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Somatochart demonstrating the distribution of somatotypes among groups. The figure shows the distribution of subjects in the two groups, as well as the mean profile of all subjects in each group. The edges of the graph, marked by gray symbols, represent balanced mesomorph (top), balanced endomorph (bottom left), and balanced ectomorph (bottom right). The center of the graph marks a central distribution of somatotypes. The areas between these spots stand for different combinations of somatotypes, as presented in the chart key. The numbers represent a somatotype composition, with the first number representing endomorphy, the second mesomorphy, and the third ectomorphy. It can be seen that the means of both groups are close to each other
Source publication
Purpose:
To investigate a possible relationship between central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) and specific body types and compositions (somatotypes), and to examine the cortisol stress response among CSC patients of different somatotypes in comparison with healthy subjects.
Methods:
Prospective case-control study. A group of 28 patients with a...
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This study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of low-dose of oral acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) with focal argon laser for the treatment of acute central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR). In this prospective case-control study, 40 Patients with acute CSCR were classified randomly to two groups; group A with no treatment as the control group and...
Purpose:
To identify the clinical characteristics and risk factors for secondary choroidal neovascularization (CNV) in central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC).
Methods:
In this retrospective study, we included a total of 108 eyes in 106 CSC patients. Group A was defined as patients initially diagnosed with CSC who developed secondary CNV, and gro...
Purpose
To describe the characteristics and potential differences between focal and diffuse phenotypes of untreated chronic central serous chorioretinopathy (cCSC).
Methods
For this study, patients were divided in two groups. Focal leakage was defined as 1 “hot spot” of leakage, whereas diffuse leakage was defined as either > 1 hot spot or a large...
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Purpose:
The current study compares the ability of multicolor imaging (MCI) to detect the lesions of central serous chorioretinopathy against conventional color fundus photographs (CFP).
Methods:
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Citations
... The relevant scientific literature generally reports that subjects affected by CSC have a significantly higher degree of psychological distress and even a "type-A" personality profile [54][55][56][57][58][59][60]. In particular, they revealed a higher tendency to present schizophrenia, hysteria, depression, psychopathic deviance, and hypochondriasis and exhibit higher levels of frustration and anticipatory anxiety than control groups [22,58,61]. ...
... OSA itself constitutes an objectively stressful condition for the patient [50]; therefore, it could also be an independent risk factor responsible for the onset of induced CSC. As mere speculation, one may wonder whether OSA and CSC patients are truly "physically stressed" because of their pathology or whether their high score on the various psychometric scales represents a self-oriented belief and is thus a mere consequence of a higher physical reactivity in these individuals [53,[55][56][57][58][59][60]66]. ...
This study addressed the following question: “Is it possible to highlight the link between obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) through common biopsychosocial pathogenetic pathways?”. The study was conducted through electronic searches of the PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases. All relevant selected human research studies published from January 2003 to December 2020 were included. The scientific literature search was performed through repeated use of the words “OSA” and/or “acute/chronic CSC” paired with “biomedical/biopsychosocial illness model”, “psychopathology”, “stress”, “personality characteristics”, “functional diseases”, “comorbidity”, and “quality of life” in different combinations. Our literature search identified 213 reports, of which 54 articles were ultimately reviewed in this paper. Taken together, the results indicate that there is a cross-link between OSA and CSC that can be classified among biopsychological disorders in which various major biological variables integrate with psychological-functional and sociological variables; many of these variables appear in both diseases. This concept can have important implications for improving patients’ quality of life, thus providing the necessary strategies to cope with challenging life events even through nonpharmacological approaches.
... Уровень кортизола в сыворотке крови измеряли в состоянии покоя и после компьютерного теста, вызывающего стресс. Статистически значимой разницы между группами в повышении уровня кортизола после стресс-индуцирующего теста не было [14]. ...
... As reported in table 2, the onset and course of CSC have also been attributed to psychosocial factors, affecting different bodily systems and overlapping between one type and another: stress and lifestyle undoubtedly play a role in these problems and studies have confirmed associations with anxiety and depression, including the "Type-A" behavior 34-38 last but not least, psychological A c c e p t e d M a n u s c r i p t 7 distress has also been suggested as a risk factor, [39][40][41]35,42 speculating that elevated circulating steroids may constitute a kind of risk factor to the eye through a dysregulation of the HPA axis. 16 Daily hassles and life events may result in allostatic overload and lead to erratic neuroendocrine responses; HPA axis dysregulation has been described in numerous stress-related diseases [43][44][45][46] and cortisol is widely considered a biological regulator of adaptation to physio-pathological challenges. ...
Background: This mini-review addressed the question “what do we know about the association between the dysregulation of stress systems (HPA axis and SAM) and the onset and prognosis of CSC in adult populations?”
Methods: The literature mini-review was conducted through electronic searches using the PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases. All published human and animal studies with both observational and experimental designs from 1966 to October 2018 were included.
Results: Our search identified 229 reports, of which 32 articles were ultimately identified to be reviewed in this paper. Among these key articles, twenty-three were related to exogenous and/or endogenous high glucocorticoids as risk factors for CSC, seven were related to Type-A behavior and chronic psychological distress as risk factors for idiopathic CSC, and two were related to stress-induced animal models of CSC. Nineteen out of twenty-three studies in the first group reported a consistent association between high circulating corticosteroids and the onset and prognosis of CSC. Six out of seven studies in the second group reported a consistent association between stress-induced allostatic (over)load and the appearance of more- or less-severe CSC disorders, assuming that elevated circulating steroids may constitute a kind of risk factor for the eye through dysregulation of the HPA axis. All the selected studies reported HPA axis dysregulation as a possible common factor to explain the association between high circulating corticosteroids and CSC. In contrast, the involvement of the SAM system is only indirectly taken into consideration through the PA and HR measures and/or plasma and 24-h urinary catecholamine levels. Therefore, information regarding the involvement of SAM system dysregulation in the onset and prognosis of CSC is lacking. This observation is particularly relevant in view of the fact that animal models of CSC in monkeys are primarily induced by adrenergic hypertonia and that the course of experimental CSC is not further exacerbated by the administration of corticosteroids.
Purpose
To investigate the significance of the presence and form of pigment epithelial detachment in the course of central serous chorioretinopathy as well as corticosteroid use as a risk in our patient cohort.
Material and methods
Retrospective, single center study of central serous chorioretinopathy patients between January 2013 and January 2019 recording corticosteroid use prior to onset and presence and type of pigment epithelial detachment (flat-irregular, dome-shaped, none) in relationship to disease course.
Results
We analyzed 53 eyes of 53 consecutive central serous chorioretinopathy patients treated in our department. Mean patient age was 53 ± 13 years. A flat-irregular pigment epithelial detachment was associated with either chronic or recurrent central serous chorioretinopathy, whereas the absence of a pigment epithelial detachment correlated positively with acute central serous chorioretinopathy (chi-square test, p < 0.05). Of the 53 patients, 10 reported corticosteroid use, 40 denied steroid use, and 3 patients failed to make a clear statement. Corticosteroid use was not correlated with the onset of central serous chorioretinopathy (Student’s t-test, p = 0.0001, chi-square test, p < 0.005).
Conclusion
A small, flat-irregular pigment epithelial detachment could be a marker for chronic or recurrent central serous chorioretinopathy, whereas the absence of pigment epithelial detachment could favor acute central serous chorioretinopathy. Advanced imaging studies may provide more information on the exact characteristics and nature of pigment epithelial detachments. Corticosteroid use as possible disease trigger was not confirmed in this study.
