...
... Hence, to address issues related to conventional food packaging, sustainable packaging materials with better thermal, mechanical, and barrier properties have shown significant importance in the food industry [6]. Interestingly, many investigations are underway to develop alternative food packaging materials due to increased consumer awareness about health, food quality, food safety, and environmental sustainability pertained to food packaging [7]. ...
... Polysaccharides are the most abundant macromolecule in the biosphere and can be obtained from plants, animals, and microorganisms. Polysaccharides are a group of complex carbohydrates with different degrees of polymerization by α-1,4-, β-1,4-, or α-1,6-glycosidic bonds [7]. Wide varieties of polysaccharides have been used to develop biodegradable packaging materials, such as edible films and coatings, since they have excellent barrier properties against gases, oil, aroma, and processing adaptability [55]. ...
... Starch is a natural polysaccharide derived from plants and composed of amylose, a linear polymer with α-1,4-linked d-glucose monomer units, and amylopectin, a branched polymer with α-1,4-linked d-glucose monomer units and 1,6 linkages. The chemical structures of amylose and amylopectin in starch are shown in Figure 3 [7]. Roots, tubers, and seeds are botanical sources of starch found in the form of granules. ...
Food packaging plays an imperative role in the food processing sector by safeguarding foods from their point of harvesting until the moment of consumption. In recent years, biopolymers have attracted the attention of the scientific community as an alternative to conventional packaging materials, reducing the negative environmental impact. Among the available biopolymer sources, a lot of focus has been directed toward polysaccharides due to their superior barrier qualities against gases, oil, and odour and their processing versatility. Moreover, there is a growing interest in aliphatic polyesters as a potential replacement for petrochemical-based synthetic plastics. Both polysaccharides and aliphatic polyesters have gained popularity in sustainable food packaging due to their unique characteristics, including low cost, readily available, biodegradability, gas and moisture barrier qualities, film-forming capabilities, excellent heat resistance, and ability to be processed into films, trays, and coatings. This review highlights the structural features, properties and recent advancements of several vital polysaccharides, namely starch, chitosan, cellulose, alginate, pectin, carrageenan, and aliphatic polyesters, including polylactic acid (PLA) and polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) for developing packaging materials and their applications in the food industry. Conventional packaging and future perspectives of biopolymer-based food packaging are also comprehensively covered in this review.
... Polysaccharide aerogels have a low level of thermal conductivity, making them ideal for insulating hot or chilled food and beverages. They can also act as carriers for nutrients and bioactive compounds, preventing microbiological contamination in foods and absorbing water vapor and oxygen [11]. ...
The present review paper focuses on recent developments in edible films and coatings made of base compounds from biological sources, namely plants, animals, algae, and microorganisms. These sources include by-products, residues, and wastes from agro-food industries and sea products that contribute to sustainability concerns. Chitosan, derived from animal biological sources, such as crustacean exoskeletons, has been the most studied base compound over the past three years. Polysaccharides typically constitute no more than 3–5% of the film/coating base solution, with some exceptions, like Arabic gum. Proteins and lipids may be present in higher concentrations, such as zein and beeswax. This review also discusses the enrichment of these bio-based films and coatings with various functional and/or bioactive compounds to confer or enhance their functionalities, such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-enzymatic properties, as well as physical properties. Whenever possible, a comparative analysis among different formulations was performed. The results of the applications of these edible films and coatings to fruit and vegetable products are also described, including shelf life extension, inhibition of microbial growth, and prevention of oxidation. This review also explores novel types of packaging, such as active and intelligent packaging. The potential health benefits of edible films and coatings, as well as the biodegradability of films, are also discussed. Finally, this review addresses recent innovations in the edible films and coatings industry, including the use of nanotechnologies, aerogels, and probiotics, and provides future perspectives and the challenges that the sector is facing.
