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Somatic metaphase in Silene supina (2n=24) (original)
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The present study analyses the number of somatic chromosomes in plant species with ornamental value, in Romanian indigenous flora, Allium (A. flavum L., A. saxatile Bieb.) and Silene (S. compacta Fischer., S. supina M. Bieb.). The biological material was identified and harvested in the South-Eastern part of Dobrogea (Tulcea and Constanţa counties),...
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... Chromosome counts (Appendix S1, Babin and Bell 2021) were verified using the Chromosome Counts Database (Rice et al. 2014) and a thorough review of published cytological studies within Allium (Joachimiak and Ilnicki 2003;Xie-Kui et al. 2008;Duchoslav et al. 2010;Sharma et al. 2011;Gurushidze et al. 2012;Draghia et al. 2013;Guenaoui et al. 2013;Vujosevic et al. 2013;Fredotovic et al. 2014;Jezilova et al. 2015;Peruzzi et al. 2017;Maragheh et al. 2018 Phylogenetic Inference-For each gene region data set, the best-fit model was determined by Modeltest-NG (Flouri et al. 2014;Darriba et al. 2020) implemented through the CIPRES Science Gateway (Miller et al. 2010) using a neighbor joining tree under the Akaike information criterion corrected (AICc) criteria for 11 substitution schemes (Table 1). Bootstrap analyses were conducted with RAxML v. 8.2.0 (Stamatakis 2014) using the selected models for each gene region with 100 bootstrap replicates. ...
Polyploidy has been shown to be a significant driver of diversification among land plants. In addition to whole-genome duplication, other common mechanisms of chromosome number evolution include increases by a multiple of 1.5 in chromosome number due to the fusion of gametes with different ploidy levels (demi-polyploidy), gains or losses of single chromosomes that alter the DNA content of an organism (aneuploidy), or chromosome fission or fusion (ascending dysploidy or descending dysploidy, respectively). Considering the high variability in chromosome number transitions across multiple clades within angiosperms and the ancient genome duplication events responsible for their diversity, more studies of large polyploid systems are necessary to close the gaps in understanding chromosomal evolution in polyploid plants. Allium L. (Amaryllidaceae) is an ideal candidate for polyploid research because it is a large clade that includes numerous natural populations of diploid and polyploid species. Species of Allium mainly occupy temperate climates in the Northern Hemisphere and include economically important ornamentals and cultivated crops such as leeks, garlic, chives, and onions. Here, we used a molecular phylogeny of Allium to examine chromosomal evolution with chromEvol v. 2.0 which uses likelihood-based methods for inferring the pattern of chromosome number change across a phylogeny. The best-fit model of chromosomal evolution indicated that chromosome transitions within Allium occurred through the constant gains and losses of single chromosomes as well as demi-polyploidization events, with the rate of chromosome gain events being approximately 2.5 to 4.5 times more likely to occur than demi-polyploidization and loss events, respectively.
... Chromosome counts (Appendix S1, Babin and Bell 2021) were verified using the Chromosome Counts Database (Rice et al. 2014) and a thorough review of published cytological studies within Allium (Joachimiak and Ilnicki 2003;Xie-Kui et al. 2008;Duchoslav et al. 2010;Sharma et al. 2011;Gurushidze et al. 2012;Draghia et al. 2013;Guenaoui et al. 2013;Vujosevic et al. 2013;Fredotovic et al. 2014;Jezilova et al. 2015;Peruzzi et al. 2017;Maragheh et al. 2018 Phylogenetic Inference-For each gene region data set, the best-fit model was determined by Modeltest-NG (Flouri et al. 2014;Darriba et al. 2020) implemented through the CIPRES Science Gateway (Miller et al. 2010) using a neighbor joining tree under the Akaike information criterion corrected (AICc) criteria for 11 substitution schemes (Table 1). Bootstrap analyses were conducted with RAxML v. 8.2.0 (Stamatakis 2014) using the selected models for each gene region with 100 bootstrap replicates. ...
Polyploidy has been shown to be a significant driver of diversification among land plants. In addition to whole-genome duplication, other common mechanisms of chromosome number evolution include increases by a multiple of 1.5 in chromosome number due to the fusion of gametes with different ploidy levels (demi-polyploidy), gains or losses of single chromosomes that alter the DNA content of an organism (aneuploidy), or chromosome fission or fusion (ascending dysploidy or descending dysploidy, respectively). Considering the high variability in chromosome number transitions across multiple clades within angiosperms and the ancient genome duplication events responsible for their diversity, more studies of large polyploid systems are necessary to close the gaps in understanding chromosomal evolution in polyploid plants. Allium L. (Amaryllidaceae) is an ideal candidate for polyploid research because it is a large clade that includes numerous natural populations of diploid and polyploid species. Species of Allium mainly occupy temperate climates in the Northern Hemisphere and include economically important ornamentals and cultivated crops such as leeks, garlic, chives, and onions. Here, we used a molecular phylogeny of Allium to examine chromosomal evolution with chromEvol v. 2.0 which uses likelihood-based methods for inferring the pattern of chromosome number change across a phylogeny. The best-fit model of chromosomal evolution indicated that chromosome transitions within Allium occurred through the constant gains and losses of single chromosomes as well as demi-polyploidization events, with the rate of chromosome gain events being approximately 2.5 to 4.5 times more likely to occur than demi-polyploidization and loss events, respectively.
... Native flora of Turkey is relatively rich in Silene genus, including 147 native taxa comprising 129 species (52 endemic), 29 subspecies, and 9 varieties (Davis et al., 1988). Furthermore, Silene compacta and Silene armeria have been found to be favorable for use as ornamental plants (Öztan & Arslan, 1993;Karagüzel &Taşcıoğlu, 2007;Yilmaz & Yilmaz, 2009;Draghia et al., 2011;Draghia et al., 2013). ...
Natural populations of Silene compacta, native to South Anatolia, have ornamental potential for use in bedding plant
design. However, some germination difficulties need to be overcome to meet industry needs. In the present study, the effects
of seed age, germination temperature, gibberellic acid (GA3), and stratification on germination characteristics of S.
compacta seeds were investigated in two experiments. First, the effects of seed age (1 and 2 years), germination temperature
(10, 15, 20, 25, and 30°C), and GA3 treatment (soaking the seeds in distilled water as the control, and GA3 solutions of 125
and 250 mg.L-1
concentrations for 24 h) were tested. Second, the effects of seed age (1 and 2 years) and stratification (wet at
4°C) durations for 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, and 22 weeks on S. compacta seed germination characteristics at 25°C
were investigated. Results from the first experiment indicated that seed age, germination temperature, and GA3 treatments
significantly affected S. compacta seed germination characteristics. Germination was higher in non-GA3 treated 2-year-old
seeds at germination temperatures of 25°C than in other experimental treatments. Consequently, the highest, but not
adequate, germination (21.33%) was recorded in non-GA3 treated 2-year-old seeds. In the second experiment, significant
linear and quadratic relations were found with stratification durations and germination characteristics of S. compacta seeds
with significant differences relating to the seed age. The highest germination percentage (82.67%) and most adequate
germination characteristics were recorded in 2-year-old seeds stratified for 18 weeks. Results indicated that seeds of this S.
compacta native population have deep physiological dormancy.
... saxatile'. was reported by Levan (1935), Cheshmedzhiev (1973), Magulaev (1976), Vosa (1977), Zakirova & Vakhtina in Moore (1977), Miceli & Garbari (1980), Van Loon & Kieft in Löve (1980), Pogosian (1983Pogosian ( , 1997, Labani & Elkington (1987), Kudrjashova (1988), Agapova et al. (1990), Draghia et al. (2013). Their results indicated that the chromosome number of the A. saxatile species complex is always 2n = 16. ...
The taxonomy of the Allium saxatile group (sect. Oreiprason) has been studied recently upon morphological and molecular data. New specimens collected from the European part of Turkey near the Istranca Mountains and identified as ‘A. saxatile’ proved to be a new species confirmed by sequences of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and two plastid DNA regions (rpl32–trnL and trnL–trnF) and supported by morphological characters. Allium urusakiorum, a new species from the A. saxatile group, is described here through living and herbarium specimens. It is the only species of the sect. Oreiprason in the country and seems to be an endemic species of the Turkish flora. Characteristics of the species include morphological description, identification key, molecular dataset, and karyotype (2n = 16).
... In the A. saxatile group, exclusively diploids were found with 2n = 16 chromosomes (Levan, 1935;Vakhtina, 1965Vakhtina, , 1985Tscheschmedjiew, 1973;Gagnidze & Chkheidze, 1975;Magulaev, 1976;Zakirova & Vakhtina in Moore, 1977;Bedalov & Lovrić, 1978;Vakhtina & Kudrjashova, 1978, 1981Van Loon & Kieft in Löve, 1980;Miceli & Garbari, 1980;Pogosian, 1983Pogosian, , 1997Friesen, 1988;Kudrjashova, 1988;Agapova et al., 1990;Özhatay, Koçyigit & Akalın Uruşak, 2012;Draghia et al., 2013). Obligate diploidy is a helpful tool for the correct interpretation of ITS and plastid (chloroplast) DNA sequences. ...
The taxonomic circumscription of Allium saxatile s.l. (Amaryllidaceae), widely distributed from Italy to China, has been controversial with the number of accepted species ranging from three to seven. The aims of this study include a morphological and molecular revision of the group, a thorough nomenclatural study of available names and the reconstruction of possible phylogenetic relationships in the A. saxatile group. We studied c. 2000 herbarium
specimens and successfully sampled 86 accessions of the A. saxatile group and a few related species to reconstruct a molecular phylogenetic tree based on internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and two plastid DNA regions (rpl32–trnL and trnL–trnF). The monophyletic A. saxatile group consists of 15 geographical entities united in two geographically justified clades. Two yellow-flowered species, A. obliquum and A. petraeum, were clearly nested in the A. saxatile clade in the ITS and plastid DNA analyses. The oldest names in the group, i.e. A. saxatile and A. globosum from the Caucasus, represent genetically identical populations and should be synonymized. The taxonomic conspectus in this article includes 15 species and a nothospecies. We describe five new species (A. austrodanubiense sp. nov., A. schistosum sp. nov., A. cretaceum sp. nov., A. montanostepposum sp. nov., A. kirilovii sp. nov.), a nothospecies (A. × agarmyschicum nothosp. nov.) and raise a variety to species level (A. rubriflorum comb. nov.).
